Entered 

/oUc&? 1897 
Page /#- B /£- 
No. 



Established 1867. New Charter 1892. 

Accession No. 

Western 

Reserve 
Historical 

Society, 

CLEVELAND", 0. 




Class 



Book No. 

D< VATRD BY 




Class. 
Book 



2M< &u 



«j -Jf-1 




..:,;• ': ■/;;■; 



OFFICIAL REPORT 



OK THE 



Centennial Celebration 




OF THE HOUNDING OF THE 



Entered 

/0 ?K.*+ 1897 
No. / 



ity of Cleveland 



AND THE SETTLEMENT OF THE 



WESTERN RESERVE. 



Compiled by EDWARD A. ROBERTS, Secretary and Historian of trie Cen- 
tennial Commission, and published under appropri- 
ation by the City Council. 



<g% S 




CLEVELAND, O. : 
The Cikakianh Printing & Publishing Co. 






IN EXCHANGE 

JAN 5 - 1915 



5 



Tn >)iiles of pleasant homes thy people dwell, 
A thousand ships within thy harbor lie at ease. 

Ten thousand chimneys high thy prowess tell — 
O, fairest mart upon the landlocked seas ! " 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Preface xi 

Introductory xiii 

CHAPTER I. 
Preliminary Arrangements i-n 

CHAPTER II. 
Trip ro Hartford — Final Preparations 12-27 

CHAPTER III. 
Woman's Department 28-30 

CHAPTER IV. 
Rki.ic.ious Observances 3 I_ 3^ 

CHAPTER V. 
"Camp Moses Cleaveland 39-43 

CHAPTER VI. 
Opening of Log Cabin 44-51 



CHAPTER VII. 
Founder's Day 5 2- 9° 

CHAPTER VIII. 
New England Day 9 J -9 7 

CHAPTER IX. 
Wheelmen's Dan 98-102 

CHAPTER X. 
Woman's Day • . . 103-141 

CHAPTER XI. 
Eari^ Settler's \)\\ 142-156 



VI CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XII. 
Centennial Yacht Regatta 157—159- 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Centennial Flower Show 160-162 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Knights of Pythias' Encampment 163-170 

CHAPTER XV. 
Historical Conference . 171-214 

CHAPTER XVI. 
Arrival of Rhode Island Party 215-216 

CHAPTER XVII. 
1 Perry's Victory Day 217-246- 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
Echoes of 'the Centexntai 247-256- 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Press Comment on the Centenniai 257-264 

Index 265, 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Frontispiece. page. 

Hon. William McKinley opp. 2 

Hon. Asa S. Bushnell opp. 6 

Hon. Robert E. McKisson opp. 10 

Officers of Centennial Commission opp. 14 

Charles W. Chase, Wilson M. Day, L. E. Holden, Samuel G. Mc- 

Clure, A. J. Williams, Edward A. Rokerts. 
Members of Centennial Commission — Group I opp. 18 

Hon. D. L. Sleeper, Asa W. Junes, W. D. Guilbert, S. M. Taylor, 

H. Q. Sargent, Frank A. Emerson, Miner G. Norton. 
Members of Centennial Commission — Group II opp. 22 

Charles F. Brush, George W. Kinney, A. T. Anderson, Samuel Mather, 

James H. Hoyt, Geo. W. Cady, E. W. OGlebay. 
Members of Centennial Commission — Group III opp. 26 

James B. Morrow, John Menkes, H. R. Hatch, M. A. Hanna, John C. 

Hutchins, A. L. Withington, Clarence E. Burke. 
Members of Centennial Commission — Group IV opp. 30 

Col. O. J. Hodge, John C. Covert, Martin A. Foran, George Deming, 

H. M. Addison, Augustus Zehring, James M. Richardson. 

J. G. W. Cowles 3 2 

Members of Centennial Commission — Group V opp. 34 

Daniel Myers, Col. William Edwards, Bolivar Butts, Darwin E. 

Wright, William J. Akkrs, H. A. Sherwin, Kali-man Hays. 
Finance Committee opp. 38 

Gkorce T. McIntosh, F. F. Hickox, Myron T. Herrick, F. L. Alcott, 

H. S. Blossom, C. C. Burnett, Henry Humphreys. 

Col. J. S. Poland, U. S. A 39 

Adjt. Gen. H. A. Ax line 4 1 

Troop A at Camp 4 2 

The Log Cabin opp. 44 

Chairmen of Special Committees — Group I opp. 48 

X. B. Sherwin, George H. Worthington, J. W. Walton, Geo. A. Gar- 

ketson, C F. Tiiwlng, F. H. Morris, J. E. Cheesman. 

Dress Parade of Regulars on Euclid Heights opp. 50 

Gen. Moses Cleaveland 5 2 

Chairman of Special Committees — Group II opp. 56 

B. E. Hei.man, James Dunn, Henry W. S. Wood, R. D. Williams. L. X. 

Weber, W. J. Gleason, Adam Graham. 

Moses Cleaveland Monument 59 

Senator Joseph R. Haw ley opp. 60 



yill ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE. 

Hon. O. Vincent Coffin opp. 68 

The Central Armory 70 

Cleveland Gray's Armory 74 

Assembling for the Parade on Founder's Day opp. 76 

Col. J. J. Sullivan 77 

Veteran Volunteer Firemen 79 

The Water Tower of 1896 81 

Founder's Day Parade opp. 82 

"Snap Shot" of the Parade on Euclid Avenue 84 

Float — "Cleveland, 1796" — Historical Pageant 86 

The Centennial Akch opp. 88 

Float — "Cleveland, 1896" — Historical Pageant 89 

Hon. John Sherman opp. 92 

Assembling for the New England Dinner 93 

Judge Carlos M. Stone 98 

"Snap Shot" of the Bicycle Parade on Euclid Avenue . . 99 

The Bicycle Parade opp. 100 

Mrs. W. A. Ingham 103 

Representative Members of the Woman's Department — 

Group 1 pp. 104 

Mrs. Geo. Presley, Jr., Mrs. E. S. Webb, Mrs. M. S. Bradford, Mrs. 

N. B. Prentice, Mrs. S. P. Churchill, Mrs. Sarah E. Bierce, Mrs. 

Joseph Turney. 

Mrs. Elroy M. Avery 106 

Mrs. Gertrude V. R. Wickham 107 

Crowd Dispersing on Euclid Avenue, Wheelmen's Day . . 109 
Representative Members of the Woman's Department- 
Group II opp. 114 

Mrs. T. K. Dissette, Mrs. Chas. H. Weed, Mrs. John Huntington, 
Mrs. W. B. Neff, Mrs. W. G. Rose, Mrs. F. A. Kendall, Mrs. H. A. 
Griffin. 

Representative Members of Woman's Department — 

Group III opp. 126 

Mrs. C. W. Chase, Mrs. M. B. Schwab, Mrs. O. J. Hodge, Mrs. A. J. ' 
Williams, Miss Elizabeth Blair, Mrs. L. A. Russell, Mrs. M. A. 
Hanna. 

"'Snap Shot" of Bicycle Parade on Euclid Avenue . . . 128 

Cleveland Yacht Club House 135 

Col. Richard C. Parsons opp. 136 

Early Settlers at the Loo Cabin opp. 144 

H. B. Hannum 153 

The Pioneer Parade opp. 154 

Yachts in Tow, Centennial Regatta 158 

View at Centennial Flower Show r6i 



ILLUSTRATIONS. IX 

fAGE. 

Mai. Gen. James R. Carnahan 163 

Bird's-Eye View of Camp Perry-Payne opp. 166 

Walter B. Richie 168 

Y. M. C. A. Building 172 

Official Centennial Badge opp. 176 

View of Parade on Euclid Avenue, Western Reserve Day, 178 

View of Parade on Euclid Avenue, Western Reserve Day, 184 

Howard H. Burgess 191 

Board of Control opp. 194 

Robert E. McKisson, Miner G. Norton, Darwin E. Wright, Geo. L. 

Hechler, E. A. Abbott, Geo. R. Warden, Horace L. Rossiter. 

City Council of 1896 opp. 204 

F. A. Emerson, William Prescott, D. H. Lucas, Morris Black, C. W. 

Toland, C. E. Benham, C. I. Dailey, Walter I. Thompson, H. M. Cam.. 

Michael Riley, Frank Billman, P. J. McKenney, J. T. Prewett, C. A. 

Witzel, Dan F. Reynolds, Jr., C. Frf.sk, Geo. H. Billman, Chas. P. 

Dry 1. en, Dr. D. B. Steuer, J. F. Palmer. 

Statue of Commodore Perrv 211 

Governor Bushnell and Governor Lippitt with Members of 

their Official Staffs opp. 214 

Oliver Hazard Perrv 219 

Governor Charles Warren Lippitt opp. 224 

Capt. W. J. Morgan 232 

Parade on Perry's Victory Day opp. 236 

"Snap Shot" of Parade on Euclid Avenue 241 

The City Flag and Official Centennial Medai opp. 248 

Goyernob Bushnell and Staff 260 



PREFACE. 



This book is designed to preserve in a form convenient for future- 
reference a report of the proceedings connected with a celebration which 
will stand for ages as a landmark in the history of a great city. During" 
this celebration many public addresses representing a vast amount of 
labor and research were delivered, and demonstrations outrivaling any 
previously given in the State were conducted. It is due to those who 
took part in these exercises that some permanent record of their patriotic 
work should be provided. With this end in view the City Council Com- 
mittee on Appropriations arranged for the publication of this volume. 
No effort has been made at elaboration in the presentation of facts, but 
rather has the aim been toward simplicity and condensation. In the 
preparation of material the writer has sought to give those addresses 
most space which are of greatest historical value, and in all cases has- 
this rule been followed where synopses have been made. Owing to the 
fact that arrangements for the production of the report were not com- 
pleted until near the close of the celebration, it has been necessary to 
rely, in a measure, upon the daily press for information. As far as pos- 
sible, however, original copies of the addresses have been obtained, and 
in every instance the formations of the parades have been secured from 
the chief marshals in charge. The writer desires at this point to ac- 
knowledge the co-operation of the Appropriations Committee, consisting 
of Dan F. Reynolds, Jr., Charles P. Dryden and M. F. Barrett, and of 
City Clerk Howard H. Burgess. Thanks are also due to Wilson M. 
Day, the Director-General of the celebration, and to the following per- 
sons for valuable assistance : Mrs. W. A. Ingham, President of the 
Woman's Department; Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Chairman of the Execu- 
tive Committee of the Woman's Department, and to the speakers and 
marshals and all others who have contributed in any way to the success 

of the publication. 

Edward A. Roherts- 



INTRODUCTORY. 



The passage of a hundred years in the life of a city is worthy of 
celebration. Especially is this so if that city, through industry and 
thrift, has brought itself prominently to the front in the race for great- 
ness. Such a city is Cleveland. In 1796 a wilderness — in 1896 a city 
with fifty thousand homes; in 1796 a bartering place for Indians — in 
1896 the center of a vast commercial trade; in 1796 a drying yard for 
bark canoes — in 1896 the Clyde of the West; in 1796 an infant newly 
born — i n ^96 an Apollo among the cities of the world. 

Eighteen hundred and ninety-six was a jubilee year in the city's 
history" On July twenty-second of that year Cleveland became a fully- 
accredited centenarian. In keeping with the importance of the event, 
a celebration was arranged in which the story of its birth and growth 
was appropriately told. A programme of observances covering a period 
of seven weeks, during which public attention was impressively directed 
to the record of the century, was carried out. In honor of the anniver- 
sary, the city was in gala attire. Public buildings and business blocks, 
together with hundreds of private residences, were handsomely decor- 
ated with banners and flags. An arch of triumph was .erected in the 
Public Square, where was also built a log cabin, typical of the early days. 
Public exercises of an interesting and instructive character were held, 
numerous civic and military pageants were conducted through the streets, 
frequent concerts were given in the parks, and a general period of re- 
joicing was observed. 

The arrangements for the celebration were in charge of a Centen- 
nial Commission, composed of public-spirited citizens, including the 
Mayor and other officials of the city, and leading representatives of the 
State. Hon. William McKinley was Honorary President of this Com- 
mission until the expiration of his term of office as Governor of Ohio, 
preceding his election to the Presidency of the United States, when he 
was succeeded in this capacity by Governor Bushnell. Both of these 
executives manifested a lively interest in the Centennial, frequently 
visiting the city during its progress and taking a prominent part in the 
exercises. The city was also honored with the presence of Governor < >. 
Vincent Coffin, of Connecticut, and of Governor Charles Warren Lippitt, 
of Rhode Island, who with the members of their official staffs journeyed 
half way across the continent to exchange greetings with Cleveland. 
Besides 'these, the celebration brought to the city many other men of 
national prominence, among them being Ex-Governor Merriam, of Min- 
nesota; Hon. Joseph R. Hawley, United States Senator from Connecti- 
cut; Hon. John Sherman, United States Senator from Ohio; Hon. M. 
C. Butler, United States Senator from South Carolina; General Nelson 
A. Miles, commanding the Army of the United States; Hon. Miles B. 
Preston, Mayor of Hartford, and the officials of various sister cities. 
heads of organizations, and other persons of note. 

The Centennial opened with religious and patriotic observances on 



.„X1Y INTRODUCTORY. 

July 19th, and closed with Perry's Victory Day on September 10th. 
Owing to an existing financial stringency and national political agitation, 
and to other causes, the celebration was not as extensive as at first pro- 
posed, yet it was sufficiently elaborate to attract widespread attention 
and to materially increase the fame the Forest City had already gained. 
The programme comprised fifteen special events, so arranged as to cover 
.as far as possible the different phases of the city's history. First in 
order came Founder's Day. which was suitably observed on July 2 2d, 
this being the anniversary of the landing of Moses Cleaveland with his 
party of surveyors at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and the found- 
ing of the city. Next came New England Day, July 23d, a day made 
memorable by the pioneers, their sons and daughters, in honoring their 
native States. Then came Wheelmen's Day, when the devotees of the 
popular and health-giving sport of bicycling engaged in a parade which 
brought out a large percentage of the youth, life and beauty of the city 
and the country round about. Following this came Woman's Day, 
affording proper recognition to the work done by woman in the develop- 
ment and progress of the city, and emphasizing the trend of woman's 
thought at the close of the century. Early Settlers' Day was a day 
given over to those who had a part in laying the corner-stones of the 
city, and was observed on July 29th. Western Reserve Day came on 
July 30th, when the patriots of Northern Ohio joined, hand and heart, 
in celebrating the glories of their capital city. In honor of the famous 
victory achieved by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry over the British fleet 
■on Lake Erie, September 10th was chosen as the closing day of the Cen- 
tennial period, being designated and celebrated as Perry's Victory Day. 

On many of these days orations were delivered by well-known public 
men, odes were read and songs were sung portraying the progress of the 
■city from its early settlement to its proud position among American mu- 
nicipalities. On some of them, demonstrations were made attracting 
thousands of people from the surrounding towns and country, densely 
crowding the business portions of the city. Aside from the pomp and 
■display of the qelebration, a valuable series of historical conferences 
were held, treating the topics of education, religion and philanthropy. 

Among the special features of the Centennial programme were the 
■encampment of the Ohio National Guard and United States Regulars, a 
grand Floral Exposition, a Centennial Yacht Regatta, and the biennial 
encampment of the Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias of the World, to- 
gether with the convention of the Supreme Lodge of that Order. A long 
list of collateral events also characterized the Centennial year. Chief 
among these were the quadrennial conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, the convention of the American Library Association, the annual 
meeting of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, the convention of the Society 
of American Flo*rists, and other important State and National assemblages. 

Many important facts hitherto little known by the masses of the 
people were brought out by the Centennial. For decade after decade 
Cleveland had been growing and expanding, but never before had so 
favorable a time been afforded for considering its advantages and achieve- 
ments. The remarkable prosperity which had attended it, its culture, 
conservatism, beauty and wealth were emphasized as never before and 
Cleveland was crowned by all a leading queen among the civic products 
■of the Nineteenth Century. 



r 



CHAPTER I. 

PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS. 

1 1 i.v 22, 1893 — February 5, 1896. 

The first steps toward a fitting celebration of the one-hundredth 
anniversary of the city of Cleveland were taken by the Early Settlers' 
Association, a society of pioneers of the Western Reserve. This organ- 
ization was established in 1879, and had upon its membership rolls more 
than seven hundred representatives of the city's early inhabitants. 
Many of these were prominent in business and professional life, and 
their influence given to such a movement augured well for its success. 
Thev were patriotic, loyal and devoted, and were early imbued with the 
idea that so important an event in the history of the city should not be 
allowed to come and go without more than a passing notice. 

Accordingly, this association, at its fourteenth annual meeting in 
Army and Navy Hall, on July 22, 1893, formally decided to start the 
Centennial project. The session began at 10 o'clock in the morning 
and was attended by a large company of pioneers. It was an opportune 
time for launching such an enterprise. Near the close of the session, 
Hon. John C. Covert, a well-known member of the association, intro- 
duced a resolution requesting the president to appoint a committee of 
nine, the president to be the chairman, to confer with the City Council, 
Chamber of Commerce and other local bodies to provide for a celebra- 
tion. Pursuant to this resolution the president, Hon Richard C. Par- 
sons, announced the following members of the committee: Hon. John 
C. Covert, Hon. A. J. Williams, Bolivar Butts, General James Barnett, 
George F. Marshall, Wilson S. Dodge, Solon Burgess and H. M. 
Addison. 

Interest was at once manifested by the general public in the under- 
taking and the press of the city gave it strong endorsement. At the 
November meeting of the Chamber of Commerce the subject was dis- 
cussed and the following resolution, introduced by Wilson M. Day, was 
unanimously adopted : 

Whereas, The year 1896 will mark the one-hundredth anniversary of the founding 
of the city of Cleveland, and, 

Whereas, So important an event deserves commemoration in the degree to which 
Cleveland has made advancement during that period, in population, wealth, commerce, 
education and arts, therefore, 

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the president of the Chamber 
of Commerce, whose duty it shall be to begin at once timely and suitable preparations 
for an appropriate celebration of the city's Centennial, to the end that various impor- 
tant improvements now in progress or in contemplation may, by unity and harmony 
of action, be brought to a culmination in that year, and the occasion be thus distin- 
guished by tangible evidences of the city's growth and glory. 

At the December meeting of the chamber, President H. R. Groff 
announced the appointment of Wilson M. Day, H. A. Garfield, Esq., 



2 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

S. F. Haserot, V. C. Taylor, and L. F. Loree as members of the commit- 
tee provided for in this resolution. After canvassing the subject the 
committee prepared an elaborate report setting forth the possibilities 
of the proposed celebration, which was presented to the chamber and 
was enthusiastically received. The same committee, having been re- 
appointed, made a further report on February 7th, 1894, which con- 
tained a recommendation that the celebration be held in 1897 instead 
of 1896, the time for preparation being considered short in compari- 
son with the magnitude of the enterprise. It was further recom- 
mended in this report that a Centennial Commission be appointed to 
.consist of twenty-five members, on the following basis : Five from 
the State — the Governor, the Secretary of State, the Auditor of State, 
the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives; five from the Municipality — -the Mayor, the Director of 
Public Works, the Director of Law, the President of the City Council 
and the Director of Schools; fifteen at large, to be chosen from repre- 
sentative citizens of Cleveland, their appointment to be made jointly by 
the Mayor and the President of the Chamber of Commerce. There was 
more or less agitation relative to the plans during the remainder of 1894, 
but not until the month of May, 1895, was the appointment of the Com- 
mission effected. A conference was held in that month, attended by 
Mayor Robert E. McKisson, Mayor's Secretary Samuel G. McClure, 
President Wilson M. Day and Secretary Ryerson Ritchie of the Chamber 
of Commerce. At a subsequent meeting there were present Mayor 
Robert E. McKisson, representing the city; President AVilson M. Day 
and Secretary Ryerson Ritchie, representing the Chamber of Commerce, 
and Hon. A. J. Williams, H. M. Addison and Wilson S. Dodge, repre- 
senting the Early Settlers' Association. A discussion of the best date 
for holding the celebration developed the fact that the Mayor and the 
members of the Early Settlers' Association were in favor of 1896, while 
the Chamber of Commerce, in accordance with the report presented by 
its committee, favored 1897. An amicable decision was, however, 
reached in favor of 1896, the anniversary year. 

The Centennial Commission was then selected. In its original form 
it comprised the following members : 

State. — Hon. William McKinley, Governor; Hon. Samuel M. Tay- 
lor, Secretary of State ; Hon. E. W. Poe, Auditor of State; Hon. A. L. 
Harris, President of the Senate; Hon. Alexander Boxwell, Speaker of 
the House of Representatives. 

Municipality. — Hon. Robert E. McKisson, Mayor; Miner G. Nor- 
ton, Director of Law; Darwin E. Wright, Director of Public Works; 
Dan F. Reynolds, Jr., President of the City Council; H. 0. Sargent, 
Director of Schools. 

Early Settlers' Association. — Hon. R. C. Parsons, George F. Mar- 
shall, Hon. A. J. Williams, H. M. Addison, Bolivar Butts. 

At Large. — W. J. Akers, Henry S. Brooks, Charles W. Chase, Wil- 
son M. Day, Hon. M. A. Foran, L. E. Holden, Moritz Joseph, George 
W. Kinney, Jacob B. Perkins and Augustus Zehring. 

The officers, as originally chosen, were Hon. William McKinley, 
Honorary President ; Samuel G. McClure, Secretary; Mayor Robert E. 
McKisson, President; Wilson M. Day, First Vice-President ; Hon. A. J. 




HON. WILLIAM McKINLEY, 
First Honorary President of the Centennial Commission. 



PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS. 3 

Williams, Second Vice-President; Charles W. Chase, Treasurer. The 
roster of the Commission and that of the officers were both changed in 
various respects by subsequent reorganization. 

It was soon found that in order to properly meet the requirements 
of the undertaking, the services of a man who could devote his entire 
time to the mapping out and execution of the work were needed. The 
Commission, at a meeting held on July n, 1895, unanimously elected 
Wilson M. Day, a well-known business man and President of the Cham- 
ber of Commerce, to the position of Director-General of the celebration, 
at a salary of six thousand dollars. Headquarters for the Commission 
were established at No. 340 Superior street, in the City Hall building, a 
corps of assistants was provided, and the real labor of preparation was 
at once begun. 

An effort was made to obtain an appropriation of $50,000 from the 
City Council to aid in defraying the expenses. A resolution, introduced 
by Mr. Reynolds requesting the Director of Law to report if there was 
any legal objection to this plan, resulted, however, in the statement that 
in the director's opinion a municipal government had no legal right to 
make appropriations for such a purpose. A movement was also started 
to obtain money from the State, but this likewise proved unsuccessful. 
It therefore became necessary to raise money by subscription and a 
systematic canvass of the city was forthwith commenced. 

Plans for an exposition, which had been closely associated with the 
Centennial idea from the first, were by this time well advanced under the 
direction of Henry W. Elliott, formerly of the Smithsonian Institution 
at Washington. It was suggested that the co-operation of the governors 
of all the States bordering on the Great Lakes and the commercial 
bodies of the leading lake cities be invited to join in a grand marine and 
industrial exhibition commemorative of the development and commen- 
surate with the magnitude of the lake commerce, and that the United 
States Government be asked to contribute to the display. Mr. Elliott's 
drawings provided for a building to cover three and one-third acres of 
ground and to cost $180,000, the structural work to be of steel, staff and 
glass. It was intended to accommodate 378 specific exhibits of home 
manufactures, which would demand a floor space of 23,595 square feet, 
and historical, marine, educational and woman's displays demanding 
20,000 square feet, both exclusive of aisles. A citizens' committee, con- 
sisting of the following representative business men, was appointed in 
August to proceed with this feature of the work: J. C. McWatters, W. 
J. Akers, L. E. Holden, Kaufman Hays, H. R. Hatch, H. B. Burrows, 
C. C. Burnett, W. R. Warner, A. McAllister, L. A. Bailey. O. G. Kent, 
F. B. Squire, H. W. S. Wood, William Edwards and George W. Kinney. 

On the evening of September 10th, 1895, a mass meeting was held in 
Music Hall in honor of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. A secondary ob- 
ject was the promotion of the exposition and other plans for the Centen- 
nial celebration. The hall was beautifully decorated with flowers, flags 
and bunting. The audience was representative of the best citizens of 
Cleveland and the proceedings throughout were characterized by patri- 
otic demonstrations. The chairman of the evening was General James 
Barnett. In calling the meeting to order, he made a fitting reference to 
the great naval battle of 181 3 and its illustrious hero. At the conclusion 
of his address, the Chamber of Commerce Glee Club sansr a selection, and 



4 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

then Virgil P. Kline, Esq., delivered an address on the subject : " The Day 
We Celebrate. " Elaborate addresses were also delivered by the follow- 
ing speakers on the topics named : Rt. Rev. I. F. Horstmann, D. D., 
' The Influence of Religious Thought upon Social and Civil Life in the 
Western Reserve; " President C. F. Thwing, D.D., of Western Reserve 
University, " The New England Character: Its Effect upon the Develop- 
ment and Progress of Cleveland and Northern Ohio; " J. G. W. Cowles, 
" One Hundred Years of Industrial Commercial Development in Cleve- 
land;" Judge J. M. Jones, "The English Common Law;" Mayor 
Robert E. McKisson, " The Work of the Centennial Commission;" L. A. 
Russell, Esq., "The Object Lessons of the Cleveland Centennial." 
The addresses were received with enthusiasm, applause being frequent 
and hearty. That of Mr. Cowles contained a valuable review of the 
city's commercial progress and is reproduced herewith almost entire. 
He spoke as follows: 

One hundred years is a short period in a city's history. It is the unit of infancy, 
or, at most, of adolescence. But this first century is most significant ; it is prepara- 
tory and prophetic. Like the early years of childhood, which have in them the mak- 
ing of the man, so these first years of the city's life and progress are of less value for 
what they have been and for what they are, than in the large and hopeful view which 
they command us to take of the present opportunities and of the assured greatness 
and richness of our civic inheritance. 

The Cleveland of 1796 was a wilderness, with no mark of civic order but the name 
of the future city then applied to an indefinite region of large extent. The land and 
the waters were here, the lake and the river, also the skies and the forest ; but that 
was all, excepting four solitary settlers, who in 1800 had increased to seven, ten years 
later to fifty-seven, ten years later to 150, and in 1825, or nearly thirty years from the 
beginning, to 500 people. Cleveland became an incorporated village in 181 5, with a 
population of 100, and obtained a city charter in 1836, when the population slightly ex- 
ceeded 5,000. Not only the first settlers, but the first generation of settlers, were 
pioneers. For in 1830 the United States census enumerated only 1,075 inhabitants. 
There had been nothing yet to make the town grow. 

The surrounding country was a wilderness, undergoing a slow process of clearing 
and settlement. The only products were those of the forest and the soil. Though 
made a port of entry in 1805, the entire exports of 1809 were valued at no more than 
$150, and in 1830 the number of vessels sailing from this port was but fifteen. Inland 
commerce was by big Pennsylvania wagons dragged by six or eight horses through 
swamps and forests across the State. Thus the seed of the future city lay so long dor- 
mant in the soil. It was a struggle for survival and not for growth or wealth in those 
early days. 

But in 1S25 the location of the canal projected to connect Lake Erie with the Ohio 
River was fixed in favor of the Cuyahoga for its northern outlet. In 1827 the canal 
was opened to Akron, and in 1832 was completed to the Ohio River. During the same 
period the harbor was improved, first by local enterprise, and later by substantial 
piers built by the General Government. 

And now see how history repeats itself again, when, after more than sixty years, 
projects for new canals, deeper, wider and longer, to Pittsburg, to Cincinnati, and 
even deep inland waterways floating lake and ocean vessels to and from the seaboard, 
are the demand of the hour; and the improvement of our local harbor along the lake 
front and up the Cuyahoga River, is the imperative necessity of our commercial ex- 
pansion and supremacy upon Lake Erie. 

Those increased facilities of commerce stimulated the growth of the young city 
tenfold in as many years; and ten years later, in 1848, when the second directory was 
published, the preface announced that our city has become so large and populous 
that a directory is not only a convenience, but almost indispensable both to citizens 
and strangers. Almost one-half of this boasted century had passed away before the 
need was felt of a city directory. The population of Cleveland and Ohio City together 
was then 12,035 ; i n 1850 it had grown to 20,934. 

At this time I was myself a boy of fourteen years, living in a village thirty miles 
from here ; and I can well remember Cleveland as I saw it in occasional visits in the 



PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS. 5 

period from 1850 to i860. The Public Square was fenced in on all sides, with only 
foot-paths through it ; all other travel and traffic had to go around its sides. Superior 
street then, and for many years after, ended at Erie street. The center part of 
Superior street, from the Square to Water street, was laid with planks like a country 
road; the gutters were the sandy earth, and I have seen the grass growing up between 
the planks and at their ends and in the gutters, as it does now in unoccupied and un- 
used suburban allotments. There was not travel and traffic enough on lower Superior 
street, forty years ago, to keep the grass from growing. 

But during this ten years' period, deliverance came from the stagnation prevailing, 
not suddenly, but potentially, in the construction of the first railroads here — the Cleve- 
land, Columbus & Cincinnati; the Cleveland & Pittsburg; the Cleveland, Painesville & 
Ashtabula; the Cleveland & Toledo, and the Cleveland & Mahoning — and under this 
powerful stimulus the population of the two cities, then organically united, reached 
43,838, as shown by the United States census of i860. 

The foundation of all that now is had then been laid. But no prophet's eye had 
yet foreseen the greatness of the city that was to be. The Cleveland of i860 was 
chiefly famous for its beauty and attractiveness as a place of residence. Euclid 
avenue, "bob and nabob," was its pride and boast and chief distinction. The skies 
were blue, the air clear and pure, the grass green and the trees abundant and luxuri- 
ous with fresh foliage. No odor of oil or acid, and no black pall and stain of coal 
smoke offended the senses of the dwellers in the Forest City. Thirty years before, a 
few bushels of coal had been brought in, but the tidy housewives would have none of 
the dirty fuel when wood was plenty. 

It is not Euclid avenue that has made Cleveland the metropolis of Ohio, but the 
railroads and the steamboats that whistle, and the furnaces and factories that load the 
air with smoke. The change has brought a loss of rural sweetness and solitude, but 
has it not also worked out a far greater gain in power and wealth. 

In 1853 the first iron ore, a mere sample, was imported in a half dozen barrels by 
the Cleveland & Marquette Iron Company. The directory of 1859 shows seven incor- 
porated companies, only four engaged in manufacturing and one in iron mining. In 
1837 only two hundred men were employed in manufactures. Thirty years later, in 
1867, eight thousand operatives were so employed. This illustrates the tremendous 
impetus given to manufacturing here during and since the period of the Civil War. 
The infant industries previously existing were enlarged and strengthened, while new 
and diversified industries were added to meet the new conditions and demands. Ad- 
vances were made not slowly, but by a sudden bound, followed and sustained, however, 
by a steady growth, business increasing as population increased, and vice versa. 

The impulse then received has not been lost. It has hardly at any time been 
perceptibly diminished. The natural conditions favored permanency and progress. 
The natural meeting place of coal and iron ore became the preferred location for iron 
manufacturers. Oil was brought from Pennsylvania and for many years the refining 
of petroleum has been a leading and most prosperous industry. From the primitive 
wooden boats of the early days and the first iron steamer, built here in 1S68, Cleveland 
stands " first on the list of ship building cities in the United States and second only to 
Clyde, in England, the most extensive ship building location in the world. " Add to 
these the large trade in lumber and building stone, and the numerous minor articles of 
local production and commerce, and we get a glimpse of the factors which have carried 
this city forward in this third generation of its history, from 43,838 in i860 to more 
than 330,000 in 1895; making Cleveland, by the census of 1890, the tenth, and prob- 
ably now the ninth, city in population in the United States, and second only to Chi- 
cago in size, upon the chain of the Great Lakes. 

The history of these last thirty years is too familiar to us here present to require 
repetition. Its results are the work and possession of the present generation of Cleve- 
land's citizens. Let the census of 1890 summarize the story: 

Number of manufacturing establishments 2,065 

Number of hands employed 53.349 

Total wages paid $30,423,635 

Capital invested 53-974.346 

Cost of material used 56,321,073 

Value of product 98,926,241 

Railroads centering here operate 5,237 miles of working lines. 
Lake fleet registered here, 241 vessels, of 176,804 tons burden. 
Total tonnage moved from Cleveland last year, 4,000,000 tons. 
This is the solid and splendid pyramid of our prosperity. 



6 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

The five years since this record was made have been years of growth and prog- 
ress, though including a period of financial and industrial depression, checking 
development in some directions. Our population has increased by more than 70,000. 
It is a most impressive and significant fact that of our 330,000 people, 70,000 have been 
citizens of Cleveland but five years or less, and 170,000 have been here only fifteen 
years, or since 1880. The old settlers are an honorable but hopeless minority,' and 
the present, we must acknowledge, as well as the future of this city, belongs not only 
to the rising generation, but to the steadily incoming procession of residents who are 
building within our borders a new town of 14.000 people every year. 

Our community is predominantly industrial and productive; subordinately mer- 
cantile and commercial. Analyzing our industries, we find four hundred principal 
manufactories engaged exclusively in the production of goods for general distribution, 
as distinguished from local consumption. These alone employ at the present time 
42,000 men, besides 7,000 women and girls, four-fifths of whom" are skilled artisans. 
This high average of skill and intelligence brings better wages, and gives such diver- 
sity and finish to products of our factories as to materially enhance their value and 
the profits derived therefrom. Add now to these the persons engaged in mercantile 
business, in our lake marine, and upon our railways, and it will appear that fully one- 
third of our population are productively employed. 

These are the forces of labor which are building Cleveland, as the hives of bees 
build the comb in which to store their honey. 

But underlying this as its foundation, penetrating our industries as their life- 
blood, is the capital which sustains and impels these activities of men and machinery. 
Cleveland has always been fortunate in the possession of financial resources of its own. 
Less foreign or Eastern capital has been required here, in proportion, than in any 
other Western city. We have never been dependent upon outside money. With 
twenty millions of active banking capital, and twenty millions more of deposits in 
eleven national banks, and forty-five millions of deposits in our savings banks, the 
business of this city is on a secure basis, assuring permanency and increasing profit 
as the years go on. This money belongs to the people more largely than to the cor- 
porations; to the poor as well as to the rich, so called; to the many rather than to the 
few, as evidenced by the nearly 50,000 depositors who own the twenty-three millions 
of deposits in the Society for Savings. 

We are a city of families and homes. In 1890 there were 53,052 families and 43,835 
dwellings, one-half of which were occupied by their owners. And this again is a 
prime factor in the stability and advancement marked in all departments of our city's 
life. 

New England men led and controlled in the founding and building of this city. 
The middle and formative period of its history was conspicuously fortunate in having 
a large class of such citizens, born and educated in New England, men of talent and 
ability, who would have been foremost in any community, and whose intelligence and 
character are expressed in the religious, educational and philanthropic institutions 
which increasingly distinguish our city for culture, refinement and morality. 

But if none but Yankees and their descendants lived in Cleveland, we should 
be provincial indeed and limited to leanness of all kinds. Our foreign popula- 
tions deserve large recognition among the factors of our growth and greatness. 
Earliest and most effective the German, and with them the Irish immigration have 
served to fill the ranks of enterprise and industry, contributing also capital and intel- 
ligence, with the characteristic qualities of each nationality to enrich and diversify 
the public spirit and social life of the city. Elements of no small value have they im- 
ported and diffused among the people. In later years large additions have come from 
other foreign countries, as Bohemia, Poland and Italy, from a native environment 
less favorable to education and the intelligence and training necessary for free and 
self -governed citizens, but furnishing an element of labor not otherwise obtained and 
amenable, at least in the younger generation, to the training of our public schools 
and the elevating influence of our free institutions. 

The study of our civic history during our Centennial year will be instructive and 
inspiring. But the celebration of this century will have but a poor result if it treats 
of matters historical more than of things practical. The energies of our people must 
not be absorbed in admiration of the past or glorification of the present, but enlisted in 
new developments and progress. Whatever will promote harmony of feeling and 
unity of action for the common welfare is germain to this Centennial year. There 
has been too little of this. What Cleveland is has come to pass by the favor of nature 
and by the force of individual enterprise, rather than by concerted plans and fore- 
sight and by organized action. 




HON. ASA S. BUSHNELL, 
Governor of Ohio. 



PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS. 7 

The public welfare is more than private gain, and the prosperity of individuals 
and of classes is involved in and promoted by the common good. The city needs 
brain and will; it needs thought and purpose; it needs loyalty and public spirit. 
The city must know itself before it can improve itself. The investigations prelimi- 
nary to and the expositions attendant upon the coming celebration will aid in disclosing 
past errors to be corrected and avoided, and in discovering the things essential to the 
city's growth and progress in the years to come. This observance should rise to na- 
tional importance. It should awaken, stimulate and solidify the loyalty of our people 
for this splendid city and their faith in its glorious future. The spirit in which it 
should be undertaken, the motive running through it all, should be to make the be- 
ginning of the second century of our city, upon the threshold of which we now stand, 
nobler, better, richer, greater in all conditions and dimensions than that first century 
which we have now reviewed, and to which so soon we shall say farewell. 

A committee consisting of L. E. Holden, Editor of the Plain Dealer ; 
Augustus Zehring, Collector of Customs; James B. Morrow, Editor of 
the Leader ; Dr. Cady Staley, President of Case School of Applied 
Science, and D. E. Wright, Director of Public Works, presented reso- 
lutions commemorative of the victory of 1813 and supporting the Cen- 
tennial movement. The resolutions were read by Mr. Holden and were 
as follows: 

We, the people of Cleveland, in convention assembled on this the 10th day of Sep- 
tember, 1895, recall on this anniversary of Perry's victory on Lake Erie, a few of the 
pictures and facts in the history of the times which show the importance of that great 
victory, not only to the Northwest, but especially to the city of Cleveland. We recall 
the dark days of Hull's surrender, and the enlistment of 10,000 men under Gen. William 
Henry Harrison as they gathered from their farms and workshops in the then sparsely 
settled country and pledged their lives to recover back the territory that had been lost 
by the disastrous surrender. 

We recall the broken promises of the British a ad their abandonment of American 
prisoners and wounded to the cruel tortures of the Indians then in service of the British 
Army. We hear, as our ancestors heard, the bitter retort of Elliott, a half-breed in 
General Proctor's army, who said, when an appeal was made for surgical aid, "The 
Indians are excellent surgeons. ' ' 

We recall the threat made by General Proctor to General Harrison that he would 
turn him and his force over to massacre if he resisted, and we recall the reply of Gen- 
eral Harrison and honor him for his brave defiance. We review the attack of General 
Proctor and the Indian chief Tecumseh on Fort Stephenson at Sandusky, when Major 
Croghan, with but sixty men and a single cannon, replied to the haughty Proctor's 
threat of massacre that, ' ' When the fort is taken there will not be a man left to be 
killed. ' ' We see that single gun placed to enfilade the ditch in front of the fort and a 
British lieutenant with a band of followers leaping into the ditch shouting, " Show the 
damned Yankees no quarter," and we see Croghan 's cannon sweep down the men and 
force the lieutenant to raise a white handkerchief on his sword and ask for quarters. 

We recall the then fearful condition of our country, the divisions among the people 
at home and the disasters that followed one after another on land and lake until Com- 
modore Perry, by skill and undaunted courage, turned the tide with his great victory. 

With pride we look back upon him and his flagship, the Lawrence, as he stood 
upon her decks until she was shot to a wreck. We follow the brave commodore as, in 
an open boat, surrounded by showers of bullets, he made his way to the Niagara, 
closed up the line and, favored by a breeze sent by divine Providence, sailed her 
through the British line of ships, delivering broadside after broadside until he forced 
the British fleet to surrender. That laconic report which he sent to General Harrison 
flew over the country and still rings in the hearts of all the American people : ' ' We 
have met the enemy and they are ours ; two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one 
sloop. ' ' 

This is the anniversary of that battle, fought the 10th day of September, 1813. 
That battle gave new life, courage and strength to the American army. General Har- 
rison moved on to victory, and on the 5th of October he forced General Proctor, the 
British general, to flee for his life into the swamps deserted by his Indian allies after 
the death of Tecumseh, and we say with strict accuracy that Perry's victory was the 



8 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

beginning of the final victory which culminated under General Jackson in New Orleans 
and gave peace, prosperity and national strength and pride to the United States. 

Therefore, We the citizens of Cleveland, on this anniversary of Perry's victory, 
moved with a deep sense of the obligations which we owe to Commodore Perry and 
the brave officers and men that fought under him, and mindful of the fact that his 
victory restored the Northwest territory and made the Great Lakes free as the ocean 
for navigation, and gave to the city of Cleveland its location within the United States 
instead of on British territory, now therefore, 

I. Resolved, That we will celebrate the one-hundredth anniversary of the founding 
of the city of Cleveland in a manner befitting our respect for its founders, the growth, 
prosperity and intelligence of its citizens and the age in which we live ; and as a 
means of giving expression to our sense of obligation to the soldiers and sailors of 
former generations who made this a free country, and as a means of proper remem- 
brance of and respect to the founders of this city and the men who have built it and 
been identified with its growth and history, and in order to show to the world that we 
appreciate the rich heritage that has come to us, we advise that an exposition be held 
of our manufacturing industries, ship building, railroad and shipping interests, our 
trade and commerce, our electric and petroleum inventions and applications, our sys- 
tems of schools and colleges, and departments of our city government, our civic and 
military societies, our religious and eleemosynary institutions, and that these object 
lessons be accompanied with a complete history of the city and its growth for the past 
one hundred years. 

II. Resolved, That as earnest of what we propose to do in the coming time, a plan 
or scheme be skillfully drawn up showing the needs of the city in drainage and sewer- 
age, in pure air and water supply, in public buildings, in a cleansed river, widened, 
deepened and docked, and that this plan show the need and facility of docks along the 
entire front of the city and a harbor made by breakwaters adequate for the shipping 
and business for a hundred years to come. 

III. Resolved, That an exposition will be the best means of making the citizens of 
Cleveland and strangers familiar with the variety and extent of the industries of the 
city, and that as a manufacturing, distributing, educational, commercial and social 
center Cleveland has no superior, and that we cordially invite and urge the co-opera- 
tion of all the people within the city to aid by their money and counsel in promoting 
the exposition as a source of profit and a lesson of loyalty, patriotism, pride and devo- 
tion to our beloved city. 

IV. Resolved, That we respectfully request the Council and Board of Park Commis- 
sioners to have the statue of Commodore Perry cast in bronze, the original to be brought 
from the woods of Wade Park and preserved for the Art Museum, and that the bronze 
statue be set up in Gordon or Lake View Park, where it can overlook Lake Erie, the 
scene of the gallant commodore's great victory. 

The resolutions were adopted by a rising vote and the evening's 
programme was then appropriately closed with the singing of the na- 
tional hymn "America." 

In behalf of the exposition project a committee consisting of Mayor 
McKisson, Hon. H. Q. Sargent, C. C. Burnett, George W. Kinney, W. 
J. Akers and Wilson M. Day visited the expositions at St. Louis and 
Pittsburg early in October, reporting in favor of an exposition for 
Cleveland. 

On the evening of December 26th, another meeting of citizens was 
held in Music Hall, when the plans for showing to the world the city's 
greatness were again set forth. Governor William McKinley, the 
distinguished honorary president of the Centennial Commission, served 
as chairman of this meeting. Mixed snow and rain fell during the 
afternoon and evening in blinding sheets and the disagreeable weather 
precluded a large attendance. The industrial, business, marine and other 
interests were, however, represented, and a fair percentage of the audi- 
ence was composed of women. 

At 8 o'clock a company of speakers, city officials and prominent 
citizens appeared upon the platform and were applauded as they took 



PRELIMINARY ARRANI'.EMENTS. 9 

their seats. Mayor McKisson called the meeting to order. In a brief 
speech he reviewed the work of the Commission and then remarked : 

It has seemed fitting to call this meeting and have a distinguished member of 
the Commission to address you. The one who is to speak is a loyal friend of Cleve- 
land, and of the whole State and country. The main question we have to consider is 
how we can best further the project of our Centennial. 

Governor McKinley was then presented. He was roundly applaud- 
ed as he took charge of the meeting. His interest in the Centennial 
movement was manifested in an enthusiastic address. He began his 
speech by saying: 

I am exceeding glad to be identified with th*is project of the city of Cleveland for 
1896, and want to be as helpful as I can in advancing it The hundredth anniversary 
comes not so often as to be monotonous. All of us who are here should prepare to 
enjoy the events of next year, for in all human probability we will not be permitted to 
enjoy such an anniversary celebration again. (Applause.) I can imagine no better 
thing than the celebration of the Centennial of the city of Cleveland. It should not be 
neglected, it should not be postponed. The best time to celebrate an anniversary is 
on the anniversary day. 

The Governor then referred to the growth of the city. " What a story your first 
century has told," said he. "It reads more like a fairy tale than a record of facts. A 
hundred years ago Cleveland was an insignificant trading post; in 1830 it was a village 
of 1,000 population; in 1870 was the fourteenth among American cities; in 1890, occu- 
pied the tenth place, and now nobody can tell its rank, but the whole world will know if 
you have a worthy celebration next year. It has over 2 , 400 factories— a capital of fifty-four 
million dollars, employs 50,000 mechanics, pays out in wages over thirty million dollars. 
The Cuyahoga custom district far surpasses that of any other district on the lake, and 
stands fifth after the world's great ports, London Liverpool, Hamburg, and New York. 

" The vessel tonnage owned in Cleveland far exceeds that of any other lake port, 
being valued at $17,000,000; the iron ore traffic represents an investment of nearly 
$180,000,000, and is controlled almost entirely from this city. More than half of the 
Bessemer steel and iron products in this country are made in furnaces immediately 
tributary to the Cleveland district. Cleveland surpasses any other point on the great 
lakes for ship building. The annual wholesale mercantile sales aggregate $50,000,000. 
Financial institutions have $65,000,000 of deposits." 

When the Governor said: "Cleveland established the first high school that was 
ever established beneath our flag," there was continued and vigorous applause. He 
added: "Glorious Cleveland, I say. Celebrate it, celebrate it gloriously, celebrate its 
glory. Celebrate the history of its men of the past and of those upon whom its prog- 
ress now rests. It will speed your growth, your concerted energy will be felt in every 
home. It will bring out the best efforts of your sturdy citizens, and give material ad- 
vancement to your whole municipality. You have every blessing — strength, wealth, 
fame, factories, workshops, churches, hospitals, parks, schools, and higher institutions 
of learning unsurpassed. You cannot too much encourage civic pride. You can do no 
better service to your State or to your country than to exhibit next year what you have 
accomplished in science, in learning, and in mechanics. The State is interested in 
this, the great city of the North. It will, at your command, join you in your work. 
The men here to-night have the power to make the exposition a success. Will you 
use them? The people of the land do not know Cleveland as they should. They even 
doubt in some quarters that Cleveland has 300,000 population, as you claim. Outside 
of Chicago, you have grown more rapidly than any other city of the East. Like Chi- 
cago, you will meet public expectation in your exposition undertaking. 

" This could be made a great demonstration of patriotism. The flag of old Western 
Reserve has never been lowered since it was planted on Conneaut Creek, nor will that 
flag ever be lowered. (Applause.) No men ever did more for their country than have 
the men of the Western Reserve. You have Perry's monument; than which no better 
inspiration to patriotism can be found. You have in keeping, too, the sacred ashes of 
our beloved President Garfield. It will do us good to gather about his tomb and 
ponder on the story of his life. You also have the soldiers' monument ; indeed, you 
have a great many attractions which it would be well for all to see. I bid you stand 
shoulder to shoulder, business men and citizens, and make this exposition the great 
achievement it deserves to be. ' ' 



IO CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Governor McKinley was freely applauded as he concluded his 
speech. He then called upon James H. Hoyt, one of Cleveland's fore- 
most lawyers and public speakers, who delivered the next address. Mr. 
Hoyt caused a burst of applause as he said: "Mr. President — and 
when I say 'Mr. President' I do not mean the president of this meeting 
only," referring' to the greater President Ohio was to furnish in 1896. 
In his own address the speaker aroused a great deal of enthusiasm, and 
was applauded at almost every turn. 

He spoke as follows: 

On the 22d day of next July, one hundred years will have emptied themselves into 
the ocean of the past since Moses Cleaveland and his companions in courageous en- 
terprise landed on the shores of the "crooked river" and founded this capital city of the 
Western Reserve. So great an event is surely worthy of an appropriate celebration. 
The birth year of the 'Forest City should not be forgotten, at any rate, by her own 
sons and daughters. Like that of a child, the birth of Cleveland was the result of 
protracted and painful labor. Her early settlers endured privation the most nipping; 
braved dangers the most appalling; bore sufferings the most intense. They were 
pinched by hunger ; threatened by savages, weakened by disease, and unflinchingly 
met death itself, in order to make possible the comfort and prosperity in which we 
share. The story of their heroic deeds rills volumes. They had little, but gave much, 
because they gave all. We, my friends, have much, and are asked to give but little. 
They threw health, security, happiness, comfort, peace, and even life itself into one 
scale, and we are expected only, and urged only to put a few dollars into the other 
scale. They sacrificed themselves for Cleveland's welfare, and we are asked only to 
sacrifice our money, and not much of that. 

I have said that the Centennial celebration should be appropriate, and what more 
appropriate one can be devised than an exposition of the city's varied products? One 
ship-yard like the Globe or the Cleveland ; one bridge works like the King; one factory 
of hoisting and conveying machinery like the Brown, the McMyler, or the Excelsior; 
one plant like that of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company ; one plate mill like the 
Otis ; one wire mill like the American ; one nail works like the HP or the Baackes ; one 
refinery like the Standard ; one forge like the City; one single manufactory out of hun- 
dreds of others that I have no time to mention, speaks more eloquently and adequate- 
ly of the foresight and sagacity of those who located this city, just where the ore from 
the north of us and the coal from the south of us meet in most profitable union, than 
the most gifted orator or the most impassioned poet can. Of course, it may be said 
that at the time when Cleveland was located the coal fields of Pennsylvania and Ohio 
and the iron ore deposits of the Lake Superior region were not discovered, and that, 
therefore, our fathers builded better than they knew. This is undoubtedly true, and 
yet it is praise enough to say of them that with a long line of lake front to select from, 
they selected this place as the most appropriate spot for the future metropolis, and 
their expectations have been more than realized. 

" Si monumentum requiris circumspice " — " If you seek a monument, look around 
you' ' — was the epitaph chiseled by Sir Christopher Wren, the great architect, in the 
wall of St. Paul's Cathedral. If you are looking for an appropriate monument to the 
city's founders, don't visit the Public Square only and gaze upon the statue of Moses 
Cleaveland or of Cleveland's Moses; but look around you. In the city's manufactur- 
ing and commercial enterprises can be found their most fitting memorial. The tall 
chimneys of the mills wave banners of flame in their honor, and the tireless machinery 
hums an unending paean in their praise. In a hundred years Cleveland has grown 
from nothing to a metropolitan city, with a population of more than 330,000. Few of 
the citizens of Cleveland realize how great she really is, how varied are her interests, 
and how wide-spreading is her influence. She is the result of a fortunate location 
and of individual push and enterprise. How much greater she might have been with 
more concerted effort on the part of her citizens no one can tell. Like Topsy, she 
seems to have 'growed up herself.' I am indebted for the significant figures which I 
am now going to give to you to Mr. Elliott, the painstaking and able secretary of the 
Centennial Commission, and to the census of 1890, compiled under the intelligent 
supervision of our distinguished fellow townsman, Mr. Porter. 

Cleveland has in the neighborhood of 2,000 factories, employing something over 
50,000 people. Of these 2,000 factories, about 1,600 make articles which are used 
largely in home consumption, and so do not, perhaps, bring capital from other quar- 




HON. ROBERT E. McKISSON, 
Mayor of Cleveland. 



PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS. II 

ters into the city, but the remainder, about 400, manufacture articles which are sold 
in all parts of the habitable globe, and so bring capital from outside the city borders, 
which is spent here and invested here. These 400 factories alone employ something 
like 48,000 workers; they make something like 20,000 specific articles of manufacture 
which are shipped beyond the limits of the city, and all the factories together make, 
it is estimated, at least 100,000 articles which are used both here and elsewhere. 

As I have said, the manufacturing interests of the city employ something like 
52,000 people; in jobbing and mercantile pursuits about 20,000 are employed; the ma- 
rine interests, including the dry-docks, employ about 4,500 more, and in the civic 
pursuits about 5,000 are engaged; making a grand sum total of those who are here 
engaged in what Mr. Porter calls the gainful occupations, of something over 80,000. 
The population of the city being about 330,000, the proportion of workers to inhabitants 
is as one to four. There are very few drones in the Forest City. In Pittsburg, great 
as its manufacturing interests are, the proportion is as one to six. In Philadelphia, 
which is the greatest manufacturing city in the United States, the proportion is as one 
to seven. In New York the proportion is about one to eight, and in St. Louis about 
as one to seven. So that, relatively to her population, Celveland leads the list. Well, 
isn't that worth celebrating? 

It is impossible, in the short limits of a speech like this, to give you any adequate 
notion of how widely the products of our factories are scattered over the globe. ( )il 
refined here is burned everywhere; our electric lights shine in Paris, in London, in St. 
Petersburg, in Japan; the twist drills made in Cleveland are used in Great Britain and 
Germany for piercing rivet holes m the plates of warships ; the shafts and rudder 
posts of the monsters of the deep are forged here ; electrical machinery and supplies 
of all kinds made here are used the world over. Our tools, wire nails, bolts, hardware, 
paint, varnish, oil and vapor stoves, sewing machines, salt, wire, and gum, and hun- 
dreds of other articles manufactured here are sold in remote regions. We are the 
second ship-building center of the world, and we make the best telescopes in the world. 
All this has been accomplished in a short one hundred years. 

At this point Mr. Hoyt turned his attention to the exposition proper, 
comparing Cleveland with other cities, and drawing important conclu- 
sions in favor of supporting the undertaking in Cleveland. 

Mr. H. R. Hatch and Hon. John C. Covert also addressed the 
meeting, dwelling at some length upon the feasibility of an exposition. 

An encouraging letter was read from Governor-elect Bushnell, who 
was unable to be present. 

As time advanced various obstacles appeared in the way of a suc- 
cessful consummation of the exposition project, so far as the Centennial 
Commission was concerned, and this feature of the celebration was final- 
ly turned over to a party of enterprising business men who proposed 
to carry it forward on an independent basis. The formation of a stock 
company was started, a prospectus of the exposition was printed and put 
in circulation, and books were opened for subscriptions. In the neigh- 
borhood of $100,000 was subscribed and for a time the outlook seemed 
bright. Owing to the closeness of the money market and the shortness 
of the time, however, the promoters of the enterprise were finally forced 
to abandon it. 

In the meantime there was no cessation of work by the Commis- 
sion and the various committees in planning for the historical cele- 
bration. A preliminary programme was blocked out covering a pe- 
riod from July 2 2d to September 10th, and preparations for the vari- 
ous events were pushed with vigor. The collection of funds proceeded 
under the direction of the Commission, the city being divided into dis- 
tricts. The various trades and professions were classified and solicitors 
were sent out to canvass each. Contributions limited to one dollar were 
sought and daily statements were made through the newspapers as the 
work progressed. 



CHAPTER II. 

TRIP TO HARTFORD — FINAL PREPARATIONS. 
February, 1896 — Jl t lv, 1S96. 

It was early decided to invite the Governor and other officials of 
Connecticut — the parent State — to participate in the exercises of the 
Centennial. In order that this might be properly done a party was 
organized to go to Hartford bearing in person such request on behalf of 
the city of Cleveland and the State of Ohio. Governor McKinley was 
chosen to head the delegation, but owing to a change in the guberna- 
torial office, due to the expiration of his term, this pleasant duty fell to 
Governor Bushnell. The other members of the party were Adjiitant- 
General H. A. Axline, of Columbus; Colonel Clarence E. Burke, of 
Cleveland; Colonel H. H. Prettyman, of London, and Colonel Charles 
B. Wing, of Cincinnati, members of the governor's staff; Hon. Robert 
E. McKisson, Mayor of Cleveland; Wilson M. Day, President of the 
Chamber of Commerce and Director-General of the Centennial Celebra- 
tion; James M. Richardson, President of the Western Reserve Society, 
Sons of the American Revolution; Colonel J. J. Sullivan, cashier of the 
Central National Bank; L. E. Holden, publisher of the Plain Dealer ; 
W. R. Warner, manufacturer; Alfred H. Cowles, vice-president of the 
Leader Printing Company; Charles F. Olney and H. W. Power. 

At 10 o'clock on February 5, 1896, the party set out from Cleveland 
in the palace car "Cloverdale," and arrived in Hartford on the morning 
of the sixth. A hearty greeting was extended to the visitors by the 
State officials of Connecticut and a committee of Hartford citizens. The 
governor's salute was fired in Bushnell Park, as a mark of respect to 
Governor Bushnell. The members of the part}' dined at the Hotel 
Hartford, after which a formal reception was tendered them in the par- 
lors of the hotel. A carriage drive about the city was then taken and 
was followed by a visit to the State Capitol. Many of the offices were 
decorated with flags and flowers and all the State officials were present 
to receive the guests. At 1 : 30 o'clock luncheon was served in the 
Senate retiring room, and at its conclusion the entire company was 
photographed, grouped about the Speaker's desk in Representatives' 
Hall. This room was chosen for the formal exercises of the day, and 
was handsomely decorated, the colors of Ohio and of Connecticut inter- 
mingling with the colors of the Union and the tri-colored flag of the city 
of Cleveland. The programme consisted of addresses of welcome on 
the part of Hartford, and of invitation on the part of Cleveland. Gov- 
ernor Bushnell spoke first. His address was replete with important 
historical facts. He said: 

On the 1st of January, 1788, there left Hartford a company of about twenty citi- 
zens, under General Rufus Putnam, to meet a like number of hardy pioneers from 
Massachusetts bound for the Northwest Territory, and to meet a like number of the 
citizens of Massachusetts who had left Dan vers under the supervision of Major Hal- 



TRIP TO HARTFORD FINAL PREPARATIONS. 13 

field White, at Simrall's Ferry, a point on the Youghiogheny, thirty miles below where 
Pittsburg now stands, and from there to proceed to the mouth of the Muskingum, in 
what was then the Northwest Territory. Their journey was over the mountains where 
the foot of the white man never trod before, their dangerous and painful marches 
being through almost impassable snows. 

The two parties met at Simrall's Ferry, and proceeded down the Ohio to the mouth 
of the Muskingum. They built a boat 45 feet long and 15 feet wide, strong, bullet 
proof, and, true to the memory of their forefathers, named it the Mayflower. She was 
launched on the second day of April, and with Captain Jonathan Devol in command, 
they started on their journey. On the 7th of April, 1788, they landed in the rain at 
the mouth of the Muskingum River, and thus the foundations of Ohio were laid. It 
has always been a source of pride to me that one of that band of pioneers who left the 
village, which has since become your beautiful city of Hartford, was my great-uncle, 
Daniel Bushnell, and I congratulate myself that I. to this extent, aided in the settle- 
ment of Ohio, and that the name has been an honored one in that new commonwealth, 
as well as in this grand old State of Connecticut. 

The settlers who landed at Marietta at the mouth of the Muskingum, on the 7th 
of April, 1788, were all composed of conscientious people, and they brought with them 
industry and knowledge, religion and government. They were the proper pioneers of 
the great State whose fathers they were. The directors of the company requested the 
settlers to pay as early attention as possible to the youth, and among the first enter- 
prises of the pioneers was a library. Such were the spirits that founded Ohio. Many 
of them were personal friends of Washington, and in a letter written the same year 
he said of them, " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable au- 
spices as that which has just been commenced at the mouth of the Muskingum. I 
know many of the settlers personally and there were never men better calculated to 
promote the welfare of such a community. If I were a young man just beginning 
life, or had a family to make provision for, I know of no country where I should 
rather fix my habitation." 

If < )hio is great, as she is, it is because she was born great, and the people of Con- 
necticut, of the present, have a right to be proud of- the part their ancestors took in 
founding the settlement of the now great commonwealth of Ohio. 

The first laws of the colony were made by the resident directors, and were pub- 
lished by being posted on a beech tree. It stands as a credit to the good name of the 
earlier settlers that during the period from the time of their landing until the arrival 
of Governor St. Clair, the first and only governor of the territory of the Northwest, 
but one dispute among them is recorded, and that was settled without the intervention 
of law. Afterwards, judges were appointed of good sense and character, and they 
composed the legislative council of the governor. Major-General Samuel Holden Par- 
sons, of Connecticut, was the first chief justice. 

Eight years later, in the interests of the Connecticut Land Company, a business 
combination of hopeful New Englanders who purchased from their State land on the 
south shore of Lake Erie, known as New Connecticut or the Western Reserve, with 
Moses Cleaveland at their head, left their home in June, 1786, for New Connecticut. 
The management of affairs was left in the main to Moses Cleaveland, lawyer, law- 
maker, soldier, a sturdy, faithful, well-disposed New Englander, a man of whom the 
Hon. C. Rice has said: " He was of few words and prompt action. His religion was 
the outgrowth of Puritanism, and as rigid as it was pure." 

This band of pioneers for the Western Reserve comprised superintendents, astron- 
omers, surveyors, commissaries. Some went overland with horses and cattle, some 
down the river, over lakes by boat. Hardships were experienced by the way, but they 
arrived safely at Buffalo Creek. The party landed near the foot of Union Lane, then 
the terminus of an Indian trail. They mounted the hill, and on the memorable day, 22d 
of July, that day we are so soon to celebrate, the first stone in the foundation of Cleve- 
land was laid. From modern Cleveland to Moses Cleaveland seems a long step, but 
that builder of cities himself prophesied what has been long since fulfilled. Upon the 
return from the valley of the Cuyahoga in the fall of 1796, he said to the grandmother 
of Judge Ruf us P. Spaulding, ' ' While I was in New Connecticut I laid out a town 
on the bank of Lake Erie, which was called by my name, and I believe the child is 
now born that may live to see a place as large as old Windham." 

The direct work of Moses Cleaveland in connection with the founding of the city 
of Cleveland may be briefly stated. He was one of the moving spirits in the Connecti- 
cut Land Company that purchased these lands for settlement. He safely led the first 
surveying expedition from Connecticut to the Western Reserve. He made a compact 
with the Indians, and for a small sum of money secured to the settlers of the Reserve 



14 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

a place the value of which cannot be estimated. He selected the site of the city of 
Cleveland, and superintended the laying out of its main points. He led his expedition 
safely home, and resigned the honors of authority of the future to others. He doubt- 
less had a good share of influence with the directors of the land company in persuad- 
ing them to continue the work which he had begun. The early settlers, the men who 
laid the foundations of the present magnificent city of Cleveland, had instincts of 
home-making and home-building which is so strong in the Anglo-Saxon race, and 
pushed their enterprise forward with true Yankee grit. 

The Postmaster-General of the United States, when with a little party of friends 
down by the bank of the lake in the village of Cleveland in 1805, uttered the follow- 
ing words: 

" In fifty years an extensive city will occupy these grounds, and vessels will sail 
directly into the Atlantic Ocean. ' ' This prophecy was fulfilled. I have it to state 
that in 1858 a vessel was sent from Cleveland harbor with stores and lumber. It made 
its way by the Welland Canal, the St. Lawrence River across to England and back 
with cargoes of iron, salt and crockery ware. Seven years after the founding of this 
city of New Connecticut by Moses Cleaveland, Ohio, the first State formed out of the 
Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union, and the act of Congress admitting 
her to the Union was as great in its results and abundant fruition as perhaps any act 
of Congress. And now, Your Excellency, I come here as the chief executive of this 
great commonwealth of Ohio, to extend -to you and through you to all the people of 
this grand commonwealth of Connecticut, a most cordial invitation to our exercises 
attending the ceremonies of the Centennial celebration of the founding of the magnifi- 
cent enterprising city of Cleveland, founded by Moses Cleaveland, a citizen of old 
Connecticut. 

God bless and preserve the old commonwealth and her sons and daughters wher- 
ever they may be. No more loyal and patriotic people ever lived. Their influence 
has been far-reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Lakes to the Gulf. 
Come, Your Excellency, and bring with you as many of the good people of your State 
as you can. We promise them the same hospitality and cordial greeting you have 
extended to us, and I beg to extend to you and through you to citizens of this beauti- 
ful city our most sincere thanks. 

Governor Coffin responded for Connecticut, expressing sincere ap- 
preciation for the invitation, and concluding with these words: "We, 
as representatives of Connecticut and as individuals, welcome you to 
our State, to our homes and to our hearts, as brethren well beloved, and 
trust that the day may never come when our feelings of mutual interest 
shall lessen or the strong bonds of mutual affection be broken. ' ' 

Mayor McKisson delivered a brief address commenting upon the 
growth and prosperity of Cleveland, closing with this enthusiastic ex- 
hortation: " Come and join us in our rejoicing; come and see what we 
of the New Connecticut have achieved ; come and permit us to prove how 
warm is our regard, how fond our pride for our mother State and her 
people ; come, and we will make you welcome to our hearts. ' ' 

To this sentiment Mayor Brainard happily replied. Speeches were 
also made by Ex-Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hon. Henry C. Robin- 
son, Colonel Jacob L. Green, President Hartranft, of the Hartford Theo- 
logical Seminary, Rev. Dr. George M. Stone and Mr. Wilson M. Day. 
The meeting throughout was characterized by marked enthusiasm for 
the celebration. 

In the evening the visitors were entertained at dinner, and when 
they finally took their departure they carried with them many expres- 
sions of good will from the hospitable New Englanders. Governor 
Bushnell and staff returned by way of New York, where they were guests 
of the Ohio Society and of Governor Levi P. Morton for a brief visit. 

The acceptance of the invitation by Connecticut was gratifying to 
those in charge of the Centennial arrangements. Upon the return of 




OFFICERS OF the; centennial commission. 
2. Liberty E. Holden, ist V.-Pres. r. Charles W. Chase, Treas. 3. A. J. Williams, 2nd V.-Pres. 

5. Samuel G. McClure, Hon. Sec'y. 4. Wilson M. Day, Director-Gen'l. 6. Edward A. Roberts, Sec'y. 



TRIP TO HARTFORD FINAL PREPARATIONS. 15 

the director-general the detail work was again taken up with renewed 
effort. The mass of details was systematized and sifted and the work 
of preparation was carried actively forward. The programme, as finally 
arranged, was made to consist of the following events : 

Sunday, July 19. — Centennial Chimes. — Special services in the churches. 

Mass meetings in afternoon and evening in Central Armory and 

Music Hall. 
Monday, July 20. — Opening of Ohio National Guard mid U. S. Regulars' 

Encampment. 
Tuesday, July 21. — Opening of Log Cabin. — Centennial Concert by Ninth 

Regiment Band of New York. 
Wednesday, July 22. — Founder's Day. —Senator Hawley's address, etc. 

Military and Civic Parade. Grand Pageant in evening. Centennial 

Ball. 
Thursday, July 23. — Neio England Daj'.^-New England Dinner. Visit 

of Ohio Editors. 
Friday, July 24. — Wheelmen 's Day. — Grand Parade. Athletic Exhibition 

by German, Bohemian and Swiss Societies in evening. 
Saturday, July 25. — Bicycle Races. 
Tuesday, July 28. — Woman's Day. — Addresses by famous American 

women. Banquet in evening. 
Wednesday, July 29. — Early Settlers' Day. 
Thursday, July 30. — Wester// Reserve Day. — Addresses by well-known 

men. Military and Pioneer Parade. 
Monday, August 10. — Opening of. Centennial Yacht Regatta. 
Tuesday, August 18. — Opening of Centennial Floral Festival. (Three 

days. ) 
Monday, August 24. — Opening of the Knights of Pythias National En- 
campment. (Seven days. ) 
Monday, September 7. — Opening of His tor tea I Conference. (Three 

days. ) 
Thursday, September 10. — Ferry's Victory Day. — Addresses by well- 
known men. Industrial Parade. Grand Spectacular Entertainment. 

Banquet. 

Attention was now given to the formation of adequate committees 
to carry on the arrangements for these events. After various readjust- 
ments, the composition of the Centennial Commission was fixed and the 
make-up of committees definitely settled. The names' of the persons thus 
associated together, exclusive of the Woman's Department, which is 
considered elsewhere, are contained in the following roster: 

CLEVELAND CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
OFFICERS. 

Governor Asa S. Bushnell, Honorary President. 

Samuel G. McClure, Honorary Secretary. 

Mayor Robert E. McKisson, President. 

L. E. Holden, First Vice-President, 

A. J. Williams, Second Vice-President. 

Ed\vaki> A. Roberts, Secretary. 

Chas. W. Chase, Treasurer. 

Wilson M. Day, Director-General. 



i6 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



MEMBERS. 



Hon. Asa S. Bushnell, Governor. 

Hon. S. M. Taylor, Secretary of State. 

Hon. W. D. Guilbert, Auditor of State. 

Hon. Asa W. Jones, President of the Senate. 

Hon. D. L. Sleeper, Speaker of the House. 



MUNICIPALITY. 



Robert E. McKisson, Mayor. 

Miner G. Norton, Director of Law. 

Darwin E. Wright, Director of Public Works. 

Frank A. Emerson, President City Council. 

H. Q. Sargent, Director of .Schools. 



William J. Akers, 
Kaufman Hays, 
Bolivar Butts, 
L. E. Holden, 
Charles W. Chase, 
John C. Hutchins, 
Wilson M. Day, 
James B. Morrow, 
Samuel Mather, 
A. L. Withington, 
H. A. Sherwin, 



AT LARGE. 

Martin A. Foran, 
A. T. Anderson, 
Col. O. J. Hodge, 
Charles F. Brush, 
M. A. Hanna, 
John C. Covert, 
John Meckes, 
Col. William Edwards, 
A. J. Williams, 
James M. Richardson, 



H. M. Addison, 

H. R. Hatch, 

Col. Clarence E. Burke, 

J. H. Hoyt, 

George W. Cady, 

George W. Kinney, 

George Demmg, 

Daniel Myers, 

E. W. Oglebay, 

Augustus Zehring. 



SUB-COMMITTEES OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



Robert E. McKisson, 
A. J. Williams, 
H. Q. Sargent, 
Daniel Myers. 

D. E. Wright, 



H. Q. Sargent, 
Gen. James Barnett, 

Robert E. McKisson, 



executive, 

John C. Covert, 
George W. Kinney, 
James H. Hoyt, 

AUDITING. 

A. T. Anderson, 

PUBLIC OBSERVANCES. 

John C. Covert, 
F. A. Emerson, 

INVITATIONS. 

M. A. Foran, 

GENERAL COMMITTEES. 

ON FINANCE EXECUTIVE. 



Wilson M. Day, 
H. R. Hatch, 
F. A. Emerson. 



Augustus Zehrins 
M. A. Foran. 

Wilson M. Dav. 



Hon. C. C. Burnett, Chairman. Henrv Humphreys, Secretarv. 

Myron T. Herrick, George T. Mcintosh,' Col. William Edwards, 

Henry S. Blossom, F. F. Hickox, C. F. Brush. 

F. L.'Alcott, John Meckes, 



Col. J. J. Sullivan, 
Capt. D. O. Caswell, 
Col. Louis Smithnight, 



Emil Ring, . 
Alfred Arthur, 
Anton Machan, 
Mrs. H. C. Ellison, 



ON MILITARY.. 

Col. George A. Garretson, Chairman. 

Capt. R. E. Burdick, Col. C. L. Kennan, 

Capt. Jacob B. Perkins, Capt. W. F. Rees, 

Gen. James Barnett, Webb C. Hayes. 

ON MUSIC. 

Byron E. Helman, Chairman. 
Conrad Mizer, Charles F. Brush, 

Johannes Wolfram, N. Coe Stewart, 

Charles F. Olney, Charles Heydler. 

Mrs. George VV. Cady, 



TRIP TO HARTFORD FINAL PREPARATIONS. 



17 



W. D. Benes, 
Henry Watterson, 



R. R. Herrick, 

J. T. Watterson, 

Mrs. Mary B. Ingham, 



ON DECORATION. 

L. N. Weber, Chairman. 
A. B. Foster, S. H. Cramer. 

D. Charlesworth, 

ON LOG CABIN. 

Bolivar Butts, Chairman. 
John Walworth, H. M. Addison, 

Hon. Joseph C. Poe, Hon. A. J. Williams. 

Mrs. P. H. Babcock, 

SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 



ON RECEPTION AND ENTERTAINMENT FOUNDER S DAY, JULY 22. 



EXECUTIVE. 



H. R. Hatch, 
James H. Hoyt, 
J. G. W. Cowles, 

Luther Allen, 
Charles F. Brush, 

Col. Horace E. Andrews, 

William J. Bennet, 

M. A. Bradley, 

H. A. Bishop. 

Loftus Cuddy, 

W. P. Champney, 

S. H. Curtiss, 

D. A. Dangler, 
S. D. Dodge, 
J. S. Dickie, 
Alfred Eyears, 

C. A. Grasselli, 
George S. Russell, 
S. S. Saffold, 

N. O. Stone, 

E. G. Tillotson, 
V. C. Taylor, 
W. S. Tyler, 

J. M. Worthington, 
J. H. Wade, 

D. B. Wick, 
W. P. Johnson, 
Dan P. Eells, 
S. T. Everett, 
W. H. Garlock, 
R. A. Harman, 
A. T. Hubbard, 
Emil Joseph, 

Capt. F. A. Kendall, 
Theodor Kundtz, 
W. H. Lamprecht, 
L. McBride, 
H. P. Mcintosh, 
James Parmelee, 
H. W. Power, 
Hon. A. J. Ricks, 
L. A. Russell, 

F. B. Squire, 

W. F. Walworth, 
Hon. C. B. Beach, 
M. R. Daykin, 



Col. William Edwards, Chairman. 

Col. Myron T. Herrick, Hon. C. C. Burnett, 

James M. Richardson, Hon. Robert E. McKisson, 

M. A. Hanna, Col. Richard C. Parsons, 

C. A. Grasselli, Hon. Robert Blee. 



ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. 

Hon. Brenton D. Babcock, 

C. W. Bingham, 

Hon. Theodore E. Burton, 

H. B. Corner, 

W. E. Cushing, 

S. H. Chisholm, 

L. A. Cobb, ' 

W. G. Dietz, 

Hon. F. E. Dellenbaugh, 

E. L. Day, 
Charles O. Evarts, 
M. S. Greenough, 

0. M. Stafford, 

C. A. Selzer, 

F. A. Sterling, 
Col. Tucker, 

1. N. Tophff, 
A. S. Upson, 
Francis Widlar, 
Thomas H. White, 
S. E. Williamson, 
H. B. VanCleve, 

J. B. Zerbe, 

•Hon. Tom L. Johnson, 

T. H. Geer, 

L. Dean Holden, 

A. C. Hord, 

H. W. King, 

D. H. Kimberley, 
I. P. Lamson, 

E. W. Moore, 
T. F. Newman, 
J. F. Pankhurst, 

F. De H. Robison, 
Henry C. Rouse, 
Dr. G. C. E. Weber, 
W. B. Hale, 

A. F. Hartz, 
Belden Seymour, 
C. H. Beardslee, 

G. E. Herrick, 



C. E. Benham, 
R. D. Bokum, 
H. B. Burrows, 
George E. Collings, 
J. M. Curtiss, 

D. W. Caldwell, 
C. A. Dunklee, 
P. W. Ditto, 

W. F. Dutton, 
Henry A. Everett, 
H. C. Ellison, 
H. A. Garfield, 
Hon. W. B. Sanders, 
W. J. Southworth, 
John Tod, ' 
John Teagle, 
J. C. Trask, 
Howard W. White, 
George P. Welch, 
Roll in C. White, 
Hon. J. M. Jones, 
Capt. Levi T. Scofield, 
Judge J. D. Cleveland, 
Judge E. T. Hamilton, 
George W. Howe, 
A. B. Hough, 
George E. Hartnell, 
(). G. Kent, 
Hon. V. P. Kline, 
C. E. Kennedy, 
C. B. Lockwood, 
H. F. McNutt, 
F. W. Pelton, 
R. M. Parmely, 
F. E. Rittman, 
Hon. W. J. White, 
L. H. Severance, 
Eckstein Case, 
T. A. Selover, 
S. S. Ford, 
Harvey H. Brown, 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



Amos Denison, 
Col. J. A. Smith, 
W. D. Buss, 
Abraham Wiener, 
Joseph Black, 
S. T. Everett, 



Col. A. McAllister, 
Daniel Shurmer, 
George A. Myers, 
Vaclav Snadjr, 
S. C. Ford, 



J. W. Roof, 
Herman Frasch, 
Capt. Thomas Wilson, 
Joseph Carabelli, 
L. L. Malm. 



ON PUBLIC OBSERVANCES — FOUNDER'S DAY, JUEY 22. 



Harvey D. Goulder, 

J. Feiss, 

Daniel Shurmer, 

Dr. H. J. Herrick, 

Major William J. Gleason, 



L. E. Holden, Chairman. 
James H. Hoyt, 
A. R. Treadway, 
John J. Shipherd, 
I. P. Lamson, 



Charles Fries, 
Andrew Squire, 
S. F. Haserot, 
H. A. Sherwin. 



ON PARADE — FOUNDER'S DAY, JULY 22, AND WESTERN RESERVE DAY, JULY 30. 

Col. J. J. Sullivan, Chairman. 

Col. Clarence E. Burke, Col. Geo. A. Garretson, 

Michael J. Herbert, H. B. Hannum. 



Capt. Henry R. Adams, 
Major William J. Gleason, 
Capt. John C. Roland, 

( IN 



George T. Mcintosh, 
S. H. Tolles, 
Ryerson Ritchie, 
Harry R. Edwards, 



PAGEANT — FOUNDER S DAY, JULY 22. 

George W. Kinney, Chairman. 
George W. Williams, John Sherwin, 

C. C. Bolton, C. E. Adams, 

George W. Avery, Ralph Gray. 

Charles A. Ricks, 



ON RECEPTION AND BALL, FOUNDER'S DAY, JULY 22. 
RECEPTION COMMITTEE. 



Mrs. William 
Col. and Mrs. Richard C. Parsons, 
Mr. and Mrs. William Bingham, 
Mr. and Mrs. R. R. Rhodes, 
Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Perkins, 
Mr. and Mrs. J. V. Painter, 
Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Hanna, 
Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Hickox, 
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Kinnev, 
Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Pankhurst, 
Mr. and Mrs. E. N. Morgan, 
Mr. and Mrs. P. M. Hitchcock, 
Mr. and Mrs. V. C. Taylor, 
Mr. and Mrs. George Hoyt, 
Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Bolton, 
Mr. and Mrs. Herman Frasch, 
Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Holden, 
Mr. and Mrs. Edward A. Merritt, 
Mr. and Mrs. George W. Howe, 
Mr. and Mrs. John Chadwick, 
Mr. and Mrs. S. A. Raymond, 
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. McBride, 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Billings, 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Parmely, 
Mr. and Mrs. T. D. Crocker, 
Mr. and Mrs. R. K. Hawley, 
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Morley, 
Mr. and Mrs. Jotham Potter. 
Mr. and Mrs. George S. Russell, 
Mrs. John Huntington, 
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Morley, 
Mr. and Mrs. R. P. Porter, 
Mr. and Mrs. Hubbard Cooke, 
Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Dickman, 
Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Mather, 



Edwards, Chairman. 

Gen. and Mrs. D. W. Caldwell, 
Mr. and Mrs. William Chisholm, 
Gen. and Mrs. James Barnett,' 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Bingham, 
Mr. and Mrs. John Tod, 
Mr. and Mrs. M. A. Hanna, 
Mr. and Mrs. F. F. Hickox, 
Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Corning, 
Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Boardman, 
Mr. and Mrs. Stephenson Burke, 
Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Ford, 
Mr. and Mrs. S. T. Everett, 
Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Brush, 
Mr. and Mrs. W. S. Tyler, 
Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Hatch, 
Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Hanna, 
Mr. and Mrs. A. T. Osborne, 
Mr. and Mrs. George A. Garretson, 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Brayton, 
Mr. and Mrs. John F. Whitelaw, 
Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Burnham, 
Mr. and Mrs. Myron T. Herrick, 
Mr. and Mrs. Charles G. Hower, 
Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Andrews, 
'Mr. and Mrs. Frank Smith, 
Mr. and Mrs. H. K. Cushing, 
Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Brown, 
Mrs. B. H. York, 
Mr. and Mrs. C. Morris, 
Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Oglebay, 
Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Gowen, 
Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Blossom, 
Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Holden, 
Miss Laura Hilliard. 




MEMBERS OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
Group I. 



TRIP TO HARTFORD FINAL PREPARATIONS. 



19 



ON NEW ENGLAND DINNER — NEW ENGLAND DAY, JULY 2v 
EXECUTIVE. 



N. B. Sherwin, Chairman. 
Prof. C. F. Olney, 
Rev. L. L. Taylor, 
Col. O. J. Hodge, 



L. F. Mellen, Secretary. 
Hon. J. H. Breck, 
Mrs. W. A. Ingham, 
Mrs. Elroy M. "Avery, 



Stiles C. Smith, Treasurer. 
M. M. Hobart, 
H. U. Sargent, 
Mrs. P. H. Babcock. 



FROM WESTERN RESERVE SOCIETY, SONS OF I HE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Hubert H. Ward, 
D. W. Manchester, 



James M. Richardson, Pres't. 
T. Spencer Knight, X. P. Bowler. 

ON OHIO EDITORS — NEW ENGLAND DAY, JULY 23. 
EXECUTIVE. 



Norman C. McLoud, 
J. V. Waldeck, 



Hon. W. W. Armstrong, 
C. O. Bassett, 
Robert P. Porter, 
L. E. H olden, 
E. S. Wright, 
William R. Rose, 
Harry N. Rickey, 



G. K. Shurtleff, 
J. H. Collister, 
W. A. Neff, 
J. L. Whitney, 
W. H. Kinnicutt, 
Francis Boyle, 
C. E. Vaupel, 



Ralph Williams, Chairman. 
Manson A. Havens, 
M. Weidenthal, 

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. 



W. B. Colver. 



F. B. Berry, 


A. S. Brooks, 


Carl Claussen, 


E. H. Perdue, 


S. E. Riser, 


C. E. Kennedy, 


William J. Gleason, 


J. J. Spurgeon, 


F. C. Beyer, 


James B. Morrow, 


C. E. Bolten, 


Miss Birdelle Switzer. 


H. T. Chandler, 


R. F. Paine, Jr. 



ON BICYCLE PARADE — JULY 24. 

J. E. Cheesman, Chairman. 

C. Pierce Kennedy, W. II. Boardman, 

J. E. Williams, Carl H. Nau, 

W. H. Kinsey, W. K. Myers, 

A. H. C. Vaupel, William Heinrich, 
Fred. W. Throssell, John G. Percy, 

B. J. Hamm, W. A. Skinkl'e. 
Dr. L. K. Baker, 



oN ITBLIC OBSERVANCES — WESTERN RESERVE AND EARLY SETTLERS' DAY — JULY 29- 30. 

EXECUTIVE. 



Charles H. Stewart, 
J. A. Beidler, 



W. H. Bosworth, 
Geo. Caunter, 
R. H. Fetterman, 
Frank L. Ford, 
William Greif, 
Geo. B. Solders, 
S. W. Sessions, 

B. D. Annewalt, 
W. H. Brett, 

C. L. Hotze, 
H. A. Lozier, 
Homer McDaniel, 
W. H. Quinby, 
John Thomas, 

N. B. Dare, 



Capt. Percy W. Rice, 



Henry W. S. Wood, Chairman. 
Edward Wiebenson, George J. Hoffman, 

James Parmelee, Charles G. Hickox. 

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. 

B. F. Bourne, 
James Corrigan, 
E. L. Fisher, 
Phillip Gaensslen, 
D. R. Hawley, 
J. H. Webster, 
N. P. Bowler, 
J. H. McArthur, 
W. C. Rudd, 
R. H. Jenks, 
M. J. Mandelbaum, 
B. F. Powers, 
Iri Reynolds, 
A. P. Winslow, 
R. F. McKenzie, 



R. M. Burrows, 
Charles L. Douglass, 
George H. Foote, 
W. 11. Gabriel, 
1'. M. Spencer, 
Hon. Henrv C. White, 
J. H. A. Bone, 
Arthur Adams, 
H. S. Whittlesey, 
W. D. Kerruish, 
M. A. Marks, 
Joseph Pmkett, 
George W. Lewis, 
Dr. E. D. Burton, 
J. W. Sykora. 



<)N YACHT REGATTA — AUGUST IO-I2. 

Com. Geo. H. Worthington, Chairman. 

Hon. George W. Gardner, W. P. Francis. 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



E. A. Overbeke, 
John Barth, 
G. H. Gardner, 
W. R. Huntington, 



Dr. E. E. Beeman, 
J. N. Richardson, 
B. D. Munhall, 
Phil. P. Wright. 



G. H. Gardner, 
W. R. Huntington, 



Philip P. Wright, 
W. R. Huntington, 



W. J. Akers, 
George W. Cady, 



John A. Zangerle, 
Thomas Robinson, 
Com. F. B. Hower, 
G. W. Luetkemeyer, 
O. D. Meyer, 
Frederick Green, 
A. Van Tuvl, 
C. W. Pratt, Jr., 
M. Rohrheimer, 
Charles Wesley, 
John C. Hutchins, 



George W. Gardner, 

Luther Allen, 

P. W. Rice, 

P. P. Wright, 

A. C. Hord, 

G. H. Gardner, 



E. E. Beeman. 



E. W. Radder, 
G. W. Luetkemeyer, 
Thos. Robinson, 
R. S. Aikenhead, 

COMMODORE. 

George H. Worthington. 

RACE COMMITTEE. 

Philip P. Wright, Chairman. 
E. A. Overbeke, John Barth. 

J. N. Richardson, 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

P. W. Rice, Chairman. 
R. S. Aikenhead, 
E. W. Radder. 

R EKRESHMENT CO M MITTEE. 

R. S. Aikenhead, Chairman. 

William Meyer, F. A. Beckwith. 

ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE. 

E. E. Beeman, Chairman. 
L. A. Cobb, 
James T. Sargent, 
J. A. Beidler, 
H. H. Burgess, 
R. D. Bokum, 
John M. Mulrooney, 
C. R. Moody, 
James Corrigan, 
Horace Foote, 
C. E. Burke, 
Eugene Grasselli, 

K ECEFTION COMMITTEE. 

W. R. Huntington, Chairman. 
W. S. Root, " R. S. Huntington, 

Horace Foote, William L. Otis, 

E. W. Radder, B. L. Rouse, 

J. R. Miller, George J. Johnson, 

John Barth, F. A. Beckwith, 

F. G. Overbeke, Burton D. Munhall. 

FINANCE COMMITTEE. 



H. W. White, 
W. H. Becker, 
F. B. Skeels, 
A. O'Dell, 
W. P. Rice, 

C. E. Cowan, 
M. A. Bradley, 
H. M. Clarlen, 
P. W. Ditto, 

D. F. Reynolds, Jr. 



E. W. Radder, Chairman. 
Capt. George T. McConnell, George W. Cleveland, Capt. D. H. Pond, 

Charles H. Ault, Richard Carleton, F. A. Brobst, 

Dr. C. C. Arms, J. J. Maver, J. S. Dickie. 

T. F. Newman, 

FLEET CAPTAIN. 

W. R. Huntington. 

ON ARRANGEMENTS — CENTENNIAL FLORAL EXHIBITION — AUGUST II-IJ. 
EXECUTIVE. 

E. H. Cushman, Superintendent and Chairman. 
A. Graham, D. Charlesworth, Ella Grant Wilson, 

James Eadie, James Wilson, Gordon Gray, 

A. Schmitt, E. J. Paddock, H. A. Hart, 

J. M. Gasser, William Stade, S. N. Pentecost. 

William Brinker, 



TRIP TO HARTFORD FINAL PREPARATIONS. 



Col. T. W. Minshull, 

Capt. George Kieffer, 
Capt. Jas. S. Cocket, 
Lieut. E. Schanbacher, 
A. Holly, 

Major Samuel Kaestlen, 
Chas. G. Thomsen, 
Dr. J. J. Erwin, 
John E. Vorel, 
George Davies, 
A. G^ Wilsey, 
Geo. Macey, 
W. H. Bratten, 
Fred Schnabel, 



ON KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS ENCAMPMENT — AUGUST 24-31. 
OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. 

James Dunn, Chairman. 
Col. Albert Petzke, 1st Yice-Chairman. 
A. B. Beach, 2nd Vice-Chairman. 
Dr. J. C. Simon, Secretary. 
Col. Thos. Boutall, Treasurer. 
Major Charles Bittchofsky, Capt. 
Capt. C. F. Smith, 
Capt. A. Beckenbach, 
Lieut. Robert Fisher, 
W. T. Clark, 
Herman Schanbacher, 
O. D. Parkin, 
Fred. Glueck, 
Philip Graff, 
Thomas Lewins, 
William Craston, 
G. W. Jones, 
Henry Prochaska, 
John A. Blass 



A. B. Schellentrager, 
Capt. L. H. Prescott, 
Lieut. H. D. Wright, 
A. B. Honecker, 
John McFarland, 
Benjamin B. Baldwin, 
Frank H. Grove, 
Frederick Aurand, 
W. H. W T oodman, 
Major T. S. Deisner, 
Frederick Gunzenhauser, 
J. L. Athey, 
Sigmund Shlesinger, 
C. J. Downs. 



Edmund Hitchens, Grand Master of Exchequer. 

ON HISTORICAL CONFERENCE — SECTION OF EDUCATION — SEPTEMBER 7-9. 



H. Q. Sargent, 
Rev. T. P. Thorpe, 
Prof. H. E. Bourne, 
Prof. Charles F. Olney, 
Dr. H. H. Powell, 
Prof. E. L. Harris, 
Supt. L. H. Jones, 
Prof. C. H. Muckley, 
Mrs. E. M. Avery, 



Rev. Charles F. Thwing, D. D., Chairman. 



Miss E. G. Reveley, 

Prof. N. M. Anderson, 

J. J. Davis, 

E. R. Date, 

N. A. Gilbert, 

Prof. Charles F. Mabery, 

Miss Augusta Mittleberger, W. H. Humiston 

Miss Marv E. Spencer, Charles A. Post, 

Miss L. T. Guilford, M. T. Silver. 



Prof. Franklin Bassett, 
Mrs. M. E. Rawson, 
Hon. E. R. Perkins, 
M. G. Watterson, 
Mrs. W. R. Warner, 
J. Goldsmith, 



on HISTORICAL CONFERENCE — SECTION OF PHILANTHROPY — SEPTEMBER 9. 

J. W. Walton, Chairman. 
Mrs. M. E. Rawson, Mrs. M. B. Schwab, M. E. Rawson, 

H. N. Raymond, Mrs. Anna E. Prather, Bolivar Butts. 

L. F. Mellen, Sec'y, B. L. Pennington, 

Miss J. O. O'Marah, C. B. Parker, 

on HISTORICAL CONFERENCE — SECTION OF RELIGION — JULY 19 AND SEPTEMBER 9. 

EXECUTIVE. 



Rev. G. F. Houck, 
Rabbi Moses J. Gries, 
Rev. H. C. Haydn, 
Rt. Rev. Bishop Wm. A. 

Leonard, D. D., 
Rev. H. C. Applegarth, 
Horace Benton, 
A. T. Brewer, 



J. G. W. Cowles, Chairman. 

Charles T. Draper, George H. Olmsted, 

C. A. Davidson, John S. Oram, 

W. B. Davis, A. T. Osborn, 

M. R. Dickey, A. T. Perry, 

H. Clark Ford, E. W. Palmer, Jr., 

T. P. Handy, C. H. Prescott. 
C. L. Kimball, 
W. G. Mather, 



ON SPEAKERS AND EXERCISES PERRY S VICTORY DAY SEPTEMBER IO. 



H. Q. Sargent, 
M. A. Bradley, 
Patrick Smith, 
Charles F. Leach, 
Hon. William T. Clark, 
Capt. E. L. Patterson, 
Capt. J. C. Shields, 



Major William J. Gleason, Chairman. 

Capt. W. J. Morgan, Thos. Rodgers, 

H. H. Burgess, J. S. Dickie, 

Col. H. E. Hill, W. F. Dutton, 

Thomas Reilley, Col. W. H. Hayward, 

J. M. Shallenberger, William R. Ryan, 

Bolivar Butts, L. J. Rowbottom, 

J. D. Clary, A. B. Foster, 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



Capt. B. F. Phinney, 
P. C. O'Brien, 
James McHenry, 
Col. C. C. Dewstoe, 
Col. E. R. Walker, 



C. D. Klock, 
Capt. M. B. Gary, 
Capt. J. B. Molyneaux, 
Capt. E. H. Bohm, 
Capt. H. A. Smith, 



T. W. Hill, 

Capt. L. ,W. Bailey, 

S. P. Mount, 
J. H. McArthur, 
Capt. George Warner. 



ON RECEPTION AND ENTERTAINMENT — PERRY'S VICTORY DAY — SEPTEMBER IO. 

EXECUTIVE. 



W. E. Craig, 



W. D. B. Alexander, 
L. A. Bailey, 
Samuel J. Baker, 
H. A. Fuller, 
M. F. Bramley, 
Sam Briggs, 
AY. P. Chard, 
J. I). Cox, Jr., 

F. K. GHdden, 

G. L. Hechler, 
F. W. Leek, 
John McDonough, 
Charles W. Maedje, 
J. H. Paine, 

S. L. Pierce, 
Charles Rauch, 

D. F. Reynolds, Jr., 
P. W. Rice, 

H. L. Rossiter, 
F. W. Roberts, 
A. C. Rogers, 
Samuel Scovil, 
W. H. Sil\ T erthorn, 

E. A. Schellentrager, 
Paul Schmidt, 
Clayton A. Turner, 
C. H. Tylee, 

W. H. Teare, 
A. J. Wright, 
E. Wiebenson, 
J. Wageman, 
H. W. Wolcott, 
Walter P. Rice, 
S. Stearn, 
J. Steinfeld, 
William M. Bayne, 
Capt. E. J. Kennedy, 
Capt. Levi E. Meacham, 
Hon. G. T. Chapman, 
W. J. McKinnie, 



F. H. Morris, Chairman. 
Hon. E. W. Doty, P. W. Ditto. 



ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. 

Hon. William Monaghan, 
Judge C. W. Noble, 
Judge W. C. Ong, 
Judge A. W. Lamson, 
Hon. V. A. Taylor, 
Hon. Martin Dodge, 
Hon. E. W. Doty, 
Hon. Milan Gallagher, 
Hon. F. H. Eggers, 
Hon. David Morison, 
Major Charles H. Smith, 
Major Willard Abbott, 
Pres't Cady Staley, 
Thomas Mahar, 
Charles A. Bray ton, 
A. G. Hutchinson, 
T. M. Bates, 
Harr}- L. Vail, 
Daniel Bailev, 
George R. Warden, 
George Gloyd, 
F. F. Stranahan, 
Henry H. Stair, 
Richard Bacon, 
Carl Claussen, 
Henry Koebel, 
H. W. Hubbard, 
Capt. T. F. McConnell, 
J. F. Kilby, 
Frank B. Many, 
Z. M. Hubbell,' 
F. C. Friend, 
L. C. Heckman, 
N. Weidenkopf, 
M. J. Caton, 
Col. E. W. Force, 
Capt. E. M. Hessler, 
Hon. H. C. Mason, 
H. W. Wolcott, 
Col. J. O. Winship, 



Col. John W. Gibbons, 
Henry A. Griffin, 
George K. Ross, 
W. H. Beaumont, 
George H. Chandler, 
Lucien B. Hall, 
James Moriarty, 
X. X. Crum, 
Theodore H. Johnston, 
William Backus, Jr., 
J. V. McGorray, 
Charles P. Salen, 
W. I. Thompson, 
Henry Hoehn, 
T. Spencer Knight, 
H. H. Ward, 
W. E. Cubben, 
J. H. Kuzel, 
"William Downie, 
Andrew Dall, 
I. J. Lehman, 
Morris A. Black, 
B. Mahler, 

Hon. W. H. Clifford, 
H. T. Eubanks, 
James E. Benson, 
Evan H. Davis, 
David W. Johns, 
John M. Mulrooney, 
John McMyler, 
Robert J. Kegg, 
Felix Rosenberg, 
Hon. Joseph C. Bloch, 
Dr. D. B. Steuer, 
Thomas Piwonka, 
Charles Kuzel, 
John Vevera, 
John .Vanek. 



Capt. W. J. Morgan, 
Capt. J. B. Molyneaux, 
Col. C. C. Dewstoe. 



COMMITTEE ox MILITARY AND CIVIC SOCIETIES, SEPTEMBER I O. 

Capt. J. M. Shallenberger. 



Capt. S. P. Mount, 
Capt. B. F. Phinney, 
Capt. L. W. Bailey, 



George K. Ross, 
J. S. Dickie, 



COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL PARADE, SEPTEMBER IO. 

A. B. Foster, Chairman. 
Thomas Rodgers, Col. H. E. Hill, 

W. F. Dutton, Capt. E. L. Patterson. 




MEMBERS OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
Group II. 



TRIP TO HARTFORD — FINAL PREPARATIONS. 



23 



Howard H. Burgess, 
Col. H. E. Hill, 



COMMITTEE TO DECORATE PERRY S MONUMENT, SEPTEMBER IO. 

Bolivar Butts. 



L. J. Rowbottom, 
C. D. Klock, 



Col. C. C. Dewstoe, 
Capt. J. C. Shields, 



COMMITTEE ON FIREWORKS, SEPTEMBER IO. 



Thomas Reilley, 
Col. H. E. Hill, 



Col. W. H. Hay ward. 



COMMITTEE OX PROVIDING VESSELS AND SCOWS, SEPTEMBER IO. 



Capt. George Warner, 



Capt. Patrick Smith, 



Capt. M. A. Bradley. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS— FOUNDER'S DAY, JULY 22. 



Webb C. Ball, 
Alfred J. Barge, 
Herman Beckman, 
George W. Billings, 
George H. Billman, 
William Bingham, 
Kirke D. Bishop, 
O. K. Brooks, 
S. K. Barstow, 
James W. Conger, 
William Chisholm, 
Hubbard Cooke, 
S. C. Ford, 
E. C. Higbee, 
A. W. Johnston, 
Edward Lewis, 
H. W. Luetkemeyer. 
H. R. Newcomb, 
Hon. H. B. Payne, 
E. R. Perkins, 
Benjamin Rose, 
John F. Rust, 
Leonard Schlather, 
H. J. Webb, 



Meyer Weil, 

J. M. Weitz, 

E. S. Flint, 

Judge G. M. Barber, 

Judge J. T. Logue, 

Judge J. E. .lngersoll, 

Judge T. K. Dissette, 

Dr. X. C. Scott, 

Douglas Perkins, 

M. B. Clark, 

John G. White, 

John F. Whitelaw, 

Calvary Morris, 

C. W. Whitmarsh, 

Ithiel Stone, 

Martin House, 

J. H. Morley, 

J. M. Nowak, 

S. E. Brooks, 

J. F. Ryder, 

M. Halle, 

Judge W. B. Neff, 

Col. W. H. Hayward, 

Col. J. F. Herrick, 



Solon Burgess, 
R. H. Boggis, 
James W. Dickinson, 
Peter Ragnarson, 
C. A. Blomquist, 
John Buchan, 
Robert McLaughlin, 
Dr. H. F. Biggar, 
Hon. John P. Green, 
Thomas H. Evans, 
William E. Jones, 
James Dunn, 
William R. Ryan, 
Dr. F. De Barbier, 
Martin Havencar, 
I. W. Deutsch, 
K. F. Tuma, 
Dr. A. F. Spurnev, 
Dr. F. C. Franke,' 
Frank J. Staral, 
M. Buchmann, 
F. H. Biermann, 
M. Baackes. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS— WESTERN RESERVE DAY, JULY 30. 

FROM WESTERN RESERVE — PORTAGE COUNTY. 



Mr. Henry W. Riddle, 
Township. Person. 

Brimneld W. H. McConnell. 

Suffield B. F. Rhodes. 

Franklin Hon. Marvin Kent. 

Streetsboro, . . . C. R. Doolittle. 

Aurora, Hon. C. R. Harmon. 

Randolph, . . . . N. W. Brockett. 
Rootstown, . . . . W. J. Dickinson. 
Shalersville, . . . Charles Streeter. 

Mantua, E. P. Brainerd. 

Atwater Henry Nichols. 



Ravenna, O., Chairman. 



Township 

Edinburg, . 

Charlestown 

Freedom, 

Hiram, . . 

Deerfield, 

Paris, . . 

Windham, 

Nelson, 

Palmyra, . 

Garrettsville, 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM LAKE COUNTY 



Person. 
. Wm. J. Wilsey. 
. Wm. Fox. 
. Atwell Bryant. 
. Clint. Young. 
. N. L. Wann. 
. Michael Jones. 
. Dr. F. C. Applegate. 
. B. Knowlton. 
. T. R. Williams. 



. C. M. Crane. 



Towns/up. 
Painesville, 
Mentor, . . 
Willoughby, 
Kirtland, . . 



Mr. C. T. Morley, Painesville, O., Chairman. 

Person. Township. Person. 

. S. C. Hickok. Concord, Henry Wilson. 

. H. N. Munson. Leroy L. L. Kewish. 

. A. P. Barber. Perry T. B. Wire. 

. W. R. Crary. Madison H. C. Rand. 



?4 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM GEAUGA COUNTY. 



Township. 

Auburn, . . 
Burton, 
Bainbridge, 
Chardon, . . 
Claridon, . 
Chester, . 
Hampden, . 
Huntsburg, 



Hon. J. E. Stephenson, 

Person. 
W. C. Dutton. 
Geo. H. Ford. 
J. W. Scott. 
Andrew Warner. 
E. E. Mastick. 
L. H. Gillmore. 
A. Stoekham. 
Geo. W. Pease. 



Chardon, O., Chairman. 
Township. Person. 

Munson, Carl Harper. 

Montville, .... Selah Daniels.' 
Middlefield, . . . J. J. Rose. 
Newburg, .... Daniel Johnson. 
Parkman, .... Frederick D. Williams. 

Russell, W. W. Wilber. 

Tray, John W. Fox. 

Thompson, . . . . E. J. Clapp. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM TRUMBULL COUNTY. 

Hon. H. B. Perkins, Warren, O., Chairman. 



Township. 

Mesopotamia 

Bloomfield, 

Greene, 

Gustavus, 

Kinsman, 

Farmington 

Bristol, . . 

Mecca, . . 

Johnston, 

Vernon, 

Southington 

Champion, 

Bazetta, . 



Per s on. 
Elias Sperry. 
George E. Haine. 
R. R. Bascom. 
R. B. Barnes. 
J. M. King. 
Julius E. Hyde. 
William Sager. 
Wm. S. Benton. 
George D. Elder. 
Hon. E. A. Reed. 
Charles Harshman. 
William H. McMurray. 
Ephraim Post. 



Towns/tip. Person. 

Fowler, Curtis Hall. 

Hartford, .... T. A. Bushnell. 
Braceville, . . . . H. F. Austin. 

Warren, Hon. William Ritezel. 

Howland, Z. T. Ewalt. 

Vienna, A. J. Truesdell. 

Brookfield, .... Benjamin McMullen. 

Newton, John N. Ensign. 

Lordstown, . . . . S. R. Chryst. 
Weathersfield, . . H. H. Mason. 

Liberty, Colonel Evan Morris. 

Hubbard, Samuel Q. March. 



Township. 
Sullivan, . . 
Troy, . . . 
Ruggles, . . 
Clearcreek, . 
Orange, . . 
Jackson, . . 
Perry, . . . 
Montgomery, 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM ASHLAND COUNTY. 

R. M. Campbell, Ashland, O., Chairman. 



Person. 

Joseph Garver. 
John Phillips. 
William Gault. 
R. J. Simonton. 
John McConnell. 
James E. Chase. 
R. V. Smalley. 
Cloyd Mansfield. 



Township. Person. 

Milton J. W. Fry. 

Mifflin, Emanuel Charles. 

Vermillion, .... W. O. Porter. 
Mohecan, . . . . L. B. Fox. 

Lake, Sparks Bird. 

Green, J. C. Sample. 

Hanover H. B. Case. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM HURON COUNTY. 



Township. 
Wakeman, 
Townsend, 
Norwalk, . 
Ridgefield, 
Lyme, . . 
Sherman, 
Peru, . . 
Bronson. . 
Hartland, 



Township. 
Wadsworth, 
Granger, . . 
Hinckley, 



Hon. C. H. Gallup, 

Person. 

John M. Whiton. 
Hon. W. D. Johnston 
Charles W. Manahan. 
William H. Mitchell. 
P. N. Schuyler. 

B. F. Bond. 

C. O. H. Perry. 
Finley Hester. 
H. L. Moore. 



Norwalk, O., Chairman. 

Township. Person. 

Clarksfield, . . . . J. N. Barnum. 
New London, . . . Geo. W. Runyon. 
Fitchville, .... Preston Palmer. 
Greenfield, . . . . A. F. Sweetland. 

Norwich, C. E. Trimmer. 

Richmond, . . . . J. L. Rettig. 
New Haven, . . . L. E. Simmons. 

Ripley, J. H. Donaldson. 

Greenwich, . . . I. J. Brooks. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM MEDINA COUNTY. 

Hon. S. G. Barnard, Medina, O., Chairman. 

Person. Township. Person. 

John A. Clark. Lafayette, .... Hon. Thos. Palmer, 

Hon. Calvin Ganyard. York Rev. E. F. Baird. 

Hubert Waite. Liverpool, .... Wm. V. Wood. 



TRIP TO HARTFORD FINAL PREPARATIONS. 



25 



Guilford, Hon. A. D. Licey. Harrisville, 

Montville E. R. Culver, Chatham, 

Medina Township, Hon. E. S. Perkins. Litchfield, 

Medina Village, . Frank Heath. Homer, 

Brunswick, .... Wm. Bennett. Spencer, . 

Westfield, . . . . |. H. Freeman. Sharon, 



. Hon. T. G. Loom is. 
. Dr. M. M. Moody. 
. 1). P. Simmons. 
. A. G. Newton. 
. Richard Freeman. 
. J. B. Eberley. 



Township. 
Berlin, .... 
Florence, . . 
Huron, . . . 
Kelley's Island, 
Margaretta, . 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM ERIE COUNTY. 

Judge John Mackey, Sandusky, O., Chairman. 

Person. Township. Person. 

James Douglass. Milan, J. W. Stoaks. 

John R. Carter. Portland Rush R. Sloane. 

Gustave Graham. Vermillion, . . . Lewis Wells. 

U. L. Ward. Oxford, Samuel Haveleck. 

D. S. Barber. Groton, J. F. Harington. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM ASHTABULA COUNTY. 



Township. 
Ashtabula, 
Jefferson, 
Conneaut, 
Geneva, . 
Hartsgrove, 
Windsor, . 
Trumbull, 
Rome, . . 
Orwell, . 
New Lyme, 
Austinburg, 
Harpersfield, 
Morgan, . . 
Cherry Vallev 



Township. 

Bath 

Boston, . . . 
Copley, . . . 
Coventry, . . 
Cuyahoga Falh 
Franklin, . . 
Green, .... 
Hudson, . . . 
Northampton, 



Mr. E. L. Hills, 
Person. 

H. L. Morrison. 
Hon. N. E. French. 
G. M. Brown. 
.Salmon Seymour. 
E. G. Hurlburt. 
Wm. Barnard. 
Wm. Nelson. 
Hon. L. C. Reeve. 
Lewis Waters. 
M. V. Miller. 
Nathaniel Austin. 
H. H. Clark. 
Joseph Hibbard. 
Worster Benjamin. 



Jefferson, O., Chairman 
Township, 
Colebrook, 



Williamsfield, 
Andover, . . 
Richmond, . 
Pierpont, 
Monroe, . . 
Kingsville, . 
Plymouth, . 
Sheffield, . . 
Dorset, . . 
I )enmark, . 
Saybrook, . 
Wayne, . . 
Lenox, . . . 



Person. 

Leonidas Reeve. 



. Wm. S. Leach. 
. B. F. Perry. 
. Chas. T. Sunbury. 
. Francis H. Follett. 
. Harley Bushnell. 
. Amos B. Luce. 
. Samuel Newton. 
. A. J. Whipple. 
. James Kennedy. 
. M. B. Wiltsey. 
. John F. Burke. 
. O. P. Fobes. 
. Moses W. Beede. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS 1'KnM SUMMIT COUNTY. 



Mr. Aaron Wagoner, 

Person. 
0. O. Hale. 
Dr. W. N. Boerstler. 
R. N. Lyons. 
U. G. High. 
D. F. Felmly. 
C. A. Sisler. 
A. F. Spitler. 
Grant Bliss. 
R. W. Harrington. 



Akron, O., Chairman. 
Township. Person. 

Xorthfield B. A. Robinette. 

Norton, John H. Wuchter. 

Portage Albert H. Mallison. 

Richfield Samuel Fauble. 

Springfield, . . . Milo White. 

Stow, C. N. Gaylord. 

Tallmadge, . . . C. B. Skinner. 
Twinsburg, . . . E. A. Parmelee. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM LORAIN COUNTY, 



Township. 

Amherst, . . 

Lorain, . . . 

Brownhelm, . 

Brighton, . . 

Camden, . . . 

Carlisle, . . . 

Columbia, . . 

Eaton, . . . . 

Elyria, . . . . 

Grafton, . . . 

Henrietta, . . 



Hon. Davis C. Baldwin, Elyria, O., Chairman. 

Township. Person. 

Huntington, . . . T. D. Phelan. 



Person. 
O. E. Foster. 
James Reid. 
B. C. French. 
George Peaseley. 
F. J. Betts. 
Warren C. Sutliff. 
Oscar Goodwin. 
Ed. Hance. 

Hon. Geo. G.Washburn. 
Allen W. Nichols. 
Nicholas Wilbur. 



La< Grange, 

Penfield, . . 

Pittsfield, . 

Ridgeville, . 

Rochester, . 
Oberlin, . 

Sheffield, . , 
Wellington, 

Avon, . . . 



. Geo. C. Underhill, M.D. 

. E. A. Starr. 

. Frank Root. 

. W. N. Briggs. 

. John Wolf. 

. Pres. Jas. H. Fairchild. 

.0. Root. 

. S. K. Launder. 

. H. H. Williams. 



26 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM CUYAHOGA COUNTY. 



Towns/u'p. 
Bedford, . . 
Brecksville, 
Chagrin Falls, 
Dover, . . . 
Euclid, . . . 
Olmsted Falls 
Royalton, . 
Brooklyn, 
Parma, . . 
Independence 



Township. 

Coitesville, . 
Youngstown, 
Austintown, 
Jackson, . . 
Milton, . . . 
Berlin, . . . 
Ellsworth, . 
Canfield, . . 



Hon. Henry C. White, 
Person. 
Prof. C. D. Hubbell. 
C. M. Noble. 
Hon. H. W. Curtis. 
Hon. Reuben Hall. 
H. C. Bunts. 
H. B. Northrop. 
Joseph Turney. 
William Treat. 
Wesley Ward. 
Lloyd Fisher. 



Cleveland, Chairman. 



Towns/tip. 
Solon, .... 
Warrensville, 
Orange, . . . 
Middleburgh, . 
Strongsville, . 
Newburgh, . . 
Mayfield,'. . . 
East Cleveland, 
Rockport, . . 



Person. 
. C. H. Cannon. 
. Henry N. Clark. 
. C. C. Lowe. 
. T. C. Mattison. 
. E. H. Reed. 
. Hon. Jos. H. Breck. 
. B. C. Bishop. 
. Wm. T. Quilliams. 
. Curtis Hall. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS FROM MAHONING COUNTY. 

Col. C. B. Wick, Youngstown, O., Chairman. 



Person. 
Joseph G. McCartney. 
James Mackey. 
James Rayer. 
George W. Wetzel. 
B. P. Baldwin. 
Frank White. 
Frank Fitch. 
Col. James M. Nash. 



Township. Person. 

Boardman, .... North Newton. 

Poland Henry K. Morse. 

Springfield, . . . Fred W. Kohler. 

Beaver, W. H. Ruhleman. 

Green W. I. Hahn. 

Goshen, Mahlon Atkinson. 

Smith, Delorma Sauter. 



FROM CITY OF CLEVELAND, 

J. H. Bradner, 
Chris. E. Grover, 
George A. Groot, 
J. A. Smith, 
Jos. Goodhart, 
L. S. Fish, 
C. W. Burrows, 
J. C. For man, 
W. H. H. Peck, 
A. I. Truesdell, 
P. H. Kaiser, 
William Bowler, 
Thomas Manning, 
A. J. Marvin, 
Jacob Stnebenger, 
A. A. Parker, 



I. T. Bowman, 
A. H. Brunner, 
Henry M. Brooks, 
Fayette Brown, 
W. W. Baldwin, 
W. L. Clements, 
L. M. Coe, 
H. Mireau, 
J. P. McKinstry, 
Jame's Malone, 
Robert Wallace, 
Gen. J. J. Elwell, 
Capt. Henry Frazee, 
G. J. Jones, 
Dr. W. P. Horton, 
F. Strauss, 

VICE-PRESIDENTS, PERRY'S VICTORY DAY EXERCISES, SEPTEMBER 10. 



C. S. McKim, 
W. M. Lottridge, 
John T. Watterson, 
John Corlett, 
E. W. Cannell, 
J. Mandelbaum, 
Hon. H. C. Smith, 
Dr. John D. Jones,- 
John Holland, 
James Broggini, 
John Miller, 
Frank Hesoun, 
William Backus, Sr. 
Leopold Dautel. 



Luke Brennan, 

Stephen Buhrer, 

H. M. Claflen, 

David Crow, 

W. R. Woodford, 

James Walker, 

Hon. J. Dwight Palmer, 

Colonel E. Sowers, 

H. H. Poppleton, 



N. A. Gilbert, 

Thomas Reilley, 

A. J. Michael, 

Hon. George H. Foster, 

Capt. Levi F. Bauder, 

M. S. Hogan, 

T. M. Irvine, 

J. P. Dawley, 

Hon. John H. Farley, 



Frank A. Arter, 
Dr. M. Rosenwasser, 
Dr. S. Wolfenstein, 
P. H. Lavan, 
A. F. Bonelli, 
John Miller, Jr., 
Dr. M. G. Kolb, 
J. F. Sprotsv, 
William C. Pollner. 



Regular meetings were held each week by the Centennial Com- 
mission, the usual time being 3:30 o'clock on Thursday afternoons. 
Frequent sessions of the executive, finance and other committees were 
also held, the number increasing as the time for opening the celebration 
drew near, as many as four or five being occasionally in progress at 
headquarters at the same time. Late in June and early in July two 




^§RENcte# 



MEMBERS OK CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
Group III. 



TRIP TO HARTFORD FINAL PREPARATIONS. 27 

objects in connection with the Centennial began to attract public atten- 
tion. One was a log cabin in process of construction on the northeast 
section of the Public Square, designed to typify early life in the West- 
ern Reserve ; the other was a Centennial Arch in course of erection to 
span Superior street, directly north of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monu- 
ment. A crowd of interested spectators kept constant watch over the 
work on both of these structures. When completed, the cabin was sixty 
feet long, from east to west. It comprised two compartments, each 
twenty feet square, one on either side of a central passage-way or court. 
It was surrounded by a rail fence, and in one section of the yard was an 
old-fashioned well-sweep. 

The Centennial Arch was seventy feet high, 106 feet wide and 
twenty feet thick, and was designed by Architect W. D. Benes. The 
frame-work was of wood. This was covered with lath, and the lath in 
turn was covered with staff and painted white. The ornamentations 
were elaborate and beautiful. There were six plaster-cast groups on 
pedestals, one on each side and one at each end. Those in front con- 
sisted of winged figures seven feet high holding aloft vases of flowers. 
Around the front of the arch proper ran a band of decorative work, 
while in the center or keystone was a large American eagle with out- 
stretched wings. The frieze set forth an ornamentation, in which 
cupids, shields and garlands played the leading parts. On top of the 
arch a balustrade with flags of all nations formed the crowning decora- 
tion. The cost of the arch was $4,000. At night it appeared in all its 
glory, light from 900 electric lamps shining forth and brilliantly illumi- 
nating the Public Square. 

The rooms at headquarters were handsomely decorated for the 
celebration, being festooned with flags and bunting and presenting a 
gala appearance. A large and substantial reviewing stand was built by 
the city in front of the City Hall in anticipation of the parades. This 
was painted white, and provided with a neat canopy, and was appropri- 
ately decorated with the national colors. A Centennial medal, designed 
by L. Vincent Metz, of Erie, was struck and placed on sale, and badges 
appropriate to the celebration were freely worn on coat lapels and 
dresses. As usual in such undertakings, the last week prior to the open- 
ing of the celebration was the busiest, various details crowding thick and 
fast upon the committees, demanding the application of all the energy 
obtainable. 



CHAPTER III. 

WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT. 

July, 1895 — July, 1896. 

Before entering upon the description of the various exercises of the 
summer, it is proper that attention should here be given to the part 
taken in the preliminary arrangements by the patriotic women of Cleve- 
land and the Western Reserve. As woman had much to do with the 
upbuilding of the city and the achievements of its first century, so had 
she much to do with the observance of its anniversary. The movement 
for the organization of women in the interests of the celebration was 
started by Mrs. W. A. Ingham, a member of the Early Settlers' Associ- 
ation. The brightness and capability of Cleveland women from the 
beginning of the century were a source of pride alike to her and to all 
others of the day, and an exposition of their work was early proposed. 
Mrs. Ingham discussed the project with the President and Executive 
Committee of the Early Settlers' Association, and was bidden by them to 
go forward choosing her assistants. At the meeting of the association, 
on July 2 2d, 1895, she delivered an address supporting the movement, 
and the suggestions made therein met with general approval. On July 
23d, a small meeting of women was held at the home of Miss Elizabeth 
Blair, No. 802 Prospect street, where the plans were further considered. 

The Centennial Commission having decided upon an auxiliary 
woman's department, a call was issued for a general meeting of women 
in September to perfect an organization. In response to the call, a large 
number came together in the Assembly Room of the Public Library 
Building. A constitution was adopted declaring the objects of the 
department in the following article : 

"The objects of this department shall be the proper presentation of 
woman's work and history in the Western Reserve at the celebration of 
the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of the city of Cleveland 
and the carrying out of such other measures as shall add to the success 
of said celebration. ' ' 

Mrs. Ingham was elected president, and three hundred vice-presi- 
dents were chosen from among pioneer women and their descendants, 
together with five active vice-presidents, two secretaries and a treasurer, 
selected from the different sections of the city. Supposing there was 
to be a Centennial exposition, twenty well-known women were chosen 
to form an executive committee for the purpose of co-operating in the 
project, of which Mrs. Elroy M. Avery was chairman. It was decided 
to hold public meetings each month, at which papers of special interest 
in connection with the Centennial should be read and various features of 
the work discussed. The first of these meetings was held in the Assembly 
Room of the Public Library Building on December 20, 1895. A large 
audience was present, excellent music was rendered, and the following 
programme was presented: " Christmas Eve in Old Trinity," Mrs. W. 



WOMAN S DEPARTMENT. 20 

A. Ingham; "Old Time Amusements," Mrs. B. F. Taylor; "The 
Atlanta Exposition," Mrs. Elroy M. Avery. At subsequent sessions, 
which were also largely attended, attention was given to sketches of 
pioneer women and the sacrifices made by the early settlers, and to the 
hardships endured by them and the records of their gallantry and thrift. 
The subjects of literature, education, philanthropy, art and industry were 
all presented in papers of rare excellence. 

It was with regret that the exposition idea was abandoned when 
the Centennial Commission found the general plan not feasible. Ex- 
tensive arrangements were carried forward, however, for the observ- 
ance of Woman's Da}-, on July 28th. A programme was outlined, special 
committees were appointed, and the securing of speakers and planning 
of special features was undertaken with a will. Funds were energeti- 
cally collected and a vast amount of detail work was accomplished as the 
summer of 1896 advanced. 

Headquarters were established, previous to the opening of the cele- 
bration, in the rooms of the Centennial Commission, on Superior street, 
and representatives of the department were constantly on hand. Besides 
bending their efforts toward celebrating in a fitting manner the day al- 
lotted to them, the women joined heartily in the other events, render- 
ing important aid in all of them. An important work — - that of prepar- 
ing a memorial to the pioneer women of the Western Reserve — was as- 
signed to Mrs. Gertrude V. R. Wickham. Through two hundred and 
sixteen assistant historians from the townships of the Reserve the col- 
lection of material for this memorial was effected, and prepared for pub- 
lication. Other facts relating to the woman's department are contained 
in other chapters of this volume, the story of their work being closely 
interwoven with the story of the celebration. The roster of officers 
and committees of the department was as follows : 

CLEVELAND CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT. 

Mrs. Mary B. Ingham, President. 
Mrs. Mary Scranton Bradford, 1 

Mrs. Sarah E. Bierce, | Active Vice-Presidents in 

Mrs. George Presley, Jr., City of Cleveland. 

Mrs. Joseph Turney, 

Mrs. Ella Sturtevant Webb, Recording Secretary. 

Mrs. S. P. Churchill, Corresponding Secretary. 

Miss Elizabeth Blair, Treasurer. 

Miss Elizabeth Stanton, Assistant Treasurer. 

Mrs. Gertrude V. R. Wickham, Historian. 

Mrs. Charles H. Smith, Assistant Historian. 

executive committee. 

Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Chairman. 
Mrs. Charles W. Chase, Mrs. O. J. Hodge, Mrs. W. G. Rose, 

Mrs. T. K. Dissette, . Mrs. John Huntington, Mrs. L. A. Russell, 

Mrs. H. A. Griffin, Mrs. F. A. Kendall, Mrs. M. B. Schwab, 

Mrs. M. A. Hanna, Mrs. W. B. Neff, Mrs. Charles. H. Weed, 

Mrs. P. M. Hitchcock, Mrs. N. B. Prentice, Mrs. A. J. Williams. 

special committees. 

membership committee. 

Mrs. T. K. Dissette, Chairman. 



3° 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



PRINTING COMMITTEE. 

Mrs. O. J. Hodge, Chairman. 
Mrs. H. A. Griffin. 

AUDITING COMMIT! EE. 

Mrs. Charles W. Chase, Chairman. 
Mrs. W. B. Neff. 

COMMITTEE ON PROGRAM FOR WOMAN'S DAY. 



Mrs. W. A. Ingham, 
Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, 

Mr. J. H. A. Bone, 
Mr. Benjamin F. Carr, 



Mrs. Sarah E. Bieree, Chairman. 
Mrs. C. W. Chase, Mrs. T. K. Dissette. 



JUDGES OF PRIZE ODES AND SONGS. 



Mr. W. H. Brett, 



Mr. Will Sage. 



COMMITTEE ON MUSIC FOR WOMAN'S DAY. 

Miss Lillian Hanna, Chairman. 

Miss Lucy Waldo Day, Manager. 

Miss Adella Prentice. 

COMMITTEE ON RECEPTION AND BANQUET TICKETS. 

Mrs. S. P. Churchill, Chairman. 



COMMITTEE ON INVITATIONS FOR WOMAN S DAY. 



Mrs. William Edwards, 
Mrs. Samuel Mather, 
Mrs. Henry Ranney, 
Mrs. J. H. Morley, 



Mrs. P. M. Hitchcock, Chairman. 

Miss Anne Walworth, Mrs. Joseph Colwell, 

Mr. J. H. McBride, Mrs. Myron T. Herrick. 

Mrs. Charles F. Brush, 
Mrs. Stevenson Burke, 



COMMITTEE ON RECEPTION AT GRAYS' ARMORY. 



Mrs. W. A. Leonard, 
Mrs. Wm. McKmley, 
Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, 
Mrs. James A. Garfield, 
Mrs. Stephenson Burke, 
Mrs. Charles F. Brush, 
Mrs. William Chisholm, 
Mrs. D. P. Rhodes, 
Mrs. R. E. McKisson, 



Mrs. M. A. Hanna, Chairman. 
Mrs. A. A.Pope, Mrs. Henry W. BoardmaifF 



Mrs. W. H. Corning, 
Mrs. R. R. Rhodes, 
Mrs. John F. Whitelaw, 
Mrs. William Edwards, 
Miss Laura M. Hilliard, 
Mrs. Peter Hitchcock, 
Mrs. C. C. Bolton, 



Mrs. James H. Hoyt, 

Miss Stella Hatch, 

Mrs. L. C. Hanna, 

Mrs. Thomas W. Burnham, 

Mrs. Ralph W. Hickox, 

Mrs. J. B. Perkins, 

Miss Phelps. 



Mrs. T. D. Crocker, 
Mrs. S. C. Smith, 
Mrs. E. J. Farmer, 
Mrs. C. M. Qviatt, 
Mrs. J. A. Stephens, 
Mrs. M. D. Leggett, 
Mrs. William Bowler, 
Mrs. J. H. Payne, 
Mrs. H. C. Bourne, 



BANQUET COMMITTEE FOR WOMAN'S DAY, 

Mrs. W. G. Rose, Chairman. 



Mrs. 


H. C. Ranney, 


Mrs. 


N. A. Gilbert, 


Mrs. 


J. K. Hord, 


Mrs. 


Benjamin Rose, 


Mrs. 


E. W. Doane, 


Mrs. 


George Van Camp. 


Mrs. 


G. T. Knight, 


Mrs. 


E. G. Rose, 


Mrs. 


E. B. Hale, 


Mrs. 


J. V. N. Yates, 


Mrs. 


A. T. Osborn, 


Mrs. 


Sidney H. Short, 


Mrs. 


W. S. Kerruish, 


Mrs. 


B. S. Cogswell, 


Mrs. 


J. M. T. Phelps, 


Mrs. 


Philip Dillon. 


Mrs. 


T. S. Knight, 








MEMBERS OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
Group IV. 



CHAPTER IV. 
RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES. 

July ig, 1S96. 

With preparations for the Centennial practically completed, the 
citizens of Cleveland retired on the night of July 18th, anticipating the 
opening of a season of pleasure. They awoke on a quiet Sabbath 
morning, ushered in by the ringing of church bells. On this day special 
services were held in the various city churches in honor of the approach- 
ing celebration, and were attended by large congregations which joined 
with unity of spirit in giving proper recognition to the influence of 
religion upon the life and character of the city during its first century of 
existence. Two large mass meetings were held in the afternoon 
and evening, at which eloquent historical addresses were delivered and 
special music was sung. The day was devoted to thanksgiving and re- 
joicing for the benefits of the past and the blessings of the present, and 
to hopeful forecasts of the era upon which the city was about to enter. 

The programme of the day was opened at 8 o'clock by the ringing 
of the chimes in Trinity Cathedral. These chimes had often, in years 
gone by, cheered the hearts of lonely mariners far out upon the lake; 
they held a history in themselves, and were fittingly chosen to proclaim 
to Cleveland and the world the passing of the century. Early in the 
morning a crowd began to gather in the vicinity of the Cathedral, a 
modest stone structure on the south side of Superior street, near the 
corner of Bond street, and gradually increased until it comprised a cos- 
mopolitan assemblage of several thousand. The music was enjoyed 
not only by this audience, but by listeners in all parts of the city. The 
following series of sacred and patriotic selections was rendered by Harold 
A. Vosseller: 1. The Bells of St. Michael's Tower (Old English Chime) ; 
2. Scarborough; 3. Star Spangled Banner; 4. Siloam; 5. Antioch; 6. 
Red, White and Blue; 7. Boylston (two-part harmony); 8. Stella; 9. 
The Old, Old Story; 10. Sicilian Hymn; 11. Ye Merry Bells (Old Eng- 
lish Chime). The music of the chimes never sounded sweeter than on 
this Sabbath anniversary, and many a head was seen to bow in rever- 
ence as the silvery tones rang out ttpon the morning air. 

" The little one's prattle, the fond mother's prayer, 
And the low, sweet tones of the lover were there. 

The joy of the rich, in his home secure ; 
The wail of distress from the heart of the poor ; 

The marriage feast ; the funeral knell ; 
The gladdest of welcomes ; the saddest farewells ; 

All mingled together in the song of the bells. 

Sermons in harmony with the occasion were preached by the pas- 
tors at the usual hour. Denominational lines were for the time forgot- 
ten — Protestant, Catholic and Jewish congregations entering into the 
theme with equal fervor and zeal. The rectors of the Protestant Epis- 
copal churches reviewed the histories of their respective parishes, and 



32 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



had their discourses printed and bound for preservation. vSpecial high 
mass was observed in all the Catholic churches in accordance with a 
decree of Bishop Horstmann, of the Cleveland Diocese. 

At 2:30 o'clock Sunday afternoon a citizens' mass meeting was 
held in the Central Armory, at the corner of Bond and Lake streets. ' 
The meeting was largely attended, the capacity of the auditorium being 
taxed to its utmost. The audience was representative in character, 
containing members of every sect and nationality. Many civic organi- 
zations turned out en masse. They were seated for the most part in the 
balconies. In one of these was the Second Regiment Uniform Rank 
Knights of Pythias, two hundred and fifty strong, representing Preux 
Chevalier, Cleveland, Oak, Red Cross, Standard and Argonaut divisions. 

The Scottish Volunteers, in Highland 
costume, were also in attendance. Near 
these a large number of members of 
the Grand Army of the Republic were 
seated. Other organizations were the 
Doan Guards, the Cleveland Patriarchs 
Lodge of Odd Fellows, Forest City 
Division, Uniform Rank Knights of 
Pythias, and the various commanderies 
of the Knights of St. John. The Cleve- 
land Vocal Society, whose members 
furnished music for the occasion, oc- 
cupied seats back of the speakers. The 
president of the day was J. G. W. 
Cowles, chairman of the Section of Re- 
ligion. The speakers were Rev. Dr. 
Levi Gilbert, of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church; Monsignor T. P. Thorpe, 
of the Catholic Church, and Rabbi 
Moses J. Gries, of the Jewish Church. 
At the hour set for opening the exer- 
cises, a voluntary was rendered, fol- 
lowed with singing by the Cleveland 
Vocal Society. Mr. Cowles then in- 
troduced Rt. Rev. William A. Leon- 
ard, D. D., Bishop of the Protestant 
Episcopal Diocese of Ohio, who invoked divine blessing. At the conclu- 
sion of the prayer Mr. Cowles addressed the meeting, saying in part : 

In this historic hour, closing the century, we are gathered here without distinction 
of race, or sect, or creed, to review the records and recall the memories of the first one 
hundred years of our city's life. What can be more appropriate than that this first 
Centennial observance should be upon the Sabbath day" and from what higher summit 
or with what clearer and larger outlook can we survey this period than from the stand- 
point of religion? 

Looking back one hundred years to this place where we now are, "the woods were 
■God's first temples." In that vast solitude, the primeval forests, stirred by the sum- 
mer winds, lifted their leaf-clad arms in strong acclaim to the Creator — God of Nature 
— waiting. Sovereign there, as in all waste places, to crown and bless, as the God of 
grace, the few first comers, and then the multitudes of people who have transformed 
that wilderness into this great city and built here thousands of homes and hundreds of 
churches filled with his worshipers. 

This point of contact between God and man is our moral nature; his control is 




j. G 



RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES. 33 

# 
through our conscience. So that when we ask what religion is, and what it has been 
and has done for Cleveland in these one hundred years, the answer lies in the spiritual 
and moral life of the people during that time. We stand upon this platform represent- 
ing two, perhaps I should say, three, great world movements in religion, the Jewish 
and the Christian, and of the latter the Catholic and the Protestant. . . . 

The first settlers in Cleveland were not religious men ; though from New England, 
they were not Puritans. The motive that brought them was not that of their fathers, 
to found a Christian commonwealth, but was to improve their fortunes in this new 
Connecticut. The distillery nourished before a schoolhouse or a church was built. 
But this bad primacy could not long continue. Providence, together with heredity, 
was too powerful a force. The seeds of religion were in the soil of those men's lives, 
though showing such small fruitage in those earliest days. As other immigrants 
came, mostly from New England, bringing wives and children, always hostages to 
goodness, what result could come to pass other than such homes, such social customs, 
such schools, churches, and government, as they had left behind? 

Growth was small and slow, but the type remained. The germinal period con- 
tinued through the first one-half of the century, before greater activity and more vigor- 
ous development began to show the future city. In 1830, with less than 1,100 popula- 
tion, there were only three churches. In 1835, the first Catholic, and in 1839, the first 
Jewish church was organized. In 1846, or at the mid-period of the century, 12,000 
population had eighteen churches, including two Jewish and two Roman Catholic. In 
1855, this number had increased to 32, of all creeds; in 1S60, to 42; in 1S70, to 61; in 
1880, to 164; and in 1S95, to 250, or 300, including missions and miscellaneous religious 
organizations, existing and in operation at the present time. * * * 

Cleveland is a city of domestic sanctities superbly developed. The Puritanic in- 
fluence has had its effect in the business community. The commercial and industrial 
life of Cleveland is founded upon principles of honesty and conservatism. It is free 
from the spirit of rash speculation. It is based on the fundamental code of morality. 
In the realm of justice, note the effect of Puritan influence. The Puritans did not dis- 
criminate sufficiently between the fields of private vice and public lawbreaking, but 
they did reverence law and order and justice. Like Angelo's statue of Moses, their 
jurisprudence was awful and sublime. Toned by later modifications of sentiment, its 
basic principles remain and have been interpreted in this community by such jurists 
as Pease, Hitchcock, Tod, Andrews, and Ranney. * * * 

One hundred years have passed, half of which time or more has been characterized 
by a substantial growth. It is an epic more wonderful than ever Horace, Dante, or 
Milton wrote — the splendid glory of a splendid city in a splendid State. Every form 
of religion has contributed to this gratifying growth. 

In the great world order the Jew stands first, the Catholic next, and the Protestant 
last. But in our local history, the Protestant was the pioneer, followed after thirty- 
nine years by the Catholic, and after forty-three years by the Jewish Church. The 
contributions of each one of these factors and faiths have been of incalculable value to 
this community and to mankind. Let each one speak for his faith, from his separate 
point of view — and speak well, for each faith deserves to be well spoken of. But I 
count myself happy this day in being called to speak for religion in its essence and in 
its action, pure and simple, broad and universal, which exists and bears away, with 
equal authority, wherever moral beings are — to speak for "the rule of right, the sym- 
metries of character, the requirements of perfection," which are not properties of 
church, or sect, or creed, not provincialisms of New England or the Western Reserve, 
or Cleveland, or even of this planet; "but are known among the stars; and are wher- 
ever the universal spirit is ; and no subject mind, though it fly on one track forever, 
can escape beyond their bounds. ' ' 

Following Mr. Cowles's address, the Vocal Society sang "Ave Ma- 
ria," from "Gaul." Rev. Dr. Levi Gilbert, pastor of the First Methodist 
Episcopal Church, then spoke, saying- among other things: 

Patriotism rooted in religion characterized the life and conduct of the Puritans. 
The historic earth contains no more patriotic ground than this Western Reserve. 
When I first looked at the roster of names on the interior of the Soldiers' Monument, I 
could not realize that those men all enlisted from this county — I thought it must have 
been the whole State. Education inseparably linked with religion was characteristic 
of Puritan thought, and its progress is marked in Cleveland. General education is 
founded on a Christian conception of equality. It would have been impossible but for 
Christ. It could not be conceived of under the old Roman dynasty. Not only have 



34 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

* 

public and private schools always nourished in Cleveland, but the system of kinder- 
gartenmg is firmly established in the city, and the great higher schools and univer- 
sities stand monuments to the educational impulse of the city. 

The character of the community inheriting the sterling character of the Puritanic 
ancestry of its population is reflected in the press of the city. Never in any other 
city, in which I have been, have I seen the equal of the newspapers of Cleveland for 
decency and cleanliness. Its editors are not afraid to discriminate, and they do 
discriminate against unfit publications. They write editorials as though they were 
Christian men. The city cannot be too thankful for such journals. * * * 

Whether or not we trace philanthropy directly or indirectly to religious force, we 
are obliged to admit that it is ultimately blended with religion. Because of inherent 
religion the city supports an infirmary, a reformatory and a hospital, and the State a 
large asylum for the insane. It is because of religion that a Wade, a Gordon, a Hatch, 
a Stone,' a Case, or a Baldwin donates gifts to a community. The cause of temper- 
ance so characteristic of the life of the Puritans has prospered here. The Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union began its work in this State. The Anti-Saloon League 
also flourishes. 

Dr. Gilbert then mentioned a long list of Cleveland institutions de- 
voted to good work of various kinds, after which he said : 

It is a pleasure to me that Monsignor Thorpe and Rabbi Gries to-day stand with 
me upon the same platform. I am glad we can stand together. Thank God, the day 
of narrowness, exclusiveness, and sectarianism is gone forever. Bigotry, intolerance, 
and persecution have been relegated to the past. We have learned to honor one an- 
other for our work. We have grown to give first place to character, and to esteem 
philanthropy. Under the banner of tolerance and brotherhood we can march to- 
gether, each friendly to the others and all lovers of men. Disregarding minor differ- 
ences, uniting on a common basis of manhood and citizenship, believing in God and 
the needs of humanity, let us confederate in love, and co-operate in deeds that shall 
make the Greater Cleveland of the coming century more illustrious, more humane, 
more righteous, and more religious than ever in the past. 

Frequent applause greeted the utterances of Dr. Gilbert. At the 
close of his speech the audience united in singing the national hymn 
"America." Monsignor Thorpe was next introduced and was enthusi- 
astically received. He spoke, in part, as follows: 

As has been said, the Puritan was the first to be and work in Cleveland, and it is 
not to be wondered at that in so small a town as was Cleveland in the early portion of 
its existence many did not seek it. It was in the decade between 1S30 and 1840 when 
a Catholic priest came here, and seeing the need of a church, worked hard and faith- 
fully to establish one, and did establish it, with the aid not only of Catholics, but of 
generous and kindly Protestants as well. This priest died while his work was still in 
progress, but that work went on. Many yet live in Cleveland who remember him. I 
see one on the platform to-day who knew him. I refer to that venerable father in 
Cleveland, Mr. T. P. Handy. 

Great applause followed the allusion to Mr. Handy, who signified 
by a cordial bow to Monsignor Thorpe that he had been acquainted with 
the priest. 

" He and others who knew him will testify to his gentle character and his worth," 
continued Monsignor Thorpe. ' ' The name of the church was St. Mary's. It was on the 
flats. It was not a large church, and it is now obliterated, but it was the cathedral to 
which came the first Catholic bishop of Cleveland, Bishop Rapp. Under the adminis- 
tration of that same bishop the present cathedral, St. John's, at the corner of Erie and 
Superior streets, was built. Since the coming of Bishop Rapp to Cleveland, the Cath- 
olic Church has not forgotten her duty to the sick, and has founded and operates three 
hospitals, in which there have never been any distinctions as to creed, nationality or 
color. Whoever raps at the door — Protestant or Catholic, rich or poor, white or black, 
is given instant admission. Great and good charitable work has been done in those 
hospitals. Nor has the Catholic Church failed in her duty to the orphans and the 
fatherless. She has four orphan asylums, in which over seven hundred children are 
cared for. She has established her homes for the poor and fallen, who desire to recov- 




MEMBERS OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
Group V. 



RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES. 35 

er character and self-esteem, and she has reared in many places about the city beauti- 
ful churches whose spires rear heavenward. So far as these churches beautify the city 
which we love we are glad. We hope they are architecturally a credit to Cleveland. 
Near every one, or nearly every one, is a schoolhouse. Friends, we erect these 
school houses as supplementary to, and not in opposition to the public schools. It has 
been wrongly said that the Catholic Church maintains parochial schools because she 
dislikes the public schools. That is not so. Catholics admire and will always indorse 
the public schools. For myself, I am their great admirer and friend, and I am sure I 
voice the sentiments of all Catholics when I say so. Our schools are supplementary 
to the public schools, and have been established for doctrinal reasons only. 

" But the Catholic Church in Cleveland has done even more. I well remember that 
on the day on which Fort Sumpter was fired upon I was one of a number who ran the 
national flag upon the spire of St. John's Cathedral. Its appearance there created 
great enthusiasm in the hearts of our people, and a multitude of Catholics went to the 
front in defense of their flag and their country. Catholics are first Catholics, and next 
patriots. Should we have war again, Catholics would turn out to defend their land as 
did their fathers in 1861. 

" What shall the future of Cleveland be? It is for us to determine. Law and order 
must be obeyed, and the Catholic Church will ever teach it. With the voices of the 
priests lifted in advocacy of good order, Catholics will fail not. There must be no 
anarchy or other and like pernicious doctrines taught in Cleveland. When such 
doctrines obtain, the fate of the city will be sealed, so far as future greatness goes, and 
we will not have the city of our hopes. But with law and order maintained, righteous- 
ness and good conduct in force, the city will grow and thrive, and be what we desire 
for it and look forward to seeing it become." 

The Cleveland Vocal Society next rendered the " Hallelujah 
Chorus," from the " Messiah," after which Rabbi Moses J. Gries, of the 
Willson Avenue Temple, addressed the audience. He was received 
with applause. An eloquent tribute was paid by him to Judaism in its 
relation to the centuries, the speaker saying in the course of his address: 

We rejoice to celebrate the Centennial in this great and free republic, and I assure 
vou that ot all who rejoice to celebrate this Centennial, none does so with heart more 
glad than the Jew, and none speak a prayer of truer thanksgiving than does the Jew. 
He rejoices to stand upon the same platform with Catholic and Protestant, and speak 
a word on behalf of human fellowship, human brotherhood, and on behalf of freedom, 
righteousness, and justice. 

Judaism has been in Cleveland but half a century. The first Jewish settler came 
to this shore in the year 1838, and we have grown to twenty thousand in 1896. Per- 
haps no great influence manifests itself; perhaps no monuments have been built. I 
will not speak with detail. We have concentrated synagogues, and dedicated temples, 
and established great charities. We have opened wide our hands to the poor. We 
have brought peace to the aged and infirm ; we have protected the widow ; we have 
been fathers to the fatherless. Aye, and more than that, we have blessed the father- 
less with a mother's love. We have cared not only for our own, but with glad and 
free heart have joined with Protestant and Catholic to care for our fellowmen. We 
point not to our great commercial and industrial establishments, though these have 
their value, nor yet to our beautiful synagogues and magnificent temples and noble 
charitable institutions. We have striven to perform the great task of religion ; striven 
to make men — men of uprightness and honor ; men who should live the highest and 
noblest and purest life in true service to God and fellowmen. Religion with us has 
been an influence to prepare, not for heaven beyond, and the mvsterious unknown, 
but to fit for life on earth. 

American Judaism is to-day the hope of the ancient faith. Here it has opportu- 
nity for fullest and freest development, and we Jews hope and pray that the ideajs of 
the prophets will find their real fulfillment. We are assembled here to-day not as 
Christians and Jews, but as citizens of the Republic. Whatever we may choose to 
call ourselves ; whatever badges or labels we may wear upon our persons ; whether 
we call ourselves Catholic or Protestant, Jew or unbeliever, believe me, God from the 
height of heaven looks down upon us, and knows us all as his children, and we, too, 
know one another as brethren ; in the great crisis of the nation know that we are not 
divided by the petty distinctions of creed. When the Republic was endangered by 
civil conflict, our fathers went to the front, not as Catholic or Protestant, or Jew, but 



1,6 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

as citizens of the Republic, to preserve independence, to maintain the Union ; to pro- 
tect home and loved ones and their liberty, and we at home in the times of peace, in 
the great crises of life which come to States and cities, help one another, as men in 
the name, not of religion, but in the name of our common humanity. As men we have 
duty not to church, but to city and to fellowman. The old century is behind us; the 
new century is before us. Let it be a new century for better and purer citizenship. 

This finished the speech-making. A brief prayer was offered by 
Rev. Herman J. Ruentenik, pastor of the Eighth Reformed Church. The 
audience then sang " Nearer my God to Thee," and the meeting, which 
was enthusiastic and interesting throughout, came to an end. 

The German Americans of the city patriotically observed the day in 
two big mass-meetings. In the afternoon the members of the German 
Lutheran Churches assembled in Music Hall, and in the evening mem- 
bers of all the German Protestant Churches assembled in the Central 
Armory. Decorations were freely employed at both places, the stars 
and stripes predominating. At the Music Hall meeting the men's choir 
of Zion Church led the singing, this being a prominent feature of the 
occasion. The exercises were opened at 3 o'clock, Rev. Henry Weseloh, of 
Immanuel Church, being the first speaker. His address was brief and 
was delivered in German. He contrasted the Cleveland of the Cen- 
tennial with the Cleveland of pioneer days, referring especially to the 
part taken in its development by the Germans. The second speaker 
was Rev. W. Lothman, of Akron, who reviewed the progress of the 
German Lutheran Church in Cleveland. In 1825, he said, there was but 
one German Lutheran Church in the city and that was located on York 
street. Rev. J. Wepel, of Zanesville, followed with a short address. He 
considered Cleveland, he said, the gem of Ohio, Ohio the- gem of Colum- 
bia. "And Cleveland, as every one knows," he remarked, " is the gem 
of the Ocean." This address concluded the programme. Rev. Paul 
Schwan pronounced the benediction. 

A representative body of German citizens filled the Central Armory 
in the evening. The meeting was presided over by Rev. Franz Friedrich. 
An instrumental overture preceded the exercises and was followed by 
the singing of a German hymn. Rev. Theophil Leonhardt then read a 
Psalm, and prayer was offered by Rev. H. Pullmann. A patriotic selec- 
tion was sung by the Mannerchor, and then Mayor Robert E. McKisson 
was introduced to make the opening address. The mayor received an 
ovation as he stepped forward. He spoke, in substance, as follows: 

™ ""This day has marked the opening of our long anticipated Centennial celebration. 
After many months of waiting and planning a period of rejoicing over the completion 
of one hundred years of the city's history has arrived. This mass-meeting is a mark 
of the strength of our German citizenship, and an earnest of your lively interest in the 
welfare and prosperity of our municipality. 

The city of Cleveland is proud of her German population. No class of America's 
adopted citizens stands higher in industry, in thrift and in good citizenship than our 
German Americans. None are more fond of their mother land, and none are fonder of 
the land of their adoption, nor more law-abiding and steadfast. 

Germany has done much for the world. It has given us a Bismarck and a Moltke, a 
statesman and a general ; a Schiller and a Goethe, in letters and in song; a Mozart and a 
Wagner, whose music delights the ear in every land ; a Guttenberg, to invent the great 
art of printing. Germany has given us a Koch, whose penetration and skill have made 
the science of chemistry work out relief to mankind. Coming down to recent date, it has 
given us a Roentgen and his famous " X " ray, which has caused the world to pause and 
wonder what Germany is going to give us next. In America it has given us the states- 
man, Carl Schurz, the friend of Grant and Hayes; a Roebling to build New York's sus- 
pension bridge; a Francis Siegel, whose gallant services in the war are known to all of 



RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES. 37 

his countrymen. A long list of other noted and worthy sons might easily be added. 
In Cleveland, the same high record obtains. In music, medicine, art, learning, the 
trades — in short, in every walk of life, honest and patriotic Germans are found, good 
in their ability and willingness to work, good in their husbanding of resources, good 
in their sturdy thrift, good in their splendid accomplishments and business ability, 
and, above all, good in their devotion to law and order and the common good. 

Our German population, as given by the City Directory of 1832, was 1,472, out of 
a total of 10,135. It is estimated now that we have in the neighborhood of 100,000 
Germans within the city's walls. We are gratified by this showing. They come to us 
imbued with patriotism, are always willing and ready to co-operate in maintaining 
good government, and are ever peaceable and prosperous themselves. There is a kin- 
ship in intelligence, in industry, and in love of freedom between every true German 
and every American. 

Comprising almost one-third of the city's entire population, you have probably had 
more to do with the building up of its public institutions and quasi-public enterprises 
than perhaps any other single nationality. Your influence has been beneficent, not 
only upon the city, but upon the State at large. 

It is fitting and proper that this Centennial anniversary should be opened with 
religious observances as has been the case to-day. The influence of the pious lives of 
our New England forefathers has been manifest all through the city's history. We 
cannot pay too high a tribute to their honesty and worth. We owe them a debt of 
gratitude both lasting and deep. 

We are upon the threshold of a second century of the city's existence. If the 
advancement of the first is equaled by the second, there surely will be occasion for 
new congratulations. Each citizen should do his part. To live for each day and to 
do that right is the best that any can do. Cleveland — her noble past, her great pres- 
ent, her splendid future— who shall portray them in adequate colors? 

A hearty burst of applause greeted the conclusion of the mayor's 
address. Then Rev. Mr. Friedrich introduced Director-General Wilson 
M. Day, of the Centennial Commission, who also received a warm greet- 
ing. He said: 

It is fitting, indeed, that this festival of a century should be commemorated in 
the sonorous language of the fatherland to the accompanying thrill of German song. 
It is meet that the sons and daughters of that land which has enriched the world's 
honor roll with such names as Schiller and Goethe, Lessmg and Herder, Uhland and 
Reuter, Beethoven and Mozart, and Wagner, Weber, and Schubert, Silcher and Abt, 
Kant and Fichte and Schopenhauer and Copernicus and Kepler and Herschel, and the 
long line of heroes from Charlemagne to Barbarossa, and Moltke and Bismarck, should 
on this newer continent of their adoption join in pledging once more their love of 
liberty, and their devotion to the city of their choice. It needs no words of mine to 
tell the story of German loyalty, German self-sacrifice, and German achievement. 
American patriotism is made of no sturdier stuff than the fealty of its adopted citizens. 
The story of German heroism is written on every battlefield of the South. At Bull 
Run, at Vicksburg, at Chattanooga, at Atlanta, at Chickamauga, at Gettysburg, before 
Richmond, at Appomattox, German blood was poured out as freely as that of our 
native born soldiery, that the Union might be preserved and human liberty vouch- 
safed. But the German is a peace lover as well, and this peace festival of religion 
and patriotism is a fitting embodiment of the solid, law-loving, law-abiding, God-fear- 
ing qualities of the German character. May the churches which you represent ever 
be the fountains of the purest religion, the broadest culture, and the highest patriotism. 
In the name of the Centennial Commission, I greet you. God save the fatherland ! 
God save America! " Ehre sey Gott in der Hoehe, und Fnede auf Erden, and den 
Menschen ein Wohlgef alien. " 

"America" was sung by the audience standing, and then Rev. J. 
H. C. Roentgen delivered the first German address of the evening. He 
divided the life of the Germans in Cleveland into three parts — childhood 
from 1831 to 1851, youth from 1850 to 1872, and maturity from 1872 to 
1896. He paid many tributes, in the course of his address, to the inter- 
est of the Germans in the city's affairs, and their desire for its advance- 
ment and prosperity, and was warmly applauded when he said that the 



38 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

study of the German language must be continued in the public schools, 
and declared that if it were not, parochial schools would be the result. 

Another song by the Mannerchor preceded the last address of the 
evening, that of Rev. G. Heinmiller, which was historical in character, 
and was also delivered in German. A song by the Mannerchor, a 
prayer by Rev. C. Streich, the singing of a German hymn by the audi- 
ence, and the pronunciation of the benediction by Rev. Franz Friedrich, 
concluded the programme. 

The exercises of this Sabbath day formed an appropriate introduc- 
tion to the festivities that followed, turning the thoughts of the inhabit- 
ants to the benefits of the retiring century, fostering civic pride and 
patriotism, and giving birth to nobler purposes and still higher aims for 
the coming years. 




FINANCE COMMITTEE. 



CHAPTER V. 



CAMP MOSES CLEAVELAND. 



Dedicated July 20, 1S96. 

The annual encampment of the Ohio National Guard and a detach- 
ment of United States Regulars was secured for Cleveland in 1896, and 
proved to be a prominent and attractive feature of the Centennial cele- 
bration. Tents were pitched by the soldiers about the middle of July 
and remained until near the middle of September. The camp was 
located on the Perkins Farm, in the western part of the city, near the 
lake front, and was known as ' ' Camp Moses Cleaveland. ' ' With its 
companies of well-drilled men, its brilliant dress parades and general 
equipment, it formed a center of inter- 
est for thousands during the summer 
months. 

The camp was dedicated with ap- 
propriate exercises on Monday after- 
noon, July 20th. There was an almost 
constant downpour of rain during the 
morning, and at noon it was thought 
that the exercises would have to be 
postponed. A temporary cessation, 
however, encouraged -the officers in 
charge to proceed. Shortly after noon 
Troop A of the Ohio National Guard, 
Captain R. E. Burdick commanding, 
repaired to the Forest City House, 
where Governor Bushnell and party, 
Mayor McKisson and a number of 
prominent citizens were met and es- 
corted to the camp. In the company 
besides the governor and the mayor 
were J. G. W. Cowles, president of the 
Chamber of Commerce, Colonel Clar- 
ence E. Burke and Colonel C. V. Wing, 
of the governor's staff; Captain George 
Andrews, of the United States Army; 
L. E. Holden, W. J. Akers, ex-Postmaster A. T. Anderson and others. 
Soon after the arrival of the party the troops were formed in a hoHow 
square around the flag-pole on the parade ground. The programme of 
exercises was then opened with a patriotic selection by the Seventeenth 
Regiment Band. As the music died away, Mr. Holden, on behalf of the 
Centennial Commission, arose in the governor's carriage and intro- 
duced Mayor McKisson, who was cordially received and addressed the 
soldiers as follows: 




COL. J. S. P( (LAI 



40 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Members of the Ohio National Guard and Regulars: It is a happy privilege for 
me to greet you to-day in this white city by the lake. Every citizen bids you a ready 
and hearty welcome. We delight to receive you as representatives of the" great body 
of citizen soldiers of America ; an army which for its patriotism, loyalty and devotion, 
if not for its equipment, numbers and strength, is second to none in the world. Your 
fine uniforms, your epaulettes, your glistening swords and polished guns, remind us of 
the time when thousands of boys from the Western Reserve gladly .left their fields and 
shops to battle for the nation and its flag. ( )ne cannot look upon this scene without 
being thrilled with patriotic thoughts and emotions. Well might we dwell upon the 
valiant services of Ohio's troops, their bravery and their sacrifices, were it not for the 
fact that this story is familiar to all. 

We are glad to have you here because this is Cleveland's Centennial year. One 
hundred years ago an adventurous general conceived the idea that this would be a 
good place to build a town. Time has proved that his notion was correct. The name 
of that general, I need not tell you, was Moses Cleaveland, and that name your camp 
will appropriately bear to-day. We are indebted to that intrepid founder for our great 
municipality of 1896. From a small beginning, with a population of four, Cleveland 
has grown to a city second to none in the great State of Ohio in point of population, 
commercial wealth and educational advantages. 

The century now closing has been a remarkable one, all will agree. It was only 
twenty years after the Revolutionary War and the signing of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence that our first house was built. Washington was President. Flint-locks and 
bullets were vying with bows and arrows where shocks of ripened wheat and waving 
corn now stand. Along the trails of those Indian bands our electric trolley cars now 
glide. Instead of flint-locks and bullets we have our repeating rifles ; instead of ar- 
rows we have our Gatling guns. 

Our standing army is the safeguard of our country. One hundred years ago 
George Washington made the cogent remark: "The art of war is at once comprehen- 
sive and complicated. It demands much previous study, and the possession of it in 
this improved state is always of great moment to the security of a nation. " This prin- 
ciple, as laid down by the Father of our Country, is as true to-day as it was one hun- 
dred years ago. It is one of the duties men owe to their country to be prepared to 
defend her ; to be both ready and capable of assisting to preserve her public order, and 
protect the rights of all her citizens. 

This is an appropriate place for soldiers to pitch their tents. It is near enough to 
catch the sound of the waves of old Lake Erie, upon whose surface, not many miles 
away, was fought one of the fiercest battles of naval history. The old inhabitants 
used to tell how the villagers ran along the banks of the lake and put their ears to the 
ground, as the boom of distant guns came rumbling over the waters. 

I now take pleasure in presenting, on behalf of the Centennial Commission, to 
Governor Bushnell as commander-in-chief, this end-of-the-century-encampment, to be 
known as Camp Moses Cleaveland. 

The mayor's speech was accompanied by the thunder of an approach- 
ing storm, and as he concluded heavy clouds hung over the field. Gov- 
ernor Bushnell endeavored, however, to make his response. He was 
roundly applauded as he faced the audience from his carriage, hat in 
hand. He said : 

Mr. Chairman and Mayor McKisson, Officers and Men of the Ohio National 
Guard, and Officers of the Regular Army: 

" When freedom from her mountain height 
Unfurled her banner to the air, 
She tore the azure robe of night, 

And placed the stars of glory there. ' ' 

As the last word of this patriotic stanza was spoken, the halyard was 
pulled and ''Old Glory " unfurled itself in its freshness and beauty un- 
der the lowering skies, while Battery E sent a salute of twenty-one guns 
to mingle with the roar of the thunder overhead. Rain began to fall 
rapidly and the governor was forced to postpone further speaking until 
the scene had been shifted to the tent of Adjutant General Axline. He 



CAMP MOSES CLEAVELAND. 



41 



then resumed his address, referring eloquently to 'the national emblem 
as follows: 

This flag that is here unfurled to the breeze was adopted as the flag of the Union 
June 14, 1777, and to maintain the supremacy of which has cost millions of treasure 
and oceans of blood. But when we consider what this flag stands for, standing as it 
does for liberty, for freedom, for home and happiness of the whole people of this coun- 
try, we are reconciled to the sacrifice made that it might be maintained as the ensign 
and banner of our country. Its original thirteen stars have been increased to forty- 
five, and this flag now floats over the grandest nation on earth and is respected at 
home and abroad, upon land and sea. Its beautiful folds are swung to the breeze 
from every public building and every schoolhouse in our land and there is nothing 
more fitting than that this beautiful banner, emblem of the glory and strength of our 
government, should float over this camp of loyal and patriotic officers and men of the 
National Guard of Ohio and the valiant soldiers of the Union. 

You are here in conformity to the law for the purpose of giving time and atten- 
tion to military duty ; and you, officers and 
men of the regular army, are here by order of 
the war department not only that you may 
have additional service in camp, but to assist 
by your knowledge and experience our citizen 
soldiery who camp here with you. To our sol- 
diers' we owe much for their patriotic service 
to the country in war and 111 peace. With a 
full appreciation and high regard for those of 
the regular army, I desire here to express my 
great admiration of the National Guard of our 
own State. They are entitled to high praise 
for their fidelity and patriotism and their ever 
willing service to the State. 

Now, Mayor McKisson, I desire to thank 
you, and through you, the people of your mag- 
nificent city, for the generous gift of this 
camp, and I hereby accept it for the State 
and dedicate it for the uses for which you pre- 
sent it, and christen it Camp Moses Cleaveland 
in honor of the founder of your beautiful city. 
And to you, General Axline, as chief director, 
I deliver this most generous gift of the citi- 
zens of Cleveland to be used for this encamp- 
ment. I trust that the time spent here by the 
National Guard and by the men of the regular 
army will be useful to all and of great benefit 
to the State and Nation. 

Adjutant-General Axline replied to 
the governor's speech by saying: 

We accept the trust reposed in us, and hope to be faithful to it. We are now 
situated as never before, in having a branch of each arm of the regular service with 
us. We have a model set up before us in the regulars of the United States Army, and 
we will surely profit by this experience, and acquire greater proficiency and added mili- 
tary knowledge. We are of the same blood and are imbued with the same patriotism 
as the regular soldiers. I am proud of the Ohio National Guard, and I have been con- 
nected with it almost since my early boyhood, and I expect to remain with it until I 
cross the river beyond. You must remember we are only citizens, and once a week- 
only drop our business duties and engagements to meet at our armories and practice 
how to become true soldiers. The entire National Guard of the country numbers 
120,000 men, and the United States Army about 30,000 men. To-day the National 
Guard of the Union is recognized as one of the strong arms the nation can depend on 
in times of trouble. I askyou to remember that these men are making sacrifices all the 
time to belong to the National Guard. They have borne almost everything because they 
belong to it. They have been hissed and. reviled as they walk the streets. We will 
take this camp and with the support and good-will of the United States Army soldiers 
here, we hope to make it the ideal camp in the history of the National < ruard of Ohio. 




ADJT.-GEN. II. A. AXLINE, 



4 2 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF .CLEVELAND. 



After Adjutant-General Axline's address, refreshments were served. 
The party then returned to the city, with the exception of Governor Bush- 
nell and' certain members of his staff, who drove to the United States 
Army camp, where they were pleasantly entertained during the evening. 

Continued bad weather interfered with the comfort of those in camp. 
Instead of the usual mid-summer drouth there was a superabundance of 
moisture, the soldiers on certain days being forced to wade through mud 
and water ankle-deep. Later, however, the weather improved suffi- 
ciently to permit the satisfactory observance of the usual routine, and 
during the latter part of the encampment, the days were ideal for army 
life. Immense crowds flocked to the camp to witness the. dress parades 
in the early evenings, especially on Sundays, coming from all parts of the 
State and city, promenading the streets of the tented villages, listening 
to band concerts, and forming in rows five or six deep around the sides 
of the parade ground when the time arrived for the drills. 




TROOP A AT CAMP. 



The companies were changed from time to time, coming and going 
according to a pre-arranged programme. The different organizations 
of the Ohio National Guard in camp and the periods covered by each 
were as follows: 

First Brigade.— First Regiment of Infantry, headquarters at Cin- 
cinnati ; Sixteenth Regiment of Infantry, headquarters at Toledo ; 
Toledo Cadets Infantry; Troop A, Cavalry, headquarters at Cleveland. 
From July 20th to July 25th, inclusive. 

Second Brigade.— Eighth Regiment of Infantry, headquarters at 
Chillicothe. From July 28th to August 2d, inclusive. 

Third Brigade. — Fourteenth Regiment of Infantry, headquarters at 
Columbus; Second Regiment of Infantry, headquarters at Kenton; 
Ninth Battalion of Infantry. From August 5th to August 10th, inclusive. 

Fourth Brigade.— Third Regiment of Infantry, headquarters at 
Springfield; Fifth Regiment of Infantry, headquarters at Cleveland. 
From August 13th to August 18th, inclusive. 

Artillery Brigade.— First Regiment Light Artillery, headquarters 
at Columbus. From August 21st to August 26th, inclusive. 



CAMP MOSES CLEAVELAND. 43 

The following United States troops were detailed to attend the en- 
campment : 

From the Department of the East. — The Seventeenth Regiment of 
Infantry, stationed at Columbus (O.) Barracks, Colonel John S. Poland; 
Major Francis E. Lacey, superintendent of rifle practice; Captain B. L. 
Ten Eyek, assistant surgeon; First Lieutenant William C. Wren, ad- 
jutant; First Lieutenant Robert W. Dowdy, quartermaster. Seven- 
teenth Infantry Band. Company A, Company C, Company D, Com- 
pany E, Company F, Company G, Company H. 

From the Department of Missouri. — Troop A, Second Cavalry, 
stationed at Jefferson (Mo.) Barracks. Light Artillery E. First Regi- 
ment Artillery, stationed at Fort Sheridan, 111. 

< >wing to the unfavorable weather and the unsatisfactory condition of 
the grounds of the original camp, a portion of the Regulars changed their 
location during their stay. The entire brigade encamped at first on the 
Perkins Farm, the Seventeenth Infantry from July 18th to August 18th. 
The Second Battalion encamped on Hon. W. J. White's two-minute farm 
at Rifle Range from August 12th to August 29th, and from August 29th 
to vSeptember 16th at Euclid Heights, six miles east of the Public Square. 

The headquarters of the Seventeenth Infantry and the First Battal- 
ion w r ere moved from Camp Moses Cleaveland on August 21st to Euclid 
Heights. The First Battalion moved from Euclid Heights to Rifle 
Range on August 2Qth, remaining there until September 16th. Troop 
A, Third Cavalry, reached camp on July 19th, and moved from Camp 
Moses Cleaveland August 12th to Rifle Range. It left Rifle Range and 
encamped at Euclid Heights September 2d, and returned to its station, 
Jefferson (Mo.) Barracks, September nth. Light Battery E encamped 
at Camp Moses Cleaveland from July 20th to August 27th, when it 
moved to Euclid Heights, remaining there until September 12th, when 
it left for its station, Fort Sheridan, 111. 

General Nelson A. Miles, commander-in-chief of the Army, visited 
the encampment during its progress to conduct an inspection. His 
presence was made the occasion for a grand review, which attracted 
large crowds to the grounds. During the existence of the encampment, 
various social functions relieved the monotony of the daily routine. 
Many prominent guests were entertained from time to time, among 
them being ex-Governor and Mrs. McKinley, Governor and Mrs. Bush- 
nell, and numerous national, state and city officials. 

On the afternoon of July 20th, the following proclamation was issued 
by Mayor McKisson, in reference to the approaching celebration of 
Founder's Day: Mayor's Office. i 

Cleveland, O, July 20, 1896. \ 
In pursuance of action taken by the Cleveland Centennial Commission, Wednes- 
day, July 22, 1S96, has been set aside as Founder's Day, to be celebrated with fitting ex- 
ercises, commemorating the city's one hundredth anniversary- There will be present on 
this day large companies of the officials of the States of Connecticut, Ohio and else- 
where to join in the celebration. A grand parade will be given in the afternoon and 
an historical pageant in the evening. I respectfully and earnestly solicit the enthusi- 
astic observance of the day by all citizens in honor of our civic prosperity. 

Appreciating the importance of the event and the historic value it possesses, as 
well as in the interests of a general recognition of the day, I urgently request all busi- 
ness men and employers to close their places of business at 12 o'clock noon, so far as 
they can do so without material injury to themselves, in order that all employes may 
share in the general benefit of the celebration and the enjoyment of the day as a 
holiday. Robert E. McKisson, Mayor. 



CHAPTER VI. 
OPENING OF THE LOG CABIN. 

Jn.v 21, 1896. 

If there was one thing more than another which pleased the pioneers 
of Cleveland during the Centennial celebration, it was the log cabin on 
the Public Square. The idea of erecting a cabin in the heart of the city 
originated with " Father" Addison, an early settler, who believed that 
there could be found no better object lesson of the rapid passage of time, 
no better incentive to a proper veneration of the city's founders than 
this simple structure, filled with relics of the period when the city was 
young. The quaint old house proved to be a point of deep interest for 
the visitors of the summer, being crowded almost constantly with guests 
anxious to inspect it, and affording a captivating study for the daily 
•throngs of passers-by. 

The cabin was formally dedicated on Tuesday, July 21st, the last 
day of the closing century. At 10 o'clock a reception was held, at which 
a large number of prominent citizens were present. The ladies of the 
Early Settlers' Association acted as hostesses, many of them wearing 
gowns from sixty to a hundred years old. The guests took great delight 
in examining the cabin. Vases of common field flowers, such as might 
have been gathered at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River in 1796, adorned 
the old-fashioned shelves built in the walls, and from the ceiling hung 
bunches of half-husked corn, strings of dried apples, steel traps, shot- 
guns and b.utcher knives. There was a clock in the corner one hundred 
and seventy-eight years old still keeping time, a tallow-dip lantern, a 
cane made from timber taken from one of Commodore Perry's ships, 
and a copy of the Declaration of Independence in a frame made from 
wood of the Laurence. Cooking utensils of ancient mold, farming im- 
plements long out of date, and many other things of historic value were 
also on exhibition. 

At 2 : 30 o'clock the dedicatory exercises were held. Thousands of 
people crowded around the cabin, the audience more than filling the 
northeast section of the Public Square. The ceremonies were opened 
with music, after which Rev. Lathrop Cooley offered prayer. Bolivar 
Butts, Chairman of the Log Cabin Committee, then introduced Hon. 
Richard C. Parsons, President of the Early Settlers' Association, as 
chairman of the meeting. Colonel Parsons delivered an eloquent ad- 
dress, as follows: 

We come this day, not to dedicate the log cabin or inaugurate its use in Ohio. 
We come to honor and pay to it our most sincere homage of admiration and regard. 
We see in it the veritable symbol of our earliest civilization in this country and settle- 
ment in Ohio. We can look at it and recall the grand old Pilgrims of the Mayflower, 
Carver and Bradford and White and Wmthrop and Miles Standish, with their self- 
sacrificing, devoted wives standing about the door. We can see Generals Putnam and 
Parsons and Governor Meigs as they stood, in 1787, before the first log cabin in Mari- 
etta. We can see the log cabin where Thomas Ewing, of Lancaster, the greatest 



OPENING OF THE LOG CABIN. 45 

lawyes Ohio ever produced, a senator and cabinet minister, was born. We can see 
the log cabin of Thomas Corwin, a governor of Ohio, senator of the United States, 
secretary of the treasury, minister to Mexico, and the most brilliant, captivating 
orator of his age. We can see the little cabin on the banks of the Ohio, where that 
great general and President of the United States — Ulysses S. Grant — was born. A 
little further north and we come to the log cabin of that brilliant soldier — that thunder- 
bolt of war — Philip H. Sheridan. And close by this very assembly, in our own county, 
we can see the log cabin where the scholar, soldier, patriot and President — James A. 
Garfield — was born and reared. And we can see the sweet faces of those devoted 
wives and mothers, who knew how to labor and how to pray. How to rear their chil- 
dren to worship God, and die at last pure as the angels who carried them to the skies. 

The log cabin is the cradle of the old statesmen of Ohio, the nursery of her stal- 
wart sons and daughters. It has long been dedicated to the services of man and the 
honor of God. If you will cast your eyes a moment across the Ohio River, you will 
see the log cabin where that hero and President — Andrew Jackson — was born. And 
not far away the birthplace of the beloved President and. martyr — Abraham Lincoln — 
the great emancipator. 

Since the one hundred Pilgrims landed on the bleak shores of New England and 
laid the foundations of this mighty nation, we have become a people, the richest and 
most powerful on the globe. We not only live m another era, but we live in a new 
world. The log cabin of the pioneer has vanished. Great cities have come, 
filled with costly palaces, comfortable homes, churches, colleges and schools for all 
the people. Railroads, steamships, electric cars and lights, the mammoth printing 
press, and the miracle of a daily newspaper filled with the news of a great world, are 
seen around us. Commerce, agriculture, manufactures, the arts and sciences have 
given mankind employment and contributed largely to their happiness and education. 
One hundred years ago Cleveland was a wilderness. To-day she is decorated in holi- 
day attire like a bride adorned for her husband. Let us thank God for the past, look 
hopefully to the future and remember that if our dear land one hundred years hence 
is to be the abode of an intelligent, enterprising, contented, and noble people, it can 
only be so through a profound love of our institutions, the personal liberty of the 
citizen under wise and humane laws, and the practice of industry, morality and the 
most exalted patriotism — then will youth be blessed with prosperity and old age 
crowned with blessings. 

Chairman Parsons then introduced Mayor McKisson, who made a 
brief informal speech, in the course of which he said : 

Before us are the old log cabin and the old well and the old fence, reminding us of 
the birthplace of our fathers. From the cabins of which that is a type, went forth the 
energies that built up this great city and this great nation. The example set us by 
these sturdy people is, after all, the highest guide we can have for our daily action. 

This is a great manufacturing city, yet our manufacturing greatness had its be- 
ginning in just such structures as that. I am told that the first industry in Cuyahoga 
County was a distillery that was erected to supply the great and growing commerce 
of the "West. I suppose that was done to help kill off the Indians. (Laughter.) How- 
ever, our industries have flourished until Cleveland has become one of the greatest 
manufacturing cities of the country. 

In this, our day of triumph, let us recall these forerunners of our fortune. Let us 
build such a superstructure on the foundations they so well laid, that when the next 
Centennial comes our successors may be able to point to our deeds with the same 
pride that we point to the deeds of those who preceded us. 

The next speaker was Hon. James Lawrence, who referred enter- 
tainingly to the relics which had come down from former times. He 
deprecated the fact that no more of these mementos had been preserved. 
Said he : 

It is a subject of regret that the second generation of our people set so little value 
upon the furniture and household utensils of their fathers, much of which had come 
down from colonial days. But the false taste prevailing a few years ago prized only 
what was new and showy, and so many an old clock or spinning wheel or piece of 
quaint furniture was left exposed to the weather or otherwise destroyed. 

The men who laid the foundations of this commonwealth were not. as a rule, 
ignorant and "uncivilized. They came from the settled communities in the East, and 



46 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

were accustomed to many of the comforts of life, to orderly government, to the refine- 
ments of social intercourse, and to the influence of religion and morality. The major- 
ity of them were intelligent, industrious and frugal. It is true that Governor St. 
Clair, in 1799, spoke of the inhabitants of the territory as a multitude of indigent and 
ignorant people, without fixed political principles, many of whom had left nothing but 
creditors behind them, and who, if they formed a government for themselves, would 
be more troublesome and more opposed to the measures of the Linked States than even 
Kentucky. But it must be remembered that St. Clair was a good deal of an aristocrat, 
and was, moreover, subject to frequent attacks of the gout. At any rate his multitude 
of people were but a few thousand, and the real settlement of the country was just be- 
ginning. At the first session of the territorial legislature, in reply to the opening ad- 
dress of the governor, it was declared that the promotion of morality, the suppression 
of vice, and the encouragement of literature and religion deeply involved the prosperity 
and happiness of every country, and that no opportunity of advancing these most 
important objects should be lost. * * * 

The ordinance of 1787 for the government of the territory northwest of the river 
Ohio provides that schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged, 
and the same provision in substance is found in the Ohio State constitution of 1802 
and is continued in the constitution of 1851. While our present common school sys- 
tem is of a later date, it would be a mistake to think that from the beginning the 
means of education were not to a considerable extent within the reach of those willing 
to make sacrifices for it. In nearly every village of importance, academies and classi- 
cal schools were established by private enterprise, in which the charges for tuition 
were almost nominal. These higher schools were often conducted by men of learning, 
many of them ministers of the gospel, who, in addition to their parish work, and with 
little expectation of pecuniary reward, devoted themselves to the cause of education. 
At a very early period, a number of colleges were founded in the wilderness, and al- 
though the curriculum was probably meager compared with the course of stud}' now 
offered by our leading institutions of learning, we may well believe that the zeal of the 
students supplied a good part of the deficiency. After all, it does not so much matter 
what they studied, provided they gained the power of acquiring knowledge. That 
they did this is shown by the long list of those who have attained honorable distinction 
as scholars, statesmen, divines, lawyers, judges and journalists, not only within our 
own State, but in the newer West where so many sons of Ohio have been conspicuous 
as leaders of men. 

It seems to me that there was more opportunity for individual success in those 
early days than there is now, although it must be acknowledged that the average con- 
dition of the people, m respect to the comforts and conveniences of living, is now 
superior. When ail was new, when everything was yet to be done, when everybody 
had an equal chance, a man of ability and integrity could hardly fail to succeed. 
There were few specialists then. A man had to be master of the whole of his trade or 
profession. He was not a mere part of a machine. * * * 

The growth of cities and larger towns and the decadence of the small country vil- 
lage are significant of the change in all industrial pursuits. The contrast between the 
former and present village is far greater than it is between the former and present 
agricultural population. Once the village was an important business and social cen- 
ter. A large part of the articles consumed in the neighborhood were made there. 
The cabinet maker, the hatter, the shoemaker, the blacksmith the wagon-maker, the 
tanner, the wool carder, the tailor, the miller, were all manufacturers and of corre- 
sponding importance. But now the factory has superseded the shop of the old-fash- 
ioned handicraftsman. Where the conditions are favorable tor the location of factories 
the village has become a city or a large town. When this has not occurred, or where 
the village has been left remote from railways, it has steadily declined. The inhab- 
itants of such places represent much of the best blood in the country, but their energies 
are dulled, their ambition is dead. The youth must either leave home' as soon as they 
are old enough to be of much comfort or help to their parents, or else grow up into an 
idle and useless manhood. 

" And from to-day and from to-night 
Kxpeeting nothing more, 
Than yesterday and yesternight 
Had prof erred them before. ' ' 

A song by the Arion Quartette followed, and then came remarks 
by W. S. Kerruish, Esq. The speaker said : 



OPENING OF THE LOG CABIN. 47 

I crossed the ocean once, in company with some four hundred others coming this 
way. homeward bound myself, but for the majority it was their first voyage, and they 
were all eager to get a glimpse of the new world and their future home. 

On our ninth day out it was said to us: "To-morrow morning, if we have luck, 
you'll see land," and in the morning, long before the sun had risen, and whilst the 
stars were still twinkling in the East, and whilst darkness was still upon the face of the 
deep, we were on deck — hundreds of us — vainly trying to penetrate the gloom which 
enshrouded the west. And there was calm and an ominous silence, for the steam 
power which had throbbed and pulsated and impelled us by night and by day had sunk 
to rest, and the uneasy waves broke lazily in the dimness of the early morning against 
the sides of the sleeping leviathan which lay silent and motionless on the tide. We 
were in the neighborhood of land and were waiting for the pilot, but not long. There's 
a far oft" flash in the darkness, and it's gone ; but it appears again — some sign language 
of the sea, perhaps, unknown to us — and presently there dimly emerges out of the 
night the likeness of a small boat moved by strong arms rapidly nearing us, and a 
lithe figure springs nimbly up the side, and the moment his foot strikes the deck he 
shouts, "All steam on, straight ahead!" and instantly there's the sound of hurrying 
feet and creaking cordage and rushing steam, and the jarring wheels revolve once 
more, and the stout ship, obedient to the new master, speeds onward, westward, as if 
endowed with reason and new life; and anon, the sun, hidden beneath the sea's con- 
vexity, flames on the rim of ocean; and, behold, the veil is suddenly lifted, and yonder 
is the low lying, far stretching shore of a new world. 

From time immemorial there have been salient features of similitude and resem- 
blance between the ocean voyager and the establishment of a commonwealth, or the 
founding of a great city. The comparison has engaged the pen of the best writers of 
prose. Poets, so long ago as Horace, so recent as Longfellow, have not been in- 
sensible to its charms. You will surely all remember on this occasion the latter's 
" Building and Launching of the Ship," and his matchless apostrophe to the union, 
typified in its cloisng lines. 

But comparisons and allusions aside for a moment. This has been called by some 
one the centennial century. If we reflect or consider for a moment, it will easily be 
seen that these celebrations, in which are garnered and commemorated the achieve- 
ments and memories of one hundred years, have been crowding on us of late; but 111 
this locality, along the southern shores of Lake Erie, whatever civilizations may have 
flourished here and disappeared throughout the ages — if any there have been— this is 
our first centennial; indeed, in a double sense, it may fitly be called our pioneer cen- 
tennial; and if by reason of the fact that it has had no local predecessor to be in some 
sort a guide for us, we may seem to be somewhat at sea as to the exact appropriate 
thing to do or word to say on this our first attempt, our trial trip, so to speak ; we 
have a compensation in this, that we are neither hampered nor embarrassed by either 
precedent, example, or tradition, and yet, though we have one hundred years of con- 
densed history behind us, there's an eternity of possibility before us, and we are 
standing in this year of grace 1S96 on the dividing line between the two. * * * 

And now, if on some old-time map of 1750 or earlier there may be traced, down 
by the old river bed and near the mound or sand dune which has long since disap- 
peared, the words "French House" — words ambiguous at best, but indicative, it is 
said, of the early enterprise of some adventurous but nameless French trader, for you 
know they were the original commercial drummers of the great Northwest wilderness 
— if there's some dim reminiscence or fabulous belief of a British vessel with muni- 
tions of war and soldiers, westward bound, hugging the shore, and stranded and lost 
near the cliffs of Rocky River before the settlement of white men, and if kept at bay 
and away from the land by the savage Iroquois and other fierce tribes, inhabiting these 
river bottoms and wooded highlands, as believed or stated by Parkman — and for that 
reason even the zealous missionary's keel vexed these southern waters only at inter- 
vals " few and far between " — if there be some dubious belief of all this, we know it, 
after all, only in the same uncertain way we know of the infancy of Romulus or the 
landing of the Northmen in New England; but when General Moses Cleaveland, he 
who stands yonder in bronze, with his old-fashioned theodolite — when General Moses 
Cleaveland and his argonauts, twenty-five or thirty of them, pitched their tents by the 
river's mouth one hundred years ago, and immediately thereafter, in the fine July 
weather, built a log cabin or two 111 the oak woods about where the Mercantile Na- 
tional Bank and the Marine Bank now stand, at that moment our authentic history 
began. And what a history! How marvelous that neither the chisel of the sculptor 
nor the painter's brush has rescued from decay the event, with its background and 
surroundings, and that, too, in a great city laying claim to be the patroness of litera- 



48 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

ture and art. And how stranger still that the account of the first beginnings of the 
city, the primordia urbis, as Livy calls them, should consist chiefly of a fragmentary 
diary and the dry field notes of a surveyor. But most wonderful of all is the change 
which time and industry have wrought in this region since our history began. Even 
the original topography has lost its character. Then there was a river, choked at the 
mouth 'with sand bars and uprooted trees, tearing its way along tortuous channels and 
silent bayous, amid rank vegetation and underbrush, a fit type of the " unlaborious 
earth and oarless sea," of which Tennyson tells us; now. the malodorous bearer of an 
immense commerce, stretching its arms not only throughout these vast inland seas, 
but to the uttermost parts of the earth ; then, a vast extent of territory given over to 
dense, unbroken forests, the lair of wild beasts and wilder savages; now, the stately 
seat of a great metropolis thickly peopled with the busy marts of trade and the homes 
of nearly half a million of inhabitants, with the sure signs of their triumph over the 
forces of nature manifest on every side. 

Colonel J. J. Elwell next spoke. He said: 

A book, entitled ' ' From the Cabin to the White House, ' ' shows what a barefooted 
boy has accomplished in this country within a hundred years. From the cabin to the 
building of the Society of Savings is an object lesson of what has been done in Cleve- 
land, more impressive and instructive than anything I can say. Look at them as they 
stand. The log cabin with no money— not a cent. The bank with twenty or thirty 
millions belonging to the citizens of Cleveland and county. From poverty to wealth 
is the story they tell. 

Our past has been glorious, but it will not compare with the glory of the future, if 
we follow the footsteps of righteousness that our forefathers set before us. 

The Arions sang "Auld Lang Syne," and George F. Marshall, of 
Lakewood, who came to Cleveland in the thirties, made the closing 
speech of the day. His remarks were as follows : 

We are under obligations to Father Addison for his perseverance in causing this 
model of the home of our pioneers to be erected, that the people of the present day 
may have some idea of the sort of palaces our forefathers occupied. The pioneers in 
Moses' time would never have been content with such a pinched up fireplace as that 
contains ; they would have one at least three times as wide with capacity to hold a back 
log as large around as a barrel of New England rum, or even larger. 

The structure tells its silent story in its general outward and inward formation. 
We can only behold the thin surface of what has been, and compare it with what now 
is and soon will be. There is yet a large amount of illustration needed, in order to 
bring to the mind's eye parallels m the lives of those who have occupied these varied 
human habitations. 

This modest model of what has been is given us for a reminder of the days not 
very long gone by. You can see that there are no minarets, no pilasters, no groined 
arches, no fluted columns, no bays, no plate glass windows, no gilded ornamentation 
or artistic display of brilliant pigments ; nor was the skill of the architect displayed in 
any other manner than in an effort to imitate the style and stability which was ap- 
parent in this New Connecticut nearly a century ago. The builders of those palaces 
and castles did not care to build any better than "they knew; they had neither time nor 
disposition to consult either Doric, Ionic or composite Tuscan or Corinthian orders or 
styles. Without a disposition to deprecate the architecture of my adopted city, it was 
quite apparent in Cleveland until some thirty years ago that style and cultivated taste 
had not taken a very deep root among her people. It appeared from the outlook that 
when a person wanted a house or store or hotel built, he told the carpenter, joiner or 
mason the size he wished and the number of doors, chimneys and windows required, 
and then told him to go ahead and hurry up the work ; they wanted the tenant to come 
in at once, so that an income could come in also. It was not that substantial style 
and elegant appearance that was sought for so much as what could be made out of 
the investment. People had an eve to money then as now. 

Since I made this city my home, sitty years ago, it appears to me that the busi- 
ness portion has put on an entirely new garb. I can scarcely recognize, on either 
Superior, Water, South Water or Bank streets a single business block that was in ex- 
istence at the time of my advent. Some of those blocks have been renewed two or 
three times during the period na.ned. There were but three church edifices wherein 
religious services were held. Two of those have been blotted out of existence, while 
their successors have gone farther out and built larger. The Old Stone Church stands, 




C.F.THWING \ $ 





CHAIRMEN OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 
Group I. 



CLEVELAND 




OPENING OF THE LOG CABIN. 49 

but has been renewed twice during those days. Trinity, once at the corner of Seneca 
and St. Clair, was adorned with four small pinnacles, each of which was surmounted 
by a weather vane, which was intended to indicate the course of the varying wind. 
They had been so long in service that they failed to do proper duty, and it was hardly 
possible for the fiercest gale to induce the entire four to point in the same direction at 
the same time. This could not change the opinion of any of its worshipers that the 
church itself was a true one. 

History tells us that there was once a log jail on the ground near where we stand, 
and from that jail was taken the Indian chief, Omick, who had murdered a man, and 
Omick was executed in proper form by the sheriff. He had not as appreciative and 
numerous an audience as had the man later at Ravenna, in February, 1837, when 
about one-half of the Western Reserve's able-bodied men gathered to see the law ex- 
ecuted. It is said that in a new country great care is exercised to maintain its pro- 
spective as well as present usefulness and prosperity. A story goes out that at one 
time, and somewhere, a blacksmith had committed a murder, was tried and found 
guilty and sentenced to hang; but as he was the only mechanic of that sort, and it 
would be hard to build up an empire without a blacksmith, upon consultation it was 
found that the settlement had two lawyers and only one blacksmith, therefore it was 
thought best to save the State and execute one of the lawyers instead. 

We are not entirely dependent upon tradition for the fact that the first menagerie 
and circus ever exhibited in Cleveland was upon the ground where we now are It 
had but a single elephant, and in that day such a strange animal was regarded as the 
most valuable for exhibition of any in the collection ; so all the impecunious boys re- 
garded it as well. One night, while the watchman and keepers slept, some of the 
elder youth, by their skill, "unloosed the chains that bound the animal and he came 
forth on the streets where all could have a view. The huge fellow wandered up and 
down the streets 'and finally made his way into Father Sked's garden, at that time on 
Ontario street, near St. Clair. One of the ladies of the family was awakened by his 
slashing among the vegetables and trumpeting in the delights of such rare opportunity. 
The entire family fled for safety from the back door in partial raiment, and were only 
restored to that peace and quiet of home life that came to them after the managers 
had succeeded in coaxing the wanderer back to his proper quarters. . 

Some people wonder why so many should leave the comfortable homes of the well 
improved sections of New England, New York and Pennsylvania to make a perma- 
nent home in a land so uncultivated as this was, near a century ago. Those early 
pioneers had not been schooled in the art of obtaining money in any other method 
than the old-time plan of earning it. Unearned money is either stolen, found or given, 
and they had none of that. If they had any at all, it came from the enforced sweat 
of the brow and the products of the' soil. The Puritans came across the Atlantic to 
find new homes because they could do better for themselves on this side of the water. 
The Moravians came here simply for the purpose of doing good to the Indians. We 
are liable at times to put a considerable quantity of real sympathy in our thoughts for 
the hardy pioneer who opened up this new world. We had none for Adam and Eve 
when they set out for the same purpose in like manner. I have heard some of those 
real early settlers tell how happy they were when they came to this wild and wooded 
West, cutting a hole in the woods and beginning to raise a crop; how grand it was for 
them to hear the howling of wolves at night when they were secure m their impreg- 
nable fortresses ; how delightful it was to hear the birds sing in the woods and to hear 
the notes of the bobolinks as they chanted their matins while waking from their 
morning sleep — a type of what they hope for in paradise. When they tell of what sport 
they often indulged in when they had slain a noble elk or deer, sometimes a bear and 
so down to smaller game ; how also they could readily trap a bevy of wild turkey, or 
quail, or partridges, and at times bring down a wild goose in its flight across the con- 
tinent, how we regret that we were not there. Some of them say that they were 
often out of flour and salt pork and bacon, but they were inured to that privation, 
which occurred quite frequently ; but to be out of tobacco and like necessaries of life 
was a burden too great to be withstood for any considerable length of time. But when 
sickness comes and the fever sets in and there is no one to alleviate it, and the mother 
over-anxious about the fate of her darling child, no neighbor near to sit by the bedside 
for comfort and consolation, and when one after another of the household dies, then the 
heart is liable to break into grief ; then a thought comes up that there was once a hap- 
pier home than this, that was left behind them. 

In order to know^ what life is and what life can be, it is quite necessary to have all 
its variations, its successes and its failures, its sicknesses and its health. To live at 
ease, with all the necessities, luxuries and comforts within reach, would make a person 



50 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

unfit to associate with his fellowmen. If a person never had the headache or tooth- 
ache and never had recovered from those ailings, he would have lost one or both of the 
blessings of living — not in the aches themselves, but in the recovery therefrom. Not 
to be mournful and sad under apparent affliction is liable to tax rather severely the 
philosophy of the bravest stoic. 

The spirit of the true born Yankee is to keep pegging away and make the most 
and the best of all his opportunities. Those pioneers who occupied that sort of palace 
came nere for a purpose, and were neither paupers nor plutocrats ; they came to work 
their own salvation out of labor and the soil. The cunning speculator followed them 
in quick succession. 

Some people have a chronic habit whereby they are enabled to find the cause for 
every effect and are enabled to come at once to a satisfactory conclusion on any phil- 
osophic subject. A wicked sinner by the name of Joe Bindell was bitten by a rattle- 
snake and died in great agony. Before his death he became converted, leaving off all 
his sinful ways. At the funeral the clergyman in his prayer took a philosophic view 
of the case and thanked the Lord for rattlesnakes, and he asked that one might be sent 
to bite his brother Tom, and he made a special plea that an extremely venomous one 
be sent to convert the old man, for he was trie greatest sinner in the family. 

And now, my friends, to bring these anomalies and my disjointed essay to a close, 
it would appear that this Western Reserve and these fine lands would not now be 
peopled with this race of noble pioneers and early settlers, becoming a New Connecti- 
cut, had it not been for the work of the British during the revolution, in placing the 
torch to so many farm houses in the State of Connecticut. It was not a natural con- 
sequence, falling to the lot of every pioneer who came to make their living from the 
soil of the Reserve, that they were driven here by untoward circumstances, with 
scanty means, forced through poverty to find other fields to gain a livelihood. About 
all of them were endowed with a spirit of enterprise the like of which was then, as 
now, gradually fading away ; they were more anxious to test the possibilities of this 
wild and wooded West. 

Need we devote much of our time in bewailing the misfortune of those pioneers 
because they had not afforded to them the modern methods of piling fortunes in single 
hands? They appeared to know nothing, and care less, for more than the right to 
earn their living from the opportunities vouchsafed them to worship God and keep his 
commandments. 

If the sons and daughters of those pioneers were deprived of necessities, comforts 
and appliances which the modern youth is now supplied with, it is too late to add our 
sorrow to theirs, if they had any sorrow to speak of. Think of a generation, so short 
a time back, that had not the necessary appliances of bicycles to take a spin up the 
road after milking time, or a sixteen or thirty-two page newspaper to read before 
breakfast, or a vast number of elegantly illustrated fashion magazines, or a first-class 
opera, nor even a chance to see a game of professional baseball, nor an idea of divorce, 
nor yet the least conception of a prize fight, nor did they know of gas or electric lights. 
How sad their condition must have been not to have these luxuries, and vastly more 
inasmuch as that the present generation is now overwhelmed with them. 

I can call to mind the names of some of the early pioneers who came to make 
their homes on farms in this section of Cuyahoga County, who came not long after 
Moses Cleaveland spied out the land. I find the names of Atwell, Alger, Allen, 
Adams, Ackley, Alvord, Addison, Blinn, Billings, Beers, Burton, Burke, Brainard, 
Buell, Baldwin, Bennett, Burnett, Benedict, Crawford, Bell, Clark, Carter, Crosier, 
Cady, Coleman, Cable, Culver, Carver, Cahoon, Conduit, Cole, Cook, Dillie, Dunham, 
Emerson, Gleason, Goodspeed, Giddings, Holly, Hand, Hubbell, Hubbard, Hasmer, 
Hamilton, Janes, Irwin, Jenett, Kelley, Kingsbury, Kidney, Kellig, Lester, Lee, 
Long, Mcllrath, Morgan, Miles, Moore, Norton, O'Connor, Pettibone, Prentiss, Ruple, 
Ruggles, Riddle, Richmond, Ransom, Reese, Sexton. Shumway, Spangler, Seldon, 
Sheldon, Sherwiu. Smellie, Slaght, Solloway, Sherman, Shepherd, Stiles, Sadler, Stark, 
Tole, Treat, Truscott, Thorp, Tashell, To'wnsend, Upson, Warren, Woodruff, Willis, 
Whitney, White, Wrightman, Walworth, Williams, Ansel Young. These men have 
long since passed away and with each name, with scarce an exception, was a woman, 
who shared the joys and sorrows of that noble catalogue that has helped to make the 
far famed Western Reserve one of the proudest districts of modern times. Such log 
huts or palaces or castles did not satisfy for a lifetime, and you can find dotted all 
over these hills and valleys fully as much evidence of advanced taste, refinement and 
stability in all the elements that mark a people of progress, as can be seen m any New 
England State. 

Since those pioneers have long ago passed away, the generations which followed 



OPENING OF THE LOG CABIN. 51 

them would like mighty well to be rated as "pioneers," but they have encountered 
none of that wrestling with nature which the men were engaged in eighty or ninety 
years ago. Precious few who are here to-day may be regarded as pioneers. We are 
all too young to claim such honor. The first cabins were of the earth earthy ; the last 
ones try to reach the sky. 

At the conclusion of the exercises a totem pole was raised by mem- 
bers of the Improved Order of Red Men, who took possession of the yard 
around the log cabin and proceeded with ceremonies unique and start- 
ling. The yells of the "aborigines" resounded for blocks, and when 
the pole was finally erected, the braves and squaws gathered around it 
and joined in the ghost dance. 

An exhibition of art which attracted considerable attention was 
opened Tuesday afternoon, being the Centennial Exhibition of the 
Cleveland School of Art, on Willson avenue. Nine rooms, filled with 
specimens of the best work of the year, were thrown open to inspection. 
Water colors, oil paintings, examples of design and other exhibits of 
rare merit were displayed. This exhibition continued daily between 
the hours of 2 o'clock and 4 o'clock in the afternoon. 

On Tuesday evening a centennial concert was given by Conterno's 
famous Ninth Regiment Band, of New York, in the Central Armory. 
The audience was large, and was well entertained by the following 
programme : 

1. March, "American Guard," Dr. G. E. Conterno (dedicated to 
the American Guard of the U. S.) 

2. Overture, "William Tell," Rossini. 

3. Descriptive Fantasia, "A Hunting Scene," Bucalossi. 

4. "Reminiscences from the Works of Verdi," Arr. Godfrey. 
Grand Historical Musical Spectacle, "Battles of our Nation," by Dr. 

E. G. Conterno. Ninth Regiment Band and Soloists, Cleveland City 
Guard, Cleveland Singers. Tableau No. 1.- — Battle of Bunker Hill. 
No. 2. — Washington Crossing the Delaware. No. 3. — Surrender of 
Cornwallis at Yorktown. No. 4. — Naval Battle, U. S. Frigate Constitu- 
tion and the Guerre, 181 2. No. 5. — Capture of the City of Mexico, 1848. 
No. 6. — Life on the Plantation, 1848-1861. No. 7. — Bombardment of 
Fort Sumter, 1861. No. 8. — Surrender of General Lee, 1864. No. 9. — 
Review of the Army in Washington, 1865. 



CHAPTER VII. 



FOUNDER'S DAY 



'July 22, 1896. 

At midnight on July 21st the booming of cannon, shrieking of 
whistles and ringing of bells announced to the inhabitants of Cleveland 
the ushering in of the second century of the city's history. As the 
hands of the clock passed the hour of twelve, bringing the ever-to-be- 
remembered July twenty-second, a centennial salute of one hundred 
guns made the hills and valleys reverberate with its exultant roar. ' No 
sooner had the first volley escaped than a discordant medley of whistles, 
bells and horns broke forth throughout the city. Hundreds of men and 
boys had remained tip to " watch out the old and welcome the new," 

and immediately upon the shifting of time 
they began a demonstration which kept the 
balance of the population awake for hours. 

Thus opened Founder's Day, the day 
of days in the Centennial calendar. It 
marked the completion of one hundred 
years from the founding of the city by 
Moses Cleaveland, a day rich in sentiment 
and patriotic emotions. The programme 
for its observance was elaborate and com- 
plete, comprising a mass meeting in the 
morning, addressed by men of national prom- 
inence ; a great civic and military parade in 
the afternoon ; a gorgeous historical pageant 
in the evening; the whole being concluded 
by the Centennial ball. 

The day dawned cloudy, and rain fell 
at intervals until the middle of the after- 
noon. The various events were neverthe- 
less carried out with enthusiasm. Excur- 
sion trains' were run on all the railroads entering the city. Large 
crowds early took possession of the principal streets, jostling to and fro 
under a moving canopy of umbrellas. 

The early hours of the morning were occupied with the reception 
of guests. In response to the invitation of the Centennial Commission, 
Governor Coffin, of Connecticut, accompanied by members of his staff, 
and a party of distinguished officials of that State and the city of Hart- 
ford, arrived to participate in the exercises of the day. They made the 
journey in a private car, reaching Cleveland at 4: 30 A. M. In the 
company were Governor and Mrs. Coffin, Adjutant General Charles P. 
Graham and Mrs. Graham, of Middletown; Assistant Adjutant General 
William E. F. Landers, New London ; Quartermaster General William 
E. Disbrow, of Bridgeport; Assistant Quartermaster General Louis R. 




GEN. MOSES ' I I A\ E] \M>. 



FOUNDER S DAY 



53 



Cheney, of Hartford; Surgeon General George Austin Bowen, of Wood- 
stock; Commissary General Henry S. Peck, New Haven; Paymaster 
General James H. Jarman, of Hartford ; Judge Advocate General 
Leonard M. Daggett, of New Haven; Colonel Watson J. Miller, of 
Shelton ; Colonel Henry W. Wessells, of Litchfield ; Colonel H. H. 
Adams, of Greenwich ; Mrs. Watson J. Miller and Mrs. Henry H. 
Adams ; Inspector of Military Forces, Captain John Milton Thompson, 
United States Army, and Mr. F. D. Haines, private secretary of Gov- 
ernor Coffin. 

The members of the party remained on board the car until 7 : 30 
o'clock, when they were greeted by a committee of Cleveland citizens 
and escorted to the Hollenden for breakfast. Afterwards a brief recep- 
tion was held in the parlors of the hotel, at which were present Hon. 
William McKinley, Governor Asa S. Bushnell, Senator John Sherman 
and Senator Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, who were also honored 
guests of the day. 

At 10 o'clock, carriages were taken by the party for the Central 
Armory, where the public exercises were held. The building was 
beautifully decorated, banners and streamers of the national colors 
being freely displayed. On the speakers' platform were seated two 
governors, two United States senators and a future president. On a 
slightly lower platform in front of this sat a prominent group of mili- 
tary and State officials and well-known citizens. Among the latter were 
Colonel and Mrs. J. J. Piatt, Hon. and Mrs. J. C. Covert, Hon. and 
Mrs. Stephen A. Northway, of Ashtabula; Hon. A. J. Williams, L. E. 
Holden, C. F. Brush, A. P. Winslow, Judge Darius Cadwell, M. B. Clark, 
J. G. W. Cowles, T. P. Handv, School Director H. Q. Sargent, Charles 
W. Chase, J. F. Pankhurst, J. H. McBride, Charles F. Olney, S. D. Dodge, 
Esq., Hon. William Monaghan, Orasmus Sherwood, H. M. Addison, C. 
A. Davidson, Lieutenant Governor Asa W. Jones, Corporation Counsel 
Miner G. Norton, Rev. Jabez Hall, John Eisenmann, Rev. C. S. Mills, 
Rev. Dr. S. P. Sprecher, Rev. H. R. Cooley, Rev. Livingston L. Taylor, 
F. A. Emerson, Judge Voris, of Akron; Colonel Richard C. Parsons, 
Major W. W. Armstrong, N. P. Bowler, Colonel William Edwards, 
Alfred H. Cowles, O. J. Campbell, Esq., Judge J. D. Cleveland, W. K. 
Ricksecker, D. A. Dangler. 

The meeting was called to order by Mayor McKisson, who in a 
brief speech cordially welcomed the guests, extolled the city, and intro- 
duced Mr. James H. Hoyt as president of the day. The mayor spoke 
as follows: 

To formally open this patriotic celebration and welcome to our beautiful city our 
distinguished guests is a great honor. I speak the pride of our citizens when I greet 
you to-day and extend to you our hospitality and the hand of fellowship. We are 
proud to have with us Governor Coffin, of Connecticut, who, with members of his staff, 
has traveled over mountains and rivers to be here. 

We are glad to greet the kindly face of ex-Governor Bulkley, and to honor our 
distinguished orator, Senator Hawley. We are happy to have with us also to-day 
Mayor Preston, the chief executive of the historic city of Hartford, and other noted 
men from Connecticut and its capital. 

It gives us great pleasure to have our neighbor and friend, Major McKinley, and 
with equal cordiality we extend our greeting to his worthy successor, Governor Bush- 
nell. In giving you this welcome, I do not do it as a matter of form, but as one of the 
representatives of hundreds of thousands of our citizens, who gladly join me in the ex- 
pression. This day would surely be far from complete without your presence. To 



54 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

all of our guests, whether from the East or West, from far or near, we dedicate this 
day, our city, and all it has and is. 

One hundred years ago to-day Moses Cleaveland, the founder, came and estab- 
lished the nucleus and laid out the plan for what has spread and developed into one 
of the greatest municipalities of the world. To one of the youngest of the thirteen 
colonies, that fought for independence, we owe this magnificent city. As we look 
back through the decades of time, we must certainly conclude that Moses Cleaveland 
was worthy of the great undertaking for which his life and name are now so widely 
famed. 

I know how short the time is for the exercises of the morning, but were this not 
the case, how could you describe the progress of a city that has increased in population 
2,000 per cent, in fifty years? The cities that were classed with ours, or surpassed it 
twenty-five years ago, now trail behind* it in the shining wake of its development, and 
one by one are distanced, or ruled out by the collected judgment of the American 
people. 

In this race for greatness, Detroit, Milwaukee, Pittsburg, Louisville, Buffalo and 
Cincinnati have all been outstripped by the transplanted talents of our Connecticut 
patriots. The growth of Cleveland has been like the speed of that splendid product 
of her shops and shipyards, the elegant steamer the North West, when compared with 
the slow-going freight vessel of our lakes to-day. In the last half century Cleveland 
has passed in the census list twenty-five cities which in 1850 surpassed her in popula- 
tion. No other city in America, not even that miracle of rapid growth, Chicago, can 
show such a remarkable record. We rejoice in the magnificent development which 
has blessed her. One hundred years ago a wilderness, to-day a city of 360,000 inhab- 
itants. A century ago the Cuyahoga River knew no craft more pretentious than the 
Indian canoe, wild water fowls peopled its shores and disported in the waters. To-day 
it rejoices in the proud title, — the Clyde of the United States. 

A century ago forests crowned the bluffs and undergrowth filled the valley where 
mighty manufacturing plants now stand. Streets that echo with the tread of thou- 
sands of busy men and women to-day, then knew only the hoof -prints of the deer and 
the moccasined footsteps of the Indian. 

The century would be incomplete, were we to fail to properly celebrate our splen- 
did achievements. To science, the Cleveland of 1896 gives the largest telescopes ; to 
industry, she gives the largest cotton presses, and is the queen in manufacturing ; to 
learning, she gives the best public school system anywhere to be found, while to music, 
letters and art, she gives her share in comparison with other cities of the world. 

Before closing, it would be unpatriotic for me to forget to mention that admirable 
educator of public opinion and untiring promoter of the city's welfare — the press. To 
the newspapers we owe much as a city for the advantages we all enjoy to-day. 

My fellow citizens, we are satisfied with the inventory of century number one, and 
what shall century number two bring forth? It is now entrusted to us to start and 
carry forward to our successors. Shall it be as creditable as the last? If we follow the 
teachings of our forefathers, if we listen to the instructions of our present pioneers, 
if we do our part to transmit to future generations the civic pride, the patriotic lessons, 
the love of home and country that have come to us, then, and only then, will coming 
generations enjoy that unity and progress which blesses us to-day. 

'Let us dedicate the century with such patriotism, and christen it for our successors 
with the motto of our centennial, "Unity and Progress." __ _ _„„,.__ ^.^ 

The mayor's personal references to McKinley, Bushnell, Sherman 
and Coffin evoked hearty applause. At the conclusion of his address, 
Mr. Hoyt took charge of the meeting, first reading a telegram from 
President Cleveland, as follows : 

Buzzard's Bay, Mass., July 22, 1896. 
I congratulate the city of Cleveland upon the close of her first century, with the 
hope that it may be only the beginning of her greatness and prosperity. 

Grover Cleveland. 

The Cleveland Vocal Society then sang "The Song of the Vikings." 
Mr. Hoyt introduced the speakers in his usual happy manner and each 
was accorded a cordial reception. In his opening remarks, he said : 

It was a simple act which was performed a hundred years ago, and which we here 
commemorate — the act of merely stepping from a boat to the shore, that was all. Yet 



FOUNDER S DAY. 55 

how momentous in its results. When Moses Cleaveland and his companions made 
their memorable landing they could not have realized even in small measure what that 
landing meant. The silent forests did not prophesy and the placid river gave no 
sign. Their present was perilous and their future was unknown. Yet, a short cen- 
tury after and a city with a population of more than a third of a million ; a city whose 
commerce reaches distant climes, and whose vessels plow distant waters; a city of 
wealth, of refinement, of enterprise, stands now where its sturdy pioneers then stood. 
The founders were in a sense unconscious makers of history. They builded better 
than they knew. Even if they had some dim notion of the prosperity of which they 
were the heralds, they must have known that in that prosperity they themselves would 
have but meager share. They forced their way through the wilderness and breasted 
the angry waves of the lake to found a new Connecticut on its shores. 

But they labored for others and not for themselves. Theirs was the toil and suffer- 
ing, and ours is the goodly heritage. Theirs was the privation and danger, and ours 
is the comfort and peace. They planted that we might reap. But, my friends, the 
time for self-sacrifice is not past, and unless we learn the lessons taught by the pio- 
neers, this memorial service, in spite of sweet music and eloquent words and gorgeous 
pageant, will be a barren service. What the city is, is due largely to the efforts of 
those who have gone before ; but what the city will be, must be due largely to our 
efforts. We, too, are makers of history, and whether that history will be bright and 
glorious, or dark and sad depends largely upon us. We have no Indians to fight, but 
stealthy foes are lurking about us. The cry of the panther and the scream of the 
wildcat are indeed stilled; but the hoarse shouts of anarchists are no less alarming. 
There are grave problems to be worked out. Let us catch the inspiration of tins 
celebration and bring to their solution a patient patriotism and a broad-minded citizen- 
ship. The pioneers sacrificed much for us. Let us in turn sacrifice something for 
those who shall come after us. On this founder's day let us pledge ourselves anew to 
guard the trusts they have committed to our keeping. They gave themselves. Let us 
not stint our time and attention. Let their courage quicken ours and their spirit of 
self-sacrifice sanctify our own. 

Before proceeding - further with the programme, Mr. Hoyt presented 
Rev. Charles S. Mills, pastor of Pilgrim Congregational Church, who, in a 
fervent prayer invoked divine blessing. Senator Hawley, the orator of 
the day, then delivered a carefully prepared historical address, which 
was accorded close attention. This was the state address of the occasion, 
delivered in response to the invitation of the Centennial Commission, 
and was as follows : 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : — 

On the 6th of last February, His Excellency, Governor Bushnell and his military 
staff, His Honor Mayor McKisson and a number of other representative citizens of 
Cleveland came to Hartford, Connecticut, to meet our Chief Magistrate, His Excel- 
lency, Governor Coffin, His Honor, Mayor Brainard, the City Government of Hartford, 
and a large number of the prominent citizens of that city, for the express purpose of 
extending to them and the people of the Commonwealth of Connecticut, an invitation 
to attend the Centennial Celebration of the occurrence of a single circumstance which 
now represents in history the founding of this noble Queen City. The hospitable, 
fraternal and patriotic spirit which brought your delegation, was in the highest degree 
welcome to our people. We appreciated the honor, we accepted the invitation, and a 
goodly delegation from Connecticut is here, led by our honored Governor Coffin and 
his staff, to bring to you the hearty thanks, sympathy and congratulations of our 
people at large. 

We were grateful that you remembered so kindly the share New Englanders had 
in the origin of your State, and more especially what Connecticut men did. New 
Connecticut, the Western Reserve, the Fire Lands, are terms familiar to every 
schoolboy of Connecticut who is taught, as all ought to be, something of the history 
of that Commonwealth. 

Our people are proud of the countless relationships between them and the numer- 
ous citizens of Ohio, who bear Connecticut names. This is true not only of the Re- 
serve, but of the great State in general. 

The Grants came from Windsor, next neighbor to Hartford. We all know that 
the father of the great Senator and General, bearing the name Sherman, was a native 
of Connecticut. So was their grandfather, who was the agent for the disposition of 



5 6 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

the Fire Lands, and so was Daniel Sherman, their great-grandfather, long a member of 
the General Assembly, and during the Revolution a member of our Council of Safety. 
We like to remember that the great Chief Justice Waite was a native of Connecticut and 
the son of a Chief Justice of our State. The Reverend Dr. Horace Bushnell, of Hart- 
ford was one of the most eminent divines the country has furnished.' David Bushnell, 
a Yale boy in the Revolution, was practically the inventor of submarine torpedoes. 
The late Cornelius S. Bushnell, of New Haven, was the man through whom the first 
monitor came to be built. And His Excellency, Governor Bushnell, was welcome 
among us, not alone upon his own merits, but because of the name he bears. 

Rutherford Birchard Hayes, noble both as statesman and citizen; as a Rutherford, 
as a Birchard and as a Hayes, was a New Englander. The general's mother was 
a descendant of John Birchard, who settled in Connecticut in 1640. 

Rev. Manasseh Cutler, agent of the Massachusetts settlers of the Marietta Colony, 
was a distinguished graduate of Yale. So was his twin brother in enterprise, General 
Moses Cleaveland, of Connecticut. 

Return Jonathan Meigs, of Middletown, Connecticut, a brave colonel of the Revo- 
lution, was the father of your Governor, Return Jonathan Meigs, a native of Middle- 
town and graduate of Yale. 

Gideon Granger, of Connecticut, the Whittleseys, Benedict, Stow, John Walworth, 
of New London, General Edward Payne, were all claimed as sons of Connecticut, and 
a 111 altitude more. 

I forbear, and for further names I refer you to the excellent State and local histo- 
ries and biographies of Ohio and the records of honored legislators, soldiers and 
statesmen. And furthermore, I remind you that as compensation for losses suffered 
by the raids of Tryon and Arnold in the Revolution, Connecticut gave in the west 
ern portion of the Reserve five hundred thousand acres of fire lands, and the ' ' Land 
Laws of Ohio" in eighteen pages record the names and the precise loss of each sufferer. 

I humbly accepted your very complimentary invitation to address you, but my 
courage weakened when I began to inspect the vast mass of interesting historical 
matter, more or less related to the occasion. 

I forbear to touch upon the first intelligence of the existence of this vast region, 
and the story of the controversies between the English and the French, the Indians, 
the early settlers, and the civil and military officers of the United States. That which 
stands out most prominently in the mind of the historical student and the statesman 
is the great Ordinance of 17S7 (July 13th), and that by which it is best remembered 
now in the popular mind, is the famous Sixth Section, which seems to have been placed 
there by direct inspiration of Heaven : 

"There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory 
otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted." 

Of the honorable share various persons had in securing the adoption of this clause 
it is not worth while to speak, but however much Manasseh Cutler and Nathan Dane 
did, it clearly stands out that almost precisely the same proposition was contained in 
a draft of the comprehensive measure for the government of the Northwestern Terri- 
tory, prepared by Thomas Jefferson in 1784. The provision was stricken out then, and 
the' ordinance, though it passed, became a dead letter; but the material proviso reap- 
peared in the final and effective Ordinance of 1787. Important as the Sixth Section 
was, the Ordinance is remarkable for many other things. One of your historians, 
William W. Williams, truly says of it : 

" The ordinance of 1787 was the product of the highest statesmanship. It ranks 
among the grandest bills of rights ever drafted for the government of any people. 
It secured for the inhabitants of the great States formed from the Northwest Territory, 
religious freedom, the inviolability of private contracts, the benefit of the writ of habeas 
corpus and trial by jury ; the operation of the common law in judicial proceedings ; urged 
the maintenance of schools and the means of education ; declared that religion, morality 
and knowledge were essential to good government ; exacted a pledge of good faith 
toward the Indians, and proscribed slavery within the limits of the Territory. It pro- 
vided for the opening, development and government of the Territory and lormed the 
basis of subsequent state legislation." 

Williams might have further particularized that the ordinance established laws of 
descent and devise, of inheritance and conveyance, secured a proportionate representa- 
tion in the legislature, provided for bail except in the most extreme cases, and moder- 
ate fines. It forbade unusually cruel punishments, the deprivation of liberty or prop- 
erty except by the judgment ot peers and the law of the land, and required compensa- 
tion for private property taken for public uses. 




CHAIRMEN OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 

Group II. 



FOUNDER S DAY. 57 

Chief Justice Chase said of it: 

' ' Never, probably, in the history of the world did a measure of legislation so ac- 
curately fulfill, and yet so mightily exceed, the anticipation of the legislators." 

Daniel Webster said: "We are accustomed to praise the lawgivers of antiquity ; 
we help to perpetuate the fame of Solon and Lycurgus; but I doubt whether one 
single law of any lawgiver, ancient or modern, has produced effects of more distinct, 
marked and lasting character than the Ordinance of 1787. We see its consequences 
at this moment and we shall never cease to see them, perhaps, while the Ohio shall 
flow." 

In short, the Ordinance, a constitution of itself, was indeed a very noble forerun- 
ner of the great Constitution of the United States. 

Not even the legal profession can be much interested in discussing the intermin- 
able wrangles and tangles involving titles to the regions west of Pennsylvania and New 
York. Whatever Connecticut had claimed under royal charter, she limited by a deed, 
September 4, 1786, to a grant in the northeastern part of Ohio, sometimes called "New 
Connecticut," but better known as the Western Reserve. In May, 1792, she granted 
half a million acres of the western portion of that Reserve to the sufferers in Connecti- 
cut by the devastations of Try on and Arnold in the Revolution. In 1800 Connecticut 
relinquished all claims of political jurisdiction over the Reserve, and the United 
States confirmed her title to the soil. In May, 1795, the General Assembly author- 
ized eight citizens, one for each county, all bearing names well known and honored 
in the State, to sell three million acres of the land. The deed was executed Sep- 
tember 3, 1795, transferring the said tract to thirty-five or thirty -six citizens of 
Connecticut, some of whom represented associates. The price was $1,200,000, 
afterwards the basis of the school fund of that State. The Connecticut Land 
Company was immediately formed, seven directors were appointed, and a deed 
of trust of the entire purchase given to John Caldwell, Jonathan Brace and John 
Morgan. The deeds of these trustees are the sources of all titles on the Reserve. 
All the trustees were living as late as 1836, and joined in deeds of land within the city 
of Cleveland. 

General Moses Cleaveland, the founder of the Forest City, was a man of superior 
character and ability. He was born in Canterbury, Connecticut, and graduated at 
Yale College in 1777. He was a captain of sappers and miners in the United States 
Army in 1779, and distinguished himself at the capture of Stony Point. He was a 
member of the State Legislature, a brigadier general of militia, a gentleman of pol- 
ished manners and unquestioned integrity, enjoying the entire confidence of the Re- 
public. He was cool, brave and courageous, a man of few words and serious thought. 
One of your own historians says that the city of Cleveland will always refer with 
pride to her inheritance of his name. He was the chosen agent of the trustees of the 
Connecticut Land Company, and was sent out to survey the lands. With him were 
Augustus Porter and Seth Pease, surveyors; Moses Warren, Amos Spafford, John M. 
Holley (father of Governor Holley of Connecticut), and Richard Stoddard as assistant 
surveyors ; Joshua Stow, commissary ; Theodore Shepard, physician ; thirty-seven 
employes and a few emigrants, making a company of fifty persons. The party 
crossed the line into New Connecticut at 5 P. M., July 4, 1796, and reached Conneaut 
at 5:30. Cleaveland's diary says that " the day memorable as the birthday of Ameri- 
can independence and freedom from British tyranny, and commemorated by all good 
free-born sons of America, and memorable as the day on which the settlement of this 
new country was commenced, and in time may raise her head among the most enlight- 
ened and improved States." • 

The party of fifty felt that "a just tribute of respect to the day ought to be paid." 
They fired a Federal salute of fifteen guns and gave a sixteenth in honor of old Con- 
necticut They gave three cheers and christened the place Port Independence. They 
drank six toasts, beginning with the President of the United States, and the journal 
says " closed with three cheers, drank several pails of grog, supped and retired in re- 
markably good order. ' ' 

General Cleaveland, taking a division of his survey party, sought the mouth of the 
Cuyahoga and landed there one hundred years ago this day. From the precipitous 
bluff which overlooked the valley of the river he had a full view of the beautiful table 
lands stretching far to the east, west and south, eighty feet above the dark blue wa- 
ters of Lake Erie. The modern Moses instinctively made a survey of town lots, and 
the first map ot Cleveland bears date, October 1, 1796. 

The city commenced her career in 1796 with a population of four persons, in- 
creased in 1797 to fifteen, reduced in 1800 to seven. In 1810 it numbered fifty-seven. 
Colonel Whittlesey gives the population as follows: 



58 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

1820, 150 

1830, 1,075 

1840, : . 7,648 

1845, 13.035, including Ohio City. 

i860, 43,838, with the two cities included. 

The official United States Census gives the population : 

In 1870, 92,829 

1880, ibo, 146 

1S90, 261,353 

Ohio has become the fourth State of the Union in population. She is second in 
the manufacture of iron and steel, to which position Cleveland largely contributes by 
reason of the enterprise of her people and her fortunate situation. It will surprise 
many to learn that, not counting warships, Cleveland is the second greatest shipbuild- 
ing port in the world, the Clyde being first. According to the last census the value of 
the product of shipbuilding in four leading cities is as follows: 

Cleveland, $2,973,300 

Baltimore, Md 1,640,317 

New York, N. Y., 1,322,305 

Philadelphia, Pa., 942,428 

The total commerce of Cleveland, foreign and coastwise, is ten million net tons, 
and that of New York but two millions more. 

More than a million persons born in Ohio reside in the States west of it, and 96,000 
of Ohio's children live in Kentucky, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 

One-eighth of all the Federal Army of the great war came from Ohio, and Cleve- 
land gave her full share. 

Your brethren of New England continue to be attracted to you. Nine thousand 
natives of Massachusetts and six thousand of Connecticut are among the citizens of 
Ohio; 440,000 of Ohio's people have come to her from other States. 

It is said that a qualified observer can trace in Northern Ohio the Southern line of 
the Western Reserve. In it he is in New England. Indeed, fellow citizens, I am 
afraid that the Western Reserve is more truly Connecticut than Connecticut itself. 
The census informs us that but 31 per cent, of the people of Ohio are of foreign birth, 
or the children of one or both foreign parents; while 51 per cent, of Connecticut 
people are in that category. 

Bancroft said of the Western Reserve that the average grade of intelligence ex- 
ceeded that of any other equal number of people on the globe. 

But we have not come here to deal with the past alone. I think it was Emerson 
who said: " The present is not the best the world will have had. we are only at the 
very cockcrow and morning dawn of civilization." This philosophical optimism is 
most agreeable; but who knows through what tribulations and sorrows, temporary re- 
actions, perhaps disasters, the world may struggle to reach the better future. When 
the soldiers of the Republic, struggling in the awful war as through a dark forest, be- 
gan to see the light of the open fields of peace, did not many of them come nearer be- 
ing cowards than ever before, and feel if they did not say, " O God, spare me, that I 
may not die in the last battle, but may live to see the glory of the coming of the 
Lord." A distinguished general said to me as we sat by a slowly dying camp fire, at a 
time when we had come to be very confident. "When we win this war, when the rebel- 
lion shall have been suppressed, when we shall have reorganized all the discordant 
elements, when we shall have resumed the ways of peace and shall begin to rapidly 
discharge the great debt, it seems to me that there cannot be hereafter any trouble 
that shall give us much pain or sorrow." 

But the end is not yet. ' ' Peace hath its victories no less than war. ' ' but peace hath 
its anxieties and struggles also. Great nations, like great seas, have great waves. 
Under the tremendous stress of the question " shall the Republic die? " the very foun- 
dations of humanity were stirred. We discovered that we had a nation and a great 
people and an unlimited power of self-sacrifice. War is said to be the supreme wick- 
edness of humanity, but it develops some of the noblest qualities of mankind. »Minor 
differences went away like a morning fog. When all was over, though we saw im- 
mediately in front no great questions threatening the foundations of our institutions, 
the inevitable unrest of mankind became manifest. There is in human nature a 
hunger for excitement and strife. We felt not alone the wholesome and generous 
discontent that will continue to disturb the best and bravest souls, but lower passions 
that, for a time shut up in dungeons, came out into the light. Aspirations that started 



FOUNDER S DAY. 



59 



in wholesome hope developed unreasonable jealousies, proposed impossible schemes, 
questioned everything human and divine. Men changed from desiring government 
to stand clear and leave men as free as possible, consistent with law and justice, to de- 
manding that government do all things, that the legislative fiat settle all questions, 
abolish all forms of crime and injustice, effect by statute all moral reforms, and estab- 
lish equalities not only of opportunity but of condition and enjoyment. If there be 
anything that is assumed to be clear of doubt, what is it ? It is not in religion or 
politics "or social organization. Vet there are some things that cannot be changed or 
abolished — law, liberty, honor, justice, truth, are the same and eternal. There are 
standards of judgment as little subject to the storms of popular passion as the laws of 
gravitation, or the sun and the stars. By these all propositions will ultimately be 
judged. 

Our government is founded up- 
on the theory that the American 
people make a good jury. 

If that be not so, if after brief, 
uneasy and even dangerous fluctua- 
tions the conclusion is not in accord- 
ance with general right and justice, 
then the great Republic will after all 
be a failure. There are many ques- 
tions upon which it remains for the 
people to be tested. Concerning the 
nation it is impossible to assert any 
generality that will not be challenged 
by somebody. I must speak freely, 
but I shall put forth in substance of 
thought and even sometimes in 
phrase, ideas that have been accept- 
ably received from me by men of all 
ecclesiastical and political classes. 
Listen to some of the demands that 
are made upon this nation. After 
defaming without limit the executive, 
judicial and legislative branches of 
our government, men will turn shortly 
upon us and demand that the labors 
and duties and responsibilities of the 
thing called government be amazingly 
and indefinitely enlarged. It is de- 
manded of us that the national gov- 
ernment shall assume the charge of 
the enormous railway system of the 
country, because it is a matter of uni- 
versal interest and importance and its 
labors cannot be conducted without 
concentrated organization. Yet the 
railway system of the country stretch- 
es i So.ooo miles and represents not less 
than eleven thousand millions of obli- 
gation in varied forms. Shall this vast 
property be confiscated and taken into 
national control and management ? 

Probably not. For how much, then, shall it be purchased — at a valuation, say of 
ten thousand millions? Imagine an addition of ten thousand millions to the national 
debt. What interest shall be paid upon such bonds ? Three per cent ? The interest 
annually due would be three hundred millions of dollars. Where would it be obtained? 
I suppose the answer would be, from the earnings of the system. Who supposes that 
the central power of organization and execution will be as far reaching and intimately 
searching as it is when remaining in the hands of those whose subsistence and means 
of livelihood are involved in success? The spirit that would impose this monstrous 
change would demand the fewest hours of labor and the highest wages. What is the 
business of all men is the business of no man. Those who must know most ol the 
possibilities of such things will tell us that the result would be one universal receiver- 
ship, with enormous deficiencies to be supplied by general taxation. Imagine for a 





1,1. VVELANIJ Mom MEN I. 



6o CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

moment enlarging the already sufficiently complained of multitude of government 
employes by nearly 800,000, not including the various ramifications of auxiliary forms 
of industry. 

Upon the grounds that justify the national conduct of the postal service it is 
further demanded that the entire telegraph and telephone systems be likewise taken 
up as a national possession. Not that only, it is insisted that it would be for the gen- 
eral good that the savings banks of the United States should likewise come under 
Federal control, with their $1,700,000,000 of deposits, which would be added to the 
railroad and telegraph and telephone debt. Yet there is supposed to be nothing in- 
consistent in this demand relating to the savings banks and. the demand that the 
government shall entirely wash its hands of all forms or semblances of banking. 
Add to this a debased currency, with which not only our ancient and honorable war 
debt would be discharged, but the principal and interest of the monstrous additional 
national obligations we should assume, in comparison with which our present debts 
are but as the traditional drop in the bucket. 

Add to all this and other forms of governmental reconstruction, the election of 
presidents and senators and federal judges by the popular vote. , 

There would also be a demand for the referendum of important statutes. 

How enormously all this, or a fraction of these changes, would enlarge the statute 
book ! What countless rules of organization and conduct and accounting would need 
to be elaborately studied and accurately set forth for the guidance of one or two mil- 
lions of public servants and the management of the various enormous industries ! 

Meantime, it is to be understood, of course, that the thing called government shall 
specifically define the number of hours that men may work. Will it then be essential 
to an equality of production and the general measure of success that men shall be 
compelled to work up to said limit of labor ? If they may not work more, why not 
say they shall not work less? 

One of the difficulties in the wise government of a republic is the indifference of a 
large class of people, the neglect of political knowledge and action, sometimes especial- 
ly visible among those who by reason of education, position, perhaps large property 
interests, would naturally be supposed both, for selfish and patriotic reasons, to earn- 
estly seek to faithfully discharge their political obligations. It is the duty of every 
American citizen to be a politician. Before you deny it, wait until I read a definition 
of the word politics from the dictionary of Noah Webster, of West Hartford, Con- 
necticut. He says: 

"The science of government; that part of ethics which has to do with the regula- 
tion and government of a nation or state, the preservation of its safety, peace and 
prosperity, the defense of its existence and rights against foreign control or conquest, 
the augmentation of its strength and resources, and the protection of its citizens in 
their rights, with the preservation and improvement of their morals." 

You perceive that Webster started to make simply a definition and wrote an 
oration. 

Next to the duty to one's God is one's duty to his country. Next in honor and 
dignity to the Priest of the Most High is the position of the able and sincere states- 
man. " It is not intended that all men shall give all their time or much of their time to 
attending to political affairs, but they should seek to have a good general unde. stand- 
ing of the nature of the government, the questions prominent in public consideration, 
and the duties of a citizen. It is necessary that every man should vote always, that 
he should take an interest in nominations to be made, and that he should be ready 
with his voice and his arguments to defend his opinions. The most discouraging of 
all Americans is the man who, with an air sometimes of superior virtue, declares " I 
take no interest in politics, I seldom, if ever, vote." 

Once upon a time in the House of Representatives, James A. Garfield amused and 
instructed us by saying in substance: "Suppose that every American citizen should 
deliberately absent himself from the polls on the day of the great presidential elec- 
tion. ' ' There would be no presidential electors chosen ; after the 4th of March next 
ensuing there would be no president ; one-third of the chairs of the Senate would be 
empty ; there would be no House of Representatives. After the last day of June next 
ensuing there would be no money to pay the president, the judges and officers of 
Federal courts, two-thirds of the Senate, the foreign ministers, the custom house offi- 
cers, the army and navy; none to conduct the postal service or the land offices or In- 
dian affairs. ' In short, there would be nothing left of the great National Government 
except some minor dismembered fractions. The nation would be dead. But it is a 
nation of individuals. No one man is under a higher obligation to vote than another. 
If those who consider themselves good men stay away, it may be certain that those 




SENATOR JOSEPH R. HAWLEY 
of Connecticut. 



founder's day. 6i 

who are not good men will take charge of the nation. The result would be corruption 
and disorder, perhaps anarchy, perhaps a king. It would be the failure of the great- 
est experiment m government ever made, which is still the pride and the hope of 
thoughtful men the world over. 

The sovereignty concentrated in a king is here divided among twelve millions of 
men, more or less. 

Every voter is indeed a sovereign and whoever fails to vote, does, so far as he is 
concerned, abandon his country to anarchy and invite the inevitable despot. 

Continually and naturally enough, throughout all manner of printing and debate 
and conversation, comes up that which is known as socialism; in many varieties. 
Sometimes it is the generous and just desire to so co-operate and organize as to secure 
to all, peace, happiness, and industry, and to give, in due proportion to abilities and 
productive power, some more and some less, of the products of labor and invention. 
There come other claims that cannot so easily be assented to. Theoretically there ought 
not to be a hostile relation between capital "and labor — the rich against the poor, or 
the poor against the rich. It is an idle fancy that by the compulsory power of volun- 
tary or statutorv organization the inequalities of ability, intellect and wealth may be 
corrected and mankind brought upon a dead level of compensation, production and 
possession. There exist inequalities of desire, of enjoyment, of capacity and ambition 
that can never be removed. There is nothing in nature to teach us that an absolute 
equality in all things can be reached. No two men are exactly alike, no two things 
made by man are absolutely alike. No two watches, no two locomotives, though 
made from the same patterns and gauges, are alike. A thousand men may associate 
themselves to conduct a business and their first step will be to select chiefs and sub- 
chiefs, who by reason of greater natural quickness, keenness and effectiveness, can 
profitably and with great benefit to the average man, be put in command and paid a 
greater compensation than he shall receive. Among the leaders will be developed 
some men of supreme power and capacity of execution, collection and possession. We 
can find corporals and captains, colonels and generals of industry as we can find them in 
armies, and there will be some men that will make themselves Grants and Shermans 
and Napoleons, but they cannot be created by election or statute. To hold the mass 
of men to a dead level of pay and reward, or attempt to annihilate competition and 
suppress ambition, is to wage hopeless war against nature. 

There has already been tried on a large scale and for centuries a system which 
would seem in some respects to fully answer the demands of an extreme socialist. 
There was a great mass of laborers who were usually comfortably fed and clothed and 
had fair shelter from the rams and the cold. Work was always provided. As a rule 
their labor was not sufficient to injure them physically. Of course the thoughtful and 
wise among the capitalists saw that good treatment was economy, as it is in the own- 
ership of beasts. They drew their food and their clothing from the common stock. 
They had no doubt about their being fed in their old age. Their wives and children 
were in like manner cared for. Indeed the raising of children was especially desired. 
In short, it would appear that all causes of anxiety, all occasion, or pretext for violent 
and selfish competition were removed. True, there were some drawbacks. In order 
to keep the laboring masses quietly within control of the system, it was necessary to 
forbid their learning to read and write, and it was also an economic necessity that the 
laborer should be liable to sale and transfer, even to the separation of families. 

Great preachers of the gospel told us that this socialistic organization was sanc- 
tioned by Scripture. Alleged statesmen, in Congress and elsewhere, deliberately and 
solemnly set forth that the only true solution of the great industrial problem is found 
in the absolute ownership of labor by capital. 

It was also said that the laborer was happy. But he was not a man. // laughed, 
it danced, it samj, but it was not a man. // was a negro slave and the system, " met 
at last God's thunder, sent to clear the compassing and smothering atmosphere." It 
was American slavery and with a tremendous explosion it went skyward, shuddering 
into the infinite darkness. 

I heard a most excellent gentleman once say in discussing political duties, "I care 
nothing about questions of mere finance;" yet questions of finance always involve 
moral obligations and may lead to the honor or eternal dishonor of a nation. In the 
course of his remarks upon taking the chair at the opening of the Republican National 
Convention of 1868 the presiding officer said: "For every dollar of the debt the blood 
of a soldier is pledged; every bond must be held as sacred as a soldier's grave." The 
convention rose to its feet amid the warmest enthusiasm and long continued applause. 
The demonstration was received with satisfaction by the friends of liberty, and in this and 
all countries it affected the public credit. To this I add, whatever the civilized world 



62 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

accepts as full and final payment, is the only payment this nation will ever consent to 
tender. Uncle Sam will be a gentleman. 

The shores of history are strewn with countless schemes of national taxation and 
finance. The crystallized' common sense of centuries teaches us that the fundamental 
rule of all finance is, " tell the truth, keep your promises." It is a long time since the 
Psalmist promised an abode in the Lord's tabernacle, a dwelling in His holy hill, to 
him "that sweareth to his own hurt and changeth not." He "shall never be moved." 

When the rebellion had been suppressed and the work of reorganization was un- 
der way, it became apparent that the financial question was one hardly second in im- 
portance to that which confronted us in 1861. The enemies of republican government, 
believing that its failure would be a blessing to the world, and disappointed by the 
success of the Union armies, said: " Now we shall see how these people can bear the 
burdens of peace. It is in one sense easy to rally a nation to a bloody war, but when 
passions shall have subsided and men have entered upon the dull drudgery of peace, 
with resources reduced, with no drum and bugle to arouse in them a pleasure in pay- 
ing taxes, no democratic government will cheerfully shoulder a debt of three thousand 
millions." Yet the American people carried it as if it were a knapsack, reduced it 
more than two thousand millions, and are anxious to continue the payment. Had it 
been otherwise and we had offered to discharge our debt in a degraded currencv, had 
we postponed it, had we scaled it down, what was won for the future of republicanism 
in the world by the bloody war, would have been lost. A government that will not 
pay debts, cannot borrow, and one that cannot borrow, cannot conduct a long defen- 
sive war. A failure in that regard would have shown that the true essence of honesty 
was not in us, and that our beautiful patriotism and self-sacrifice were born for a love 
for the alleged glories of war. 

By a failure in America, the grand experiment of free government would have 
been postponed indefinitely. Yet, it was to some " a mere financial question." And 
there were eloquent men, assuming to be speaking for the masses and for the op- 
pressed and overburdened people, advocating that which would have fallen far short 
of our honorable obligations. 

Those in Connecticut, who have studied her history, fancy that the multitude of 
men who from first to last have come to this western land carried with them the prin- 
ciples of thorough democracy, ideas of the highest integrity in public affairs, and no 
little training in practical government. The Reverend Thomas Hooker, graduate of 
the English University of Cambridge, eminent preacher, pastor, and I may say, 
political leader; who led his congregation through the wilderness to Hartford and 
founded the colony of Connecticut, not long after, in 1638, in a sermon delivered on a 
special occasion, set forth these doctrines: 

" 1. That the choice of public magistrates belongs unto the people, by God's own 
allowance. 

" 2. The privilege of election, which belongs to the people, therefore must not be 
exercised according to their humors, but according to the blessed will and law of God. 

"3. They who have power to appoint officers and magistrates, it is in their power, 
also, to set the bounds and limitations of the power and place unto which they call 
them. Because the foundation of authority is laid, firstly m the free consent of the 
people ; and because, by a free choice, the hearts of the people will be more inclined 
to the love of the persons chosen, and more ready to yield obedience. ' ' 

From that time to the present we have continued the ancient subdivision into com- 
paratively small townships, wherein all the voters assemble in a free parliament to 
settle many matters of local concern. In all the earlier years there were four prin- 
cipal men in each of these miniature states — the pastor, the first selectman, the school- 
master and the captain of the military company. 

The colony was in a singularly effective way fullv organized. Whenever Governor 
Trumbull — Brother Jonathan of the Revolution — found it necessary to appeal to his 
people, he found them massed in minor subdivisions already led by the most capable 
men. It was an organization that made the raising of troops and the collection of sup- 
plies comparatively easy. The youth grew up knowing how to hold a meeting, a 
simple thing but almost peculiar to the Anglo-Saxon race. In the hastiest emergency, 
upon the instinctive assembly of a mass of Americans, some one calls to order, some 
one nominates a president, a secretary is chosen, a committee on resolutions is ap- 
pointed, its report is debated point by point, laid on the table or indefinitely postponed, 
or adopted, as "the sense of the meeting," to use the New England phrase. This 
seems to us nothing unusual, but there are nations untrained in the minor machinery 
of government, to whom systematic action of this description would be impossible. 
Possibly by reason of the popular system of education insisted upon among us from 



founder's day. 63 

the beginning, and our somewhat peculiar Connecticut experience, its sons moving 
westward upon their own lines of latitude carried with them the essential principles 
of free government, and a high sense of their moral obligation to their states and their 
country, and in a remarkable number of cases, became the useful and leading men of 
new communities. 

Among other things indispensable to the success of a republic is a sense of the 
majesty and authority of laws made by a free people. Nowhere else does law have so 
high a sanction. Always in theory, and mostly in fact, our statutes are the result of 
popular consideration and deliberate representative legislative enactment. The true 
American people in general respect the law because it is their law ; not thrust upon 
them by a king — they made it themselves. A contemptuous or defiant disregard is an 
insult to every sovereign citizen. For statutory changes our system furnishes an op- 
portunity for "every individual. That which ought to be law, soon or late comes to 
fruition. To secure our liberties and our progress we need no conspiracies, no secret 
organizations, no mobs. 

These things are all but commonplace truisms, yet there come times when their 
reiteration is required. Passionate action, sometimes founded in selfishness and in- 
iustice, sometimes in sincere belief and honest desire, threatens to upset the founda- 
tions of society. It is sometimes painful to remember, but impossible to forget, that 
behind all law, everywhere, there is provided the element of force. When our great 
courts of justice, after due argument by able men, contesting, decide that an injunc- 
tion ought to bar some unjust or irregular or riotous proceeding, some men fancy that 
it is wholesome to treat the courts and their decrees with contempt and defiance. 
When the unhappy time comes, after due kindly entreaty and solemn warning, it 
must be made known that behind the constable and the sheriff and the marshal, stands 
the colonel and his regiment. Law cannot, must not, shall not, be persistently defied 
and trampled under foot. We cannot live otherwise than by saying that the law must 
be obeyed on every inch of soil and in every second of time. Otherwise any government 
is but a rope of sand. The overwhelming suppression of a miniature rebellion is but 
justice and mercy. 

Among the very important instruments of civilization is the modern corporation 
for the benefit of every form of 'industrial effort. It is invaluable, it is indispensable 
and it is very powerful. It has certain characteristics, perhaps not always sufficiently 
considered. The world of the English language and civilization has grown intensely 
jealous as the ages pass on, of orders of nobility and the laws of entail, and the per- 
petual titles of ecclesiastical property. The modern corporation is greater than any 
order of nobility, for entails may be cut off, and families may vanish, but the corpora- 
tion theoretically lives forever. ' It holds perpetually all the land it needs and perhaps 
more. It acquires by foreclosures lands which it is not always commanded by statute 
to dispose of. 

It often, even holds land in large quantities not needed for the purposes of its incor- 
poration. It has the power, which in the case of great corporations for certain pur- 
poses is immense, of acquiring by condemnation lands for its special needs, and the 
title is perpetual. It has no heirs and there is no division of its estate upon anybody's 
death. There is seldom a limit beyond which it may not grow. If it be a railroad, 
led by men of far-reaching views and eminent ability, it is apt to be incessantly desir- 
ous of acquiring connecting or parallel or competing roads, extending its possessions 
and power enormously. Where combination is possible, competition is impossible. 

It obtains these powers under the theory that it is a great public benefit in which 
the people share. Indeed they do, but it too often happens that there is no one to de- 
finitely allot said share, and the corporation holds its own counsel. With the growth 
of the population in its vicinity, its franchise becomes more and more valuable. Its 
earning power grows greatly and the vast unearned increment based upon its earning 
powers appears in stock dividends for itself, not the public. 

A steady control of legislative bodies is not unprecedented. The methods through 
which it exercises political power are not always praiseworthy. Whatever of wrong 
it doesis sure to be exaggerated in the public mind. 

Here or there, but somewhere always, bitter controversies rage around the great 
industrial corporations. In short, the relations of capital and labor, employer and 
employed, are perpetual sources of dissatisfaction and agitation, and often of danger. 
We suggest industrial co-operation. That sometimes succeeds, but, where it does so, it 
is with an exercise of trust and faith and good will, that if applied everywhere would 
end all difficulties. We suggest arbitration. There have been eminent instances of 
the success of boards of arbitration consisting of co-operating delegations of capital 
and labor. But there has been no method found of compelling the acceptance of the 



64 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

judgments of such boards. The degree of success is again found to be dependent 
upon the degree of concession, faith and trust. 

Legislatures and congresses from year to year continue to propose and discuss and 
sometimes to enact, but no sovereign panacea has yet been discovered. The true and 
final solution will never be total and complete while human nature remains as it is. 
But we can by slow processes approximate harmonious relation. There has unques- 
tionably been a great growth in good things that conduce to social and financial peace 
and prosperity. As the individual is educated to think patiently of his case, as the 
capitalist is educated bv public opinion and experience to a more careful remembrance 
of the fact that he is but a trustee and that all men should be his neighbors and his 
friends, the difficulties will disappear. There are establishments long in existence 
where there never has been a ripple of trouble, and as time passes and all men advance 
morally and intellectually violent clashing will diminish. 

There is a rule, not statutory, but applicable everywhere, "Do unto others as you 
would that others should do unto you. " Generosity, patience, faith, a sense of brother- 
hood, will bring us nearer and nearer to universal peace and happiness in this as in all 
things. 

It is a serious era the world over. The great nations of Europe have many mil- 
lions in arms, organized reserves, full arsenals, and railway service always detailed in 
advance, ready at the tap of drum, after nineteen centuries of the gospal of peace, to 
charge into battle. Every known agitation and mischief abroad has its counterpart 
and coadjutors in America. The generous and chivalrous young man doubtless some- 
times wishes that he had lived in some of the great clays of the past, perhaps under 
Lincoln and Grant, perhaps under Washington or say Cromwell or Luther, or, rever- 
ently, in Judea when Christ was on earth. But the Christ is always on earth, if one 
will have eyes to see and ears to hear. There is always a wrong to be righted and a 
right to be' defended. To the eye of the body the field he dreamed of does not pre- 
sent itself. 

But the wrong is as aggressive as ever, the right as much in need of champions. 
We shall need in America the steady sense and devotion of our ancestors. We cannot 
say just how nor when. There is an incessant demand for change, but change is not 
always reform. There are many things that must stand as they are. It is hardly 
worth while to reform the ten commandments, nor the Lord's Prayer, nor the Sermon 
on the Mount. Agitation cannot improve the multiplication table nor the law of 
gravitation. 

If the republic is to be perpetuated, it must be by much hard and not very romantic 
work continuously for generations. It will call for the best that rich and poor, gentle- 
men and scholars' and plain people can do. By conversation, oration, and print, sound 
doctrine must be spread. There must be enrollments and rallies, the wise man- 
agement of caucuses and conventions, the promotion of good candidates and a 
full and honest vote, securing good legislatures and congresses and courts and presi- 
dents. 

If the good men will not do the work the worse men will take care of it. Evil-minded 
men will be audacious; better men must be more so. The democratic government is 
the most laborious and expensive. 

It should be easy to rally men for a righteous war. In three days after Lincoln had 
called for his 75,000, Ohio had voted a million for preliminary expenses and a quota 
of thirteen regiments being required of her, before the rush could be averted, enough 
for seventy regiments were offered. 

Indispensable political labors are not always agreeable. So much greater is the 
honor. " That tower of strength which stood four square to all the winds that blew," 
Tennyson sang of Wellington. So let it be said of the great common man — of the 
plain people of the United States. 

A round of applause was accorded Senator Hawley as he resumed 
Iris seat. 

The Centennial Ode, especially composed for the occasion by Colonel 
J. J. Piatt, the well-known Ohio poet, was then read by the author, who 
was frequently interrupted by applause. The ode was listened to with 
oreat interest. It was as follows: 



founder's day. 65 

CENTENNIAL ODE. 

I. 

Praise to the sower of the seed, 

The planter of the tree !— 
What though another for the harvest gold 

The ready sickle hold, 
Or breathe the blossom, watch the fruit unfold? 

Enough for him, indeed. 
That he should plant the tree, should sow the seed, 
And earn the reaper's guerdon, even if he 

Should not the reaper be. 
Let him who after a while, when I shall pass, may dwell 
In my sweet close, 'neath my dear roof instead. 
Enjoy the harvest, pluck the fruit as well — 
For every other man is other me." 

II. 

And praise be theirs who plan 

And fix the corner-stone 
Of house or fane devote to God or man, 

Not for themselves alone. 

— Not for themselves alone, 
The Pilgrim Fathers of the Western Wood, 
Not only for themselves and for their own, 
Came hither planting in heroic mood 
The seeds of civil-graced society, 
Repeating their New England by the sea 

In the green wilderness. 
From church and school, with church and school they came 
To kindle here their consecrated flame: 
With the high passion for humanity, 
The largest light, the amplest libertv, 
(No man a slave, unless himself enthrall), 
The key of knowledge in the door of Truth 

For eager-seeking youth, 
With priceless opportunity for all. 
( The tree of knowledge no forbidden tree, ) — 

Free speech and conscience free. 

— Honor and praise no less 
Be theirs, who in the mighty forest, then 

The haunt of savage men, 
And tenanted by ravening beasts of prey 

Only less fierce than they, 
(The fever-chill, the hunger pang they bore, 
Dangers of day and darkness at their door,) 
Abode, and in the panther-startled shade 
The deep foundations of an empire laid. 

The corner-stone they put 
(Where he the patriot sage, with foresight keen, 
Its fittest site on some vague chart had seen) 

Of the fair Place we know — 
Their capital of New Connecticut. 

III. 

In the green solitude, 

A hundred years ago, 
The founder stood. 
Hark, the first ax stroke in the clearing! Lo, 
The log house with its civilizing gleam 

By yonder Indian stream! — 
Such was the small beginning far away 

We celebrate to-day. 



66 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

IV. 

There were two prophecies. He the founder, he 
Whose statue stands in yonder Public Square, 

(He only came and went: 
The city itself is his best monument,) 

That lonely evening gleam, 

Reflected heavenly fair 

In the still Indian stream, 

He saw, and prophesied, 

With home-returning eyes: 
A peaceful forest-shadowed town should rise, 

Here by this azure Inland Sea, 
With clustered church spires, happy roofs half-seen 
Through leafy avenues of ambush green, 
And school house belfry— such he erewhile knew, 
And the fond picture homesick memory drew, 
In far New England by the Atlantic tide. 
It was not long before the prophecy 

Had grown reality: 
That Forest City seemed a haven of rest — 

New Haven of the West. 
Another later came, in dreamful mood, 
Where the tree-shadowed early village stood, 
Who saw the flitting sails, the horizon-bound 

Of the great Inland Sea before 
Its open harbor door, 
With the broad wealth-abundant land around, 
(What wealth above of corn and fleece and vine! — 
What wealth beneath of myriad-gifted mine!) 
To him another vision: prophet-wise, 
With prescient eyes, 

He saw a great commercial mart. 
With arms outstretching over land and sea, 
And linking continent to continent 

With bands of gold beneficent ; 
The smoke of steamers, plying ceaselessly, 
Bearing our harvest stores to far-off hands 

In transatlantic lands ; 
With interchange of goods and gifts divine 

In rivalry benign, 
Lo, peaceful navies, alien with our own ! 
The foundry's plume of fire, a dreadful flower, 

He saw, at midnight hour. 
With ears that heard, as eyes that saw, th' foreknown. 
He heard the hum of mighty industries, — 
The vulcanic forge's echoing clang of steel, 

The whirring wheel, 
With other myriad sounds akin to these ; 
And up and down, and everywhere, the beat 

Of busy-moving feet, — 
In thronged thoroughfares of trade apart, 
The throbbing of the Titan Labor's heart. — 
He saw and heard: a transient shadow he, 

But lo, the prophecy ! 
The Genie's dream-built tower, in morning's ray. 
In fable world it shone — the City stands to day ! 

V. 

Whoever backward looks shall see 
What wonder-working strange 
Of ever-moving change ! 
Lo, everywhere around we meet, 
In every highway, every street, 
New daily miracles of the century ! 



founder's day. 67 

The harnessed elements, with that elusive sprite, 
The errand-running Slave, with world-compelling might, 
Obedient to a man, and hurrying to and fro, 
Wherever he would send, wherever wish to go ! 

In every house at night 

The enchanted lamp alight, 

In each frequented way, 

Its keen celestial ray — 
New wonders of a new world, they rise from day to day ; 
And all repeated, all reflected show 

In the fair Place we know ! . . . 

— A sigh for their sad fate, 

For those red tribes, so late 
Tenants-at-will of their vast hunting ground, 

That had nor mete nor bound 

In the deep wood around. 

Him, lord the forest knew, 
On Cuyahoga's stream where glides his bark canoe ? 
We have not banished quite their names from stream and wood, 
We cannot banish quite their ghosts that will intrude ; 

We cannot exorcise 

Their still reproachful eyes. 

Pity we must their fate — 

The inexorable doom 

That gave our fathers room ; 
That they must fade, 

Shadowlike, into shade, 
So we might celebrate the city's founding here: 

That they must disappear, 

So we might celebrate 
Their mighty wilderness our mighty State, 
Among the brightest of her galaxv, 
(With New Connecticut her chiefest pride), 
Mother of famous soldiers, statesmen tried, 

(New mother of Presidents, her well-beloved, 

In camp and council proved). ... 
— One time an alien fleet was hovering near, 
(Let us be strong, and well protect our own ! ) 
When on yon shore the school boy at his play 

Stooped down with hand at ear 

By the lake-side to hear 

The guns at Put-in-Bay. 
War summoned then and since again her sons. 
(City and State, with common sympathies, 
Unite in claiming these) 

Her Past is bitter-sweet. 
Heroic grief, heroic gladness meet, 
With memories proud in monumental stone, 

In civic square and street ; 
Of him that hero of an earlier day ; 
Of those her later, now her aureoled ones, 

Her eager youth who went 
To battle as to tennis tournament, 

Not for themselves alone, 
Not only for themselves and for their own — 

For all men, us and ours ! 
Returning but in sacred memories, 
That ever green are kept and sweet with flowers ; 
Of him the kindly neighbor, cordial friend, 
(Now far uplifted from familiar ways, 
Blameless and high above the stain of praise, ) 
Down-stricken at the Helm of Highest Trust. 

(She keeps his honored dust. ) 
And many another worthy even as they, 
Banded to sweep the nightmare dark and dire, 



68 'centennial celebration of the city of^'cleveland. 

If with cyclonic broom — with earthquake, flood, and fire — 
From our great land away. 
— Old griefs and glories blend. 

VI. 

Into the future — who shall look 

Into that cloud-clasped Book ? 

What strong miraculous spark 

Shall pierce that deep-walled dark ? 
Whoever forward looks shall see, 
Mayhap, a vision, an enthusiast's dream, 
Of this or of another century — 
The flower of each together here as one 

Blossoming in the sun. 
Whoever looks shall see. reflected there 
The features of her Past, oh, not less fair ; 
The features of her Present, even more bright : 

A city that shall seem 
To bear aloft and hold a steadfast light : 
With ampler domes of Science, Learning, Art, 

In academic groves apart; 
Earth-blessing commerce at her every door, 
With sails that come and go for evermore ; 
The earthly Titan's sweltering toil made light 
Bv the invisible heaven-descended might. 

Goodf ellow or frolic sprite : 
With myriad mechanisms faery-nice, 
Beneficent art and delicate artifice — 
All human goods and graces priceless wrought 

In every house for nought 

But a mere wish or thought; 

The enchanted statue's grace 

In every market place — 
But Nature breathing ever, everywhere, 
Her breath from flower and leaf, from park and pasture fair. 
Streets that are highways to green fields and woods, 

With charmed solitudes, 

Whither the workman pent 

Flies from his toil, content: 
With hanging gardens of delight 
For all men's sense and sight, 

Where they may see the dancing fountain's flower, 
Faerily silvered, wavering in the moon, 
And hear the wild bird smg his vesper hymn in June, 

Through the still twilight hour. 

In that bright city then, 
Himself one of a myriad multitude, 

Shall the Good Citizen, 

Who loves his fellow-men. 
Who makes self-interest work for common good, 
Dwell, and make beautiful his dwelling-place, 
Striving to keep his city pure and clean, 
With avenues to heaven its walls between. 
He holds his vote a sacred gift and trust, 
And every neighbor's sacred as his own, 

Not bossed, or bought, or sold, 
For bribe of public place or private gold. 
He knows his public duty, will not shirk 

His burden of public work ; 
Public Affairs, his pleasure, study, pride, 
Rightly to know and not ignore but guide, 
Not leaving to ignorant, faithless hands to rule 

City and court and school. 

He gives his hand and heart 




HON. (). VINCENT COFFIN, 
Governor of Connecticut. 



founder's day. 69 

To make a sacred shrine the voting-place, 

Not a foul huckster's mart — 
Where woman, if she please, may use her right, 
Inalienable as man's to speak, how still! 
A still small voice to execute her will, 
And go with son or sire, without disgrace, 
In Sabbath garments pure and dedicate 

To home and child and State, 

Even as at church to share their sacrament, 
Guarding her world-old sphere beneficent, 

And share of government. 
He builds for others, not for himself alone. 
Not only for himself and for his own, 
And gladdens with all good that comes to all, 

Wherever it befall. 
So the House Beautiful the poor man's home shall be, 

In that far, better day, 

(Is it so far away ? ) 

The day we may not see, 

Save only in prophecy, 
When, standing like that City on a Hill, 
She shall be seen afar and known of all, 
Our City Beautiful— Forest City still, 

The seaside Capital 

Of our proud Forest State ! 

Governor Coffin was next called upon and responded with an address 
which aroused a great deal of enthusiasm. As the Connecticut execu- 
tive stepped to the front he was greeted with a volley of hand -clapping 
which lasted for several minutes. When it had subsided he spoke as 
follows : 

It is with a sense of extreme diffidence that I undertake the task, impossible for 
me to perform with even approximate justice, of occupying a few minutes of the time 
devoted to these interesting and important exercises. It is desired that I suggest some 
thoughts here in New Connecticut about the little State down by the sea, which I have 
the honor to represent, and which may well be designated as " Mother of States." In 
the early days, it has been claimed, Connecticut held by grant a wide section, extend- 
ing westerly to the ocean. Portions of this section now form parts of at least thirteen 
different States. But Connecticut gave up nearly all this territory, reserving here in 
Ohio the large tract known as the Western Reserve. 

Here where we are met her people prepared the ground for a great city, which is 
now set, as the most beautiful of gems in the crown of your queenly commonwealth. 

It is a familiar fact that in individuals " blood tells; " that we can trace as an in- 
heritance tendencies both vicious and virtuous. So also we find it in the ancestry of 
States, and our pride in our own State mounts rapidly as we contemplate her splendid 
daughter and remember what glory of motherhood is hers. 

The country and the world are deeply indebted to that mother, through the work 
of some of her children. Thomas Hooker first announced that doctrine of self-govern- 
ment by the people which has been and is to remain the corner-stone of this nation. 
John Fitch first successfully moved boats through water by steam power. Daniel 
French, with his son Daniel, built the first steamboats that successfully navigated the 
Ohio and Mississippi rivers. A quotation from a letter now in my possession, written 
by French in 1816 to his mother, is perhaps worth giving. He had emigrated some 
years before the letter was written from the vicinity of Middletown, Conn., to the 
" Far West " — a point in Pennsylvania on the Monongahela River. 

He writes: "1 will inform you that in this country I am getting my living by those 
means for which I had like to have a master put over me for attempting at home, to- 
wit: Building steamboats. 1 have built two that are now running in the waters of the 
Ohio and Mississippi. I have also put in operation a large cotton manufactory moved 
by a steam engine, have begun a large steam sawmill, and have more steamboats to 
build, also grist or flour mills, all to be put in motion by steam. I have, with Daniel's 
help, made the greatest improvements on the steam engine that have been made in a 
long time, the benefits of which will be incalctilable to this western country. The 



7° 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



steamboat I first built in this place, called the Enterprise, performed her passage from 
New Oi leans to this place in thirty-five days, against the currents of the Mississippi, 
Ohio and Monongahela rivers, a distance of more than 2,200 miles, and was the first 
that ever ascended those waters. The success of this boat has raised the value of the 
country bordering on these waters fifty per cent. Since I built the first I have built 
another, which moves with more speed. She arrived from New Orleans at Cincinnati, 
where I was a few days past, 700 miles below this place by water and 1,500 from New 
Orleans, in twenty-four days, and the boats that I have built are the only ones that 
have yet traversed the waters of the Ohio upward to any distance. 

" The steamboat that I first built was of great service in carrying on the war against 
the British at Orleans. She was loaded with warlike stores and ammunition at Pitts- 
burgh, and after she arrived at Orleans was employed by General Jackson in the ser- 
vice of the government in prosecuting the war in which she was of essential service 
transporting cannon, small arms, ammunition, officers, soldiers, baggage, etc. She 
went one voyage to the Gulf of Mexico with British prisoners, made one trip three hun- 
dred miles up to the Red River, towards North Mexico, with 250 soldiers and baggage, 
and returned to Orleans in seven days from the time she left it, as her captain reports, 
and made many trips to Natchez and back. Thus you see that although I was thought 

to be full of idle 
dreams from a be- 
wildered brain, and 
airy fancy border- 
ing on delirium, 
the shadows have 
led to the solid 
substance. What 
would our old pious 
Deacon Sage say 
of all those things 
now ? Would he 
now wish to put a 
master over me, 
think you ? . . . 
This western coun- 
try is the paradise 
of America. The 
population of Ohio 
is already great, 
and contains more 
inhabitants than 
Connecticut and 
will support mill- 
ions." 

Thus, Mr. Pres- 
ident, it appears 
that Connecticut 
has not only owned 
the great strip of 

territory reaching from her own borders to the Pacific, and held special ownership of, 
and relations to, the section where we are now, but has great and peculiar claims 
upon the southern portions of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and all the other seven 
States bordering the Ohio and Mississippi rivers from West Virginia to the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

But to proceed: Here comes Whitney with his cotton gin, quietly revolutionizing 
and in one sense rehabilitating the business interests of the whole South ; Colt, with 
his wonderful revolver, and Goodyear, with his process for making India rubber one 
of the most extensively useful materials in the world; Howe, with the sewing machine 
carrying help and happiness into millions of homes; Wells, the discoverer of anaesthe- 
sia, one of the greatest of all material blessings. Here comes the long line of great 
men and women in all the walks of life, the mere naming of whom would consume 
more than all the time I can properly take on this occasion. But I must not fail to 
mention that great woman, recently deceased, who, during her years of residence in 
southern Ohio, gathered the materials and inspiration out of which came a book which 
has done more toward liberating bondmen and inspiring all the world with increased 
regard for human liberty than any other book except the Bible — you all know that I 




1'IIE CENTRAL ARMORY, 



FOUNDER S DAY. 7 r 

refer to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Take the little group mentioned and the long list of 
names that will readily occur to you, and consider as far as you can the results of their 
work. Who can estimate those results ? They are to be traced, always in letters of 
light, into every hamlet and palace, into every home in the civilized world. In the 
days of Grecian greatness some giants of the centuries stood forward as the illustrators 
and prophets of philosophy, of art, of science, of statesmanship, and even of popular 
government. Their words and deeds ring through a hundred generations, and it is 
quite impossible to estimate the extent of their influence upon the affairs and destinies 
of the race. Greece was a country small in area, say a little more than four times as 
large as Connecticut, and not over well favored by nature for any great development. 
But the spirit of her people in effect expanded her territory and increased her popula- 
tion an hundred fold. So, dear old Connecticut, with less than one-six-hundredth part 
of the area of this country and one-eighty-fifth of the population, has furnished so 
many men and women whose words and work have lifted up and blessed all mankind, 
that we ask in vain of ancient and modern times for a full parallel, all things con- 
sidered, to her achievements in behalf of universal human nature. 

Those of you who have traveled much over our country have, I am sure, been 
often and forcibly struck by the number and character of the people you have met, 
who either went from Connecticut, or traced to Connecticut ancestors. As far as I 
have observed, the sons and daughters of Connecticut, wherever found, usually illus- 
trate a high type of manhood and womanhood, and the best grade of good citizenship. 
They are enterprising and courageous in welcoming changes of clearly proved value, 
but are not usually of those who are too hospitable to untried and uncertain theories 
and plans in religion, in morals, in business or in public affairs. From the number of 
Connecticut people found scattered in every part of the country, it might be inferred 
that the State is going backward. But such is not the fact, as you probably know. 
Permit an item of comparison between her and her great daughter. The increase in 
population in Ohio in the ten years from 1880 to 1890 was equal to 14.65 per cent., 
while the increase in Connecticut was 19. 78 per cent. If we consider density of popu- 
lation we find few States in which there are as many people to the square mile as in 
Connecticut. In this respect Connecticut compares with Ohio in about the proportion 
of 160 to 90. In other words, if Ohio had been as densely populated as Connecticut, 
her population in 1890 would have been 6,560,000, instead of 3,672,000. But, my 
friends, it is not numbers that count best for your State or ours. It is the sort of man- 
hood and womanhood that makes for or against the welfare of a State. I fear that we 
are too anxious about mere numbers and, as yet, too little concerned about the quality 
of those who make up our increased population. The question instead of being, "How 
many men," should be, in the language of the old Arabian sheik, "How much man 
have you?" Mere strife for numbers inevitably brings cheap men, and cheap men are 
apt to make bad citizens. Bad citizens insure the coming of the demagogue and the 
corrupter of the franchise. Each, whatever his other classification, is the natural foe 
of all the elements of good citizenship and good government. They are the septic in- 
fluence, the blood poison, in the body politic. If the blood be rich and pure the dem- 
agogue is disturbed ; if the circulation be good he is angry, and if the central force, 
the heart, be vigorous, he is desperate. He thrives upon the misfortunes of others and 
is a promoter of discontent. From him, and those whom he is able to deceive and 
lead, we may all well pray to be delivered. 

Connecticut furnished more men for the army in the Revolutionary War than any 
other State except Massachusetts, and far more than Massachusetts in proportion to 
her population. In the last war her percentage of men furnished was within a small 
fraction of the highest in any State. To-day the National Guard (or organized militia) 
of all the States is from 110,000 to 114,000, of which not more than about 60,000 are 
considered in condition for effective service. Of this 60,000 Connecticut has nearly 
3,000, or about one-twentieth, while her population is only about one-eighty-fifth that 
of the whole country. We are so opposed to war that we are ready to do our share 
toward being so prepared for it as to secure perpetual guarantees of peace. 

But time compels me, Mr. President, to draw these fragmentary observations to a 
close. Only a word further: Thirty days before the beginning of the French Revolu- 
tion of 1848 the great De Tocqueville, in the Chamber of Deputies, predicted its com- 
ing, and was laughed at and hissed. He predicted his warning upon the fact that the 
private morals of the people had deteriorated and that the influence that had brought 
them down was the deterioration of public morals. Are there not many indications of 
the lessening of the force of high moral considerations in our own public life, a ten- 
dency to break down the moral safeguards of government and of the elements of pros- 
perity and morality in the people ? The times upon which we have fallen are full of 



7 2 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

unrest and uncertainty. With clearness of perception and the strength of the high 
purposes of former days, ma}' not Ohio and Connecticut lead the way, avoiding the 
dangers of anarchism on one side and despotism on the other, to the full and perma- 
nent establishment of those principles and methods of self government through which 
this land has been so blest in the liberty and prosperity of its people during the last 
one hundred years; so that when another century shall have elapsed, great as are the 
benefits that have accrued to the country, and the world, from what has been done by 
citizens of these States, we may then see results a thousand-fold greater that shall 
have followed from their work. 

I spoke a moment ago of the existing unrest and uncertainty. Let me say, how- 
ever, that I am of those who believe that God has purposed a great nation in planning 
and fostering this grandest example of human government, and that that mission is 
therefore to be fully accomplished. ' ' Government of the people, by the people, and 
for the people, shall not perish from the earth." 

A pleasant surprise was at this point afforded the audience by 
J. G. W. Cowles, who announced the gift to the city of land for park 
purposes valued at $600,000, from John D. Rockefeller. In reference 
to this munificent gift, Mr. Cowles said: 

Mr. Chairman, Honored Guests, Fellow Citizens, Ladies and Gentlemen : 

By your courtesy and by the request of the Board of Park Commissioners of this 
city, 1 am permitted to make, on this occasion, a statement and announcement relating 
to the parks of Cleveland. 

Prior to the gift of Wade Park to the city by J. H. Wade in 1882, Cleveland had 
no park of any considerable extent, the total area of its six so-called parks being less 
than thirty acres. Mr. Wade's gift of seventy-three acres raised the park area to 102 
acres, where it stood until 1893, when the gift of W. J. Gordon of the park called by 
his name, containing 122 acres, made the total 224 acres. 

The park area of the city is now 1,212 acres, showing an increase in less than 
three years of 988 acres. This has been done, as will later appear, at a cost to the city 
of less than $280,000 for the purchase of the land. 

But how has this result been accomplished ? Wade and Gordon parks, like all the 
others, were isolated pleasure grounds, with no relation to each other or to a system of 
parks for the whole city. Mr. Gordon felt the need of connecting these two parks by 
a continuous intervening park and parkways along the valley of Doan Brook, extend- 
ing a distance of two miles between them. He even contemplated making this a con- 
dition of his own gift, but wisely and generously trusted his fellow citizens to do, as 
soon as practicable, what so plainly needed to be done, without obligation imposed by 
him. 

In the same year the Board of Park Commissioners was organized under the " Park 
Act " of 1893, with the late Charles H. Bulkley as its first president. He was the leading 
spirit of the whole enterprise. The plan of the park system was largely his own, de- 
rived in part from his close association with Mr. Gordon. For two years he devoted 
himself to this work with a wisdom, energy and unselfishness which won for the city 
the greatest benefits, but shortened his own life. The Park Board had $1,000,000 for 
purchases and improvements. But all sections of the city must be provided for. To 
satisfy this just public demand, Edgewater Park, of 89 acres, on the West Side, was 
bought at a cost for land of $206,000; Brooklyn Park, of 81 acres, at a cost of $20,000; 
Newburg Park, of 157 acres, at a cost of $33,000, and some additions to Wade Park at 
a cost of $20,000, making the total of about $280,000 before named. At the same time 
a strong and successful beginning was made in the most important and most expensive 
part of this large design, in the purchase of lands in the Doan Brook valley, connect- 
ing Wade and Gordon Parks. This section is two miles in length, varying from five 
hundred to one thousand feet m width, and comprises 210 acres of most beautiful and 
valuable park lands, all of which have been acquired at a cost of $400,000. 

At the time of Mr. Bulkley's death, last December, so much had been accom- 
plished, and a small beginning had been made in purchases south of Euclid avenue 
leading up through the Ambler gorge to Shaker Heights. The Shaker Heights Land 
Company, owning about 1,400 acres, had offered to give to the city 279 acres, includ- 
ing the springs and two upland lakes in which the Doan Brook takes its rise, upon con- 
dition that the city should acquire and improve a parkway leading up that valley to 
their lands. Last fall the Park Board accepted the proposal, reserving six years' time 
in which to comply with its conditions. Barely six months have passed and the prelim- 



FOUNDER S DAY. 73 

inary conditions in the acquirement of land are now complied with. Including the 
gift of twenty-three acres by the Ambler estate and ten acres by Curtiss & Ambler, 
all the lands needed or desired for park purposes, covering the extent of a mile and a 
half along Doan Brook south from Wade Park, and Euclid avenue to the Shaker 
lands, and comprising sixty-six acres more, have been purchased and paid for at an 
additional cost of $200,000, making $600,000 in all as the cost of 276 acres covering 
both banks of the Doan Brook valley, for an extent of three and one-half miles north- 
ward and again southeastward from AVade Park as the central point. 

The city has not done this, nor the Park Board, nor the taxpayers of Cleveland; 
their money is not in it and will not be ; but it is done. I am not here to-day to tell 
you that it is going to be done, but that it has been done. Mr. Bulkley clearly saw 
that in natural course of things the completion of these plans must be deferred for 
many years; that only a small section could be taken at a time; and that the improve- 
ment and beautifying of the lands bought would progress so slowly that the men and 
women of to-day would have little pleasure in the new parks, unless liberal financial 
aid could be secured from some wealthy and public-spirited citizen or citizens to sup- 
plement and enlarge upon the generous gifts of Wade and Gordon. Those noble men 
had g-iven to the city lands they had long owned. But now the need was for money — 
money to buy the lands of many small owners to be combined into a great park prop- 
erty before the lands became too valuable or fully preoccupied by homes and business. 
He found encouragement to go forward; and later, means warranting the enlargement 
of the area of purchase at vital points. 

In the midst of these labors and hopes Mr. Bulkley suddenly passed away. Nobly 
and worthily had he earned the high honor in which his name will ever be held by his 
fellow citizens in association with the parks of Cleveland. But the work did not stop. 
It went steadily and rapidly forward. Plans were extended and enlarged. Funds 
were privately supplied. Double the money first intended and authorized has been 
expended in order to gain a broad and noble and satisfying effect in the development of 
the Doan Brook Park in its full extent of four and a half miles from the Shaker lands 
to Gordon Park. 

Since October last the Park Board has bought none of these lands. For ten 
months the work has been privately conducted, and deeds are now in possession, the 
work of purchasing is completed, the last conveyance was delivered yesterday. So 
that now. on this Founder's Day of our Centennial celebration, on behalf of the Park 
Commissioners, I am instructed to announce to the citizens of Cleveland the offer made 
to them not only of the gift to the city of Cleveland for park purposes of the lands so 
privately purchased at a cost of $270,000, but also to replace in the treasury of the Park 
Board the amount of $330,000, paid by said board for Doan Brook lands before such 
individual purchases were undertaken, making in all a gift to the city of Cleveland of 
270 acres before described, costing $600,000, upon conditions already understood and 
approved in part, the principal one being that the whole amount ot the cost of these 
lands shall be expended upon said lands in improving and beautifying them, so as to 
make this magnificent addition to the parks of Cleveland speedily available for the use 
and benefit and delight of all the people. And from this hour in the honored and 
noble company of Wade and Gordon as benefactors of their fellow citizens and fellow 
men, in our hearts with gratitude and upon our lips with praise will be the name of 
the giver of this princely gift, Mr. John D. Rockefeller. 

His modesty is equal to his liberality, and he is not here to share with us this 
celebration. The streams of his benevolence flow largely in hidden channels, unseen 
and unknown to men; but when he founds a university in Chicago or gives a beautiful 
park to Cleveland, with native forests and shady groves, rocky ravines, sloping hill- 
sides and level valleys, cascades and running brook and still pools of water, all close 
by our homes, open and" easy of access to all our people, such deeds cannot be hid — 
they belong to the public and to history, as the gift itself is for the people and for 
posterity. 

Three cheers were given by the audience for Mr. Rockefeller. The 
following' resolution, presented by L. E. Holden, was then adopted by 
a standing vote : 

Whereas, John D. Rockefeller has through his friend and agent, J. G. W. Cowles, 
tendered to the city of Cleveland for the benefit of all the people tracts of land and 
money for park and boulevard purposes which could not be duplicated for a million 
dollars, therefore, mindful of this great gift which is to go down the ages as a source 
of health, pleasure, education, and culture not only to the citizens of Cleveland, but 
to all visitors, now, therefore, be it 



74 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



Rt'so/vt'd, By the people assembled on this the one-hundredth anniversary of the 
founding of the city, that, deeply conscious of the value of this magnificent gift and 
addition to our park system and the motives and purpose under which it has been 
given ; and moved by this sense of our appreciation of it and the generosity of the 
giver, we accept the gift and most cordially tender to him our vote of sincere thanks, 
and in accepting these lands as a part of our park system we request him to permit 
them to be named and known as the Rockefeller Park, so that his name may go down 
the ages in the hearts of the present and unborn generations as one of the great names 
in American history who knew how to plant money where it will be immortal in cul- 
ture and character. 

Governor Bushnell fulfilled the pleasant duty of welcoming the 
guests on behalf of the State. He said : 

I regret that the day is so far spent that I cannot make a long speech. I would like 
to talk an hour or two. I am like the boy at the revival. The evangelist asked all 

those who would like to go to 
heaven to rise. All rose except 
this one boy. Then all the peo- 
ple who thought they would like 
to go to the other place were 
asked to get up. Not a soul 
rose. " Boy," said the minister, 
"what is the matter with you ? 
Don't you want to go to either 
place?" "No," said the boy, 
" Ohio is good enough for me." 
(Laughter and applause. ) 

That is the way I feel about 
it. Ohio is good enough for me. 
I never tire of talking about 
Ohio- and in talking about her 
I take occasion to pay my re- 
spects to the mother State. I 
should like to spend some time 
in talking about her great insti- 
tutions and her great men, but 
I will not, for time will not per- 
mit me, and you are still to hear 
from one of her great men. 
(Here Governor Bushnell pointed 
to Major McKinley, and the ap- 
plause was uproarious.) Gen- 
tlemen of Connecticut, in bid- 
ding you welcome I speak for 
the whole people of Ohio. The 
Mayor of Cleveland bade you 
welcome to this beautiful Forest 
City, but I bid you welcome 
to the entire State. From this 
Forest City on the lake, this Clyde of the United States, to the beautiful Queen City, 
on the southern borders of the State, and from old Marietta, where an Ohio com- 
munity was established by forty-eight Connecticut men to Conneaut, where Moses 
Cleaveland first landed, the State is yours. In the name of all the people of Ohio, 
I extend you a most cordial welcome. Between Lake Erie and the Ohio River 
the intervening space is covered with beautiful growing cities and splendid farms. 
All these cities and farms are inhabited by loyal and patriotic people, in the name of 
all of whom I bid you welcome to Ohio. Whether we are Saxon, Teuton or Danish in 
extraction ; gold or silver in sentiment, it is all the same. I extend to you the free- 
dom of all Ohio. To you, Governor Coffin, and your executive staff, and your citizens 
who are with you, I offer you our commonwealth to-day. From what has been said, 
and what little I will have to say, you can gain some idea of the value of the State. 

Over one-half of the iron ore produced in this country is mined in the Lake 
Superior region, and owned largely by people in Cleveland. Ohio has more farms, 
though perhaps not more farm land, than any other State in the Union. 




CLEVELAND 



FOUNDER S DAY. 75 

I am not more cordial to you, gentlemen, than to Mrs. Coffin and Mrs. Graham, 
and the other ladies who are with your party. We appreciate your journey to our 
State in this hot summer month, and we accord you a cordial welcome. I remember 
well that when I first visited Cleveland there were no railroads running either in or 
out of the city. You can readily imagine that was not a very long time ago. 

I thank you all cordially for accepting the invitation that the party, of which I 
was one, extended to you last winter to be present at this time. 1 prophesy for the 
future a population in Cleveland, and in Ohio at large, which will be a marvel, and all 
of the best people. 

Chairman Hoyt then remarked: "Any oceasion is made the more 
perfect by the presence of the President of the United States. We have 
had a pleasant message from the President which was read to you earlier 
in the morning. But we will hear one to-day who is to be the next Presi- 
dent of the United States, our friend and neighbor who is with us to-day, 
Major William McKinley. " 

A great ovation was accorded the popular ex-governor, ending in 
three cheers led by Governor Bushnell. When the demonstration ceased 
Major McKinley spoke as follows: 
Mr. President and my Fellow Citizens : 

The people of Cleveland do well to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of their 
great and beautiful city. Its original builders are long since gone, and their mighty 
struggles are passing from individual recollection into the field of tradition and history. 
Anniversaries like this increase our pride for the men who wrought so excellently, 
despite their trials and hardships, from which the present generation would intuitively 
shrink. They recall to our minds the high character and courage, the lofty aims and 
great sacrifices of our sturdy ancestors, and inspire us to revere their memories and 
imitate their virtues. The thoughtful observance of an anniversary like this, there- 
fore, does all who are associated with it, or who come within its influence, positive 
good. It unfolds the past and enlightens the present, and by emphasizing the value of 
the ties of family, home and country, it encourages civic pride and appeals to the 
highest and best sentiments of our hearts and lives. We have brought to our minds 
the picture of the beginning and the little we then possessed, in vivid contrast with 
the much that has been acquired and accomplished since. And if the lesson is rightly 
learned, it suggests to all of us how much we have to do to contribute our share to the 
progress and civilization of the future. It is a counting of the sheaves garnered in the 
harvest of the past, and a stimulus to higher endeavor in the future. A hundred years 
of effort and sacrifice, of skill and activity, of industry and economy are placed before 
our eyes. To-day the present generation pays its homage to Cleveland's founders, 
and offers in her own proud strength and beauty a generous and unqualified testi- 
monial to their wisdom and work. (Applause.) The statistics of the population of 
Cleveland, and of her growth, production and wealth, do not and cannot tell the story 
of her greatness. We have been listening to the interesting and eloquent words of 
historian, poet and orator, graphically describing her rise from obscurity to promi- 
nence. They have woven into perfect and pleasing narrative the truthful and yet 
well established record of her advancement from an unknown frontier settlement in 
the western wilderness to the proud rank of eleventh city in the United States, the 
grandest country in the world. " (Applause.) We have heard with just pride, so mar- 
vellous has been her progress, that among the greatest cities on the earth only sixty- 
two now outrank Cleveland in population. Her life is as one century to twen- 
ty compared with some of that number, yet her civilization is as far advanced as 
that of the proudest metropolis in . the world. In point of government, education, 
morals, and business thrift and enterprise, Cleveland may well claim recognition 
with the foremost, and is fairly entitled to warm congratulations and high eulo- 
gy on this her Centennial Day. Nor will any envy her people a season of self-grat- 
ulation and rejoicing. You inaugurate to-day a Centennial celebration in honor of 
your successful past, and its beginning is, with singular appropriateness, called Found- 
er's Day. We have heard with interest the description of the commercial importance 
of this city, a port on a chain of lakes whose tonnage and commerce surpass those of 
any other'sea or ocean on the globe. We realize the excellence and superiority of the 
great railroad systems which center in Cleveland. We marvel at the volume and 
variety of your numerous manufactories, and see about us on every hand the pleasant 



76 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

evidences of your comfort and culture, not only in your beautiful and hospitable homes, 
but in your churches, schools, charities, factories, business houses, streets and viaducts, 
public parks, statues and monuments — indeed, in your conveniences, adornments and 
improvements of every sort, we behold all the advantages and blessings of the model 
modern city, worthy to be both the pride of a great State and much grander Nation. 
(Great applause. ) This is the accomplishment of a century. Who wrought it — who 
made all this possible? Whence came they, and what manner of men and women were 
they to undertake to reclaim the wilderness from its primeval savagery? Such are the 
questions that come instinctively to our lips. We are told that the original band of 
fifty pioneers, under the leadership of Moses Cleaveland, arrived at the mouth of the 
Cuyahoga on July 22, 1796, and that they ascended the bank and beheld the beautiful 
plain, covered with luxuriant forests, which they properly defined as " a splendid site 
for a city. " Perhaps the historian can remember the names of a dozen, or discover 
among us as many of their immediate descendants as there were original settlers, but 
whether we can call them all or any of them by name or not, this we do know — they 
were men of pure lives, nobly consecrated to the good of the community. Sober, seri- 
ous, even stern and austere they may have been, but grand was their mission and well 
did they accomplish it. (Applause. ) They planted here in the wilderness, upon firm 
and enduring foundations, the institutions of free government. They recognized 
and enforced the glorious doctrines and priceless privileges of civil and religious 
liberty, of law and order, of the rights, dignity and independence of labor, of the 
rights of property, and of the inviolability of public faith and honor. (Applause.) 
Never were any men more zealous in patriotic devotion to free government and the 
Union of the States. On their long and toilsome journey from their Connecticut 
homes they did not forget the Fourth of July, and, though in sad straights, they 
celebrated it with thankfulness and joy, and unfurled to the breeze our glorious old 
flag, with its thirteen stars and stripes, on the Nation's natal day, on its now far 
distant twentieth anniversary. They believed not only in the Declaration of In- 
dependence, but in the Constitution which gave effect and force to its immortal 
truths ; and no men anywhere struggled more bravely to sustain its great princi- 
ples than some of these very settlers. Indeed, the tribute which Washington had 
paid but a few years before to the men who had settled at the mouth of the Mus- 
kingum may well be applied to the little band that founded the Forest City. "No 
colony in America," said he, " was ever settled under such favorable auspices. In- 
formation, prosperity and strength will be its characteristics. There never were 
men better calculated to promote the welfare of any community." They were of 
the same ancestral stock, of like education and training, and had gained a similar high 
reputation for ability and energy. Their ideas of government and of the value and 
importance of education were drawn from the same sources, while their religious faith 
and sense of justice were also similar. They may frequently have been discouraged, 
but they were always brave and determined. Their faith was sublime. They were 
of the stock which gave to the world a civilization without a parallel in recorded his- 
tory, and offered to the struggling races of men everywhere assurances of the re- 
alization of their best and highest aspirations. They opened the door to the op- 
pressed in every land, and the wisdom of their foresight has been abundantly veri- 
fied by the infusion into our society of those strong and sturdy foreign elements which 
have given to the Republic so many of its best and patriotic citizens, by whose aid this 
State and city have become so great. (Applause.) Every step in your advancement 
is but the confirmation of the wisdom of the fathers, of their foresight and keen 
sagacity. Your progress and prosperity is the highest testimonial, their most last- 
ing memorial. Glorious pioneer, he made and left his impress wherever he pitched 
his camp or raised his cabin! His was the impress of the sturdy manhood that 
feared God and loved liberty. He stands as the representative of a great age and well 
improved opportunity, the sturdiest oak in the great forest of man. As the peak 
which first catches the morning light is the grand monarch of the hills, so the sturdy 
pioneer who struck the first blow for freedom is the grand monarch of our civilization. 
Let me commend you to his precious example. It is richer than titles of royalty. God 
grant that the fires of liberty which he kindled; that the respect for law and order which 
he inculcated; that the freedom of conscience and religious liberty which he taught, 
and which found expression in the Constitution of the United States; that the public 
credit and honor which he established "as the most important source of our strength 
and security;" and that the fervent and self-sacrificing devotion to our splendid free 
institutions, which were ever the animating and controlling purposes of his nature, may 
be as dear to the people of this and each succeeding generation as they were to him." 
(Continued applause.) 



FOUNDER S DAY 



77 



Senator Sherman was the last speaker. The " Grand Old Man of 
Ohio," as he was appropriately termed, was greeted with enthusiastic 
applause. He said : 

Little wonder that we love Connecticut. Our ancestors were there and we are 
bound to the State by closest ties. But we are here more to celebrate Cleveland. It 
is the Centennial of this city, and not the anniversary of the old New England com- 
monwealth, we are here to honor. (Applause. ) This city of Cleveland is a municipality 
of 350.000 people, largely descendants of Connecticut ancestors. The people of Con- 
necticut present the purest conception of a republican form of government. The State 
was founded by men who believed, and whose descendants believe in vesting every 
power in the people directly. The people of Connecticut are shrewd business men, and 
seldom make a bad bargain, and they invest their means profitably. The money which 
they received for the Western Reserve they put into their schools, where it received 
accretions, and has done the best good possible. 

The city of Cleveland has now within its borders approximately 350,000 people, 
and in the future years it is destined to have a 
million. It has on its borders the most mag- 
nificent body of fresh water in the whole 
world. This body of water has built up its 
shipping, and contributed much to its steady 
and magnificent growth. Another element 
which has entered into its growth is its ad- 
mirable location on this body of water at the 
best point of distribution for surrounding coun- 
try. Still another element is the sturdy and 
reliable character of its citizens. Look at the 
many magnificent cities which in a century 
have grown up about this chain of lakes. 
Cleveland and Buffalo, and we must not for- 
get to mention Toledo. Then there is Detroit 
and Milwaukee and Chicago, and I look for 
the time when there will be magnificent cities 
on the great northern lake, Superior. As to 
the south bank of Lake Erie, so many fine 
towns are growing up along it that I expect 
that when 1996 arrives there will be a continu- 
ous city all along the shore. What should 
be done is to construct around Niagara 
Falls a great waterway, that our shipping 
on the great lakes may sail into the ocean. 
(Applause.) Cleveland is a city of work- 
shops and factories. We must never lose 
sight of the fact that it is the workingmen 
who develop the resources and beautify the 
streets and avenues of a great city. Men, not 
only those who work daily with their hands, 
but those who, having in their early life se- 
cured a fortune, make gifts to the community of magnificent public parkways or of 
money may be included in this category. 

And I now think I have said all that I have to say. I have enjoyed myself great- 
ly. I have been among friends, and rejoice at the prosperity of this magnificent Ohio 
city. I thank you all very kindly for your attention. 

Following the speeches, Mayor Preston, of Hartford, was introduced. 
The benediction was then pronounced by Rev. S. P. Sprecher, D. D., 
pastor of the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian Church, and the programme 
of this memorable morning thus came to a close. Upon the dismissal 
of the meeting there was a general interchange of greetings and many 
handshakes between the sons and daughters of Old Connecticut and the 
sons and daughters of the new. 




COL. J. J. SULLIVAN. 



78 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

THE PARADE. 

The arrival of noon brought little hope of a cessation of rairt, and 
the outlook for the afternoon parade was indeed gloomy. Chief Marshal 
Sullivan was determined, however, not to capitulate to the weather, and 
preparations for the display were carried steadily forward. Notwith- 
standing the continued drizzle the people began to turn out and seek 
the best locations for viewing the parade. The broad steps of the Sol- 
diers' and Sailors' Monument were early covered with spectators whose 
dripping umbrellas appeared in undulating tiers. About 1 o'clock a 
detachment of cavalry from Camp Moses Cleaveland came prancing 
up Superior street, headed by officers erect and manifestly regard- 
less of the conditions overhead. This gave encouragement to the 
crowds along the streets, and shouts of approval were given at every 
turn. Other military and civic organizations were soon assembling, 
men in uniforms, and bands of music hurrying to and fro to claim 
their places in the line. Presently the clouds dispersed and the sun 
shone out brightly, making all hearts glad. The streets dried rapidly 
and the afternoon, contrary to expectation, became an admirable one 
for the display. Then began a rush from all parts of the city for the 
down-town section. People came by thousands and tens of thousands, 
densely crowding the Public Square and filling up the intersecting 
streets for many blocks. Trolley cars were brought to a standstill in 
the center of the city, and were turned into temporary reviewing stands 
by enterprising youth. The scene from the foot of Superior street look- 
ing east was an inspiring one. Such a crowd as that assembled on this 
anniversary afternoon was, with one exception, never before assembled 
in Cleveland, that exception being the day of the funeral of President 
Garfield. Both sides of Superior street were lined with people who 
occupied every available space. Like a river entering the sea, the 
crowd along the street merged into the greater mass at the Public 
Square. Stretching out Euclid avenue to Brownell street and as far as 
Kennard street the human ribbon found its way. It was estimated by 
those accustomed to calculate the size of crowds that fully 200,000 peo- 
ple viewed the parade. Ropes were stretched along the main thor- 
oughfares, and mounted police did active service in keeping the passage- 
ways clear. 

In spite of the rain many of the decorations remained intact, and 
under the influence of the afternoon sun soon regained their brightness. 
Flags and bunting fluttered gaily in the breeze and seemed all the 
fairer for their morning bath. Many incidents illustrative of the lively 
competition for points of vantage by the spectators attracted atten- 
tion. An adventurous girl stood beside the flag-staff on top of the 
Cuyahoga building and gazed down upon the multitude as contentedly as 
though she were a sparrow in search of freedom from the throng. 
Other persons sat on the cornices of the lofty Arcade building, or occu- 
pied chairs on the roofs of adjoining blocks. Enterprising lads climbed 
the sign-posts along the streets, and scores of children perched peace- 
fully on the shoulders of their parents. It was a typical midsummer 
crowd, light suits and straw hats, shirt waists and tan shoes being in 
popular favor. 

The parade formed on the streets north of Superior street, between 



FOUNDER S DAY. 



79 



Bond and Water streets. The line of march was from Lake street to 
Water street, to Superior, to east side of Piiblie Square, to Euclid, to 
Brownell, to Prospect, to Kennard, to Euclid, to Erie, to Superior, past 
the reviewing stand in front of the City Hall, through the Centennial 
Arch and disbanding. It was about 3 o'clock when the bugle was 
sounded and the procession began to move. As Chief Marshal Sullivan 
and his staff, headed by a platoon of mounted police, swung into Supe- 
rior street and proceeded eastward they were met with loud huzzas. 
Following these came the Ninth New York Regiment Band, and im- 
mediately thereafter the famous Troop A, of Cleveland, with guidons 
and banners flying in the breeze. The troop preceded a long line of 
carriages bearing governors and ex-governors, senators and ex-senators, 
mayors and ex-mayors, members of the Centennial Commission and the 
distinguished guests. Next in order came the brigades of soldiers 
which, company af- 
ter company, passed 
with martial tread. 
The street was a 
solid mass of mili- 
tary for half a mile, 
the scene shifting 
from the plain and 
sturdy regulars and 
guardsmen to the 
more elaborately- 
equipped organiza- 
tions. There were 
soldiers until one 
almost tired of the 
view. Then came 
the civic societies, 
with their varied 
uniforms and insig- 
nia, followed by the 
Veteran Volunteer 
Fire Department, 
strangely contrast- 
ing with the modern department of the city, which was also in line, the 
letter carriers, the boys' brigades and a long list of other features. As 
the distinguished men were borne in their carriages through the streets 
they were kept bowing right and left in response to continued ovations. 
Especially was this true of ex-Governor McKinley, Governor Bushnell, 
Senator Sherman and Governor Coffin. 

The parade was everywhere received with demonstrations of en- 
thusiasm. It was in itself a triumph of the century. It was five 
miles long, requiring over two hours to pass a given point. In its 
military and civic appointments, as well as its special attractions, it was 
the greatest parade ever given in the State. The sun was fast declining 
when the head of the column reached Superior street on the return 
march to the Public Square. A great shout went up from the crowd 
which had been patiently awaiting its reappearance. The view of 
the advancing column was one of rare beauty, the soldierly precision with 




VETERAN VOLUNTEER FIREMEN. 

" Snap Shot " on Euclid Avenue. 



So 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



which it moved, the life and vigor displayed evoking the heartiest praise 
from the spectators. When the chief marshal and his aids reached the 
official reviewing stand they quickly brought their horses in line along the 
north side of Superior street. The carriages then drew up and their 
occupants alighted and were ushered by Mayor McKisson to positions 
reserved for them in the reviewing stand, where they stood for over an 
hour, hats in hand, observing the brilliant succession of troops and uni- 
formed civilians, joining in the applause of the crowds and bowing fre- 
quent acknowledgments to expressions from the column. The lamps 
had been lighted before the end came in sight. The last company 
to reach the stand was a squad of Grand Army men. The welcome 
that met them paid them well for their wearisome march. They were 
roundly cheered. In response they gave a cheer for Major McKinley 
and received a cheer from him in return. With patriotic ardor they 
began to sing " Marching Through Georgia." The strain was taken up 
by Major McKinley and the other men in the stand, and the voices of 
comrades and of national leaders in the financial, business and political 
world blended harmoniously together in the stirring song. 

There was a general rush for ex-Governor McKinley at the conclu- 
sion of the parade, by those desiring to shake his hand. A bouquet of 
roses which had been presented to him on the march was crushed and 
torn into a hundred pieces, the petals of the flowers being carried away 
as keepsakes, by his admiring friends. 

The detailed formation of the parade was as follows : 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Platoon of Mounted Police. 
Col. J. J. Sullivan, Chief Marshal and Staff, consisting of 
Col. Clarence E. Burke, Chief of Staff. 
Capt. Henry R. Adams, Adjutant General. 
Capt. John C. Roland, Assistant Adjutant General. 
Capt. J. C. Shields, Chief of Artillery. 
Capt. H. B. Hannum, Quartermaster General. 
Dr. Henry W. Kitchen, Surgeon General. 
Colonel Jared A. Smith, U. S. A., Chief of Engineers. 



Gen. W. P. Orr, 
Col. J. L. Cameron, 
Maj. W. J. Gleason, 
Capt. H. A. Smith, 
Col. John O. Winship, 
Maj. Willard Abbott, 
Col. C. V. Hard, 
Maj. D. W. Johns, 
Capt. E. L. Patterson, 



Gen. T. T. Dill, 
Gen. John S. Kountz, 
Col. W. J. Morgan, 
Col. A. McAllister, 
Col. W. T. Clark, 
Capt. Walter R. Austin, 
Col. Dan S. Gardner, 
Maj. E. W. Oglebay, 
Capt. E. J. Kennedy, 



Capt. Julius M. Carrington, Capt. T. W. Hill, 



Capt. H. Q\ Sargent, 
Capt. E. M. Hessler, 
Maj. Chas. H. Smith, 
Dr. H. C. Eyman, 
John A. Zangerle, 
David Armstrong, 
Col. Patrick Calhoun, 
Morris Black, 
Robert S. Pierce, 
T. S. Dunlap, 
William B. Maxson, 
W. W. Hazzard, 
Herbert McBride, 



Capt. C. G. Barnes, 
Capt. J. W. Conger, 
Capt. W. S. Williams. 
Dr. F. L. Thompson, 
J. C. Lower, 
Charles P. Salen, 
Henry A. Griffin, 
Capt. E. D. Sawyer, 
Sidney H. Short, 
C. C. Burnett, 
J. S. Dickie, 
W. G. Wilson, 
Chas. E. Adams, 



Col. R. P. Brown, 
Capt. David Lanning, 
Col. F. H. Flick, 
Col. Allan T. Brinsmade, 
Hon. Elroy M. Avery, 
Col. Wm. Monaghan, 
Maj. W. F. Dick, 
Capt. Luther Allen, 
Capt. W. R. Ryan, 
Capt. W. C. Cowin, 
Capt. Harry W. Fisher, 
Capt. T. Spencer Knight, 
H. H. Hyman, 
B. F. Phinney, 
Capt. Conrad Beck, 
Capt. Harry L. Vail, 
Dan F. Reynolds, Jr., 
George K. Ross, 
Frank C. Adams, 
Horace C. Hutchins, 
N. Weidenkopf, 
Thos. P. Howell, 
Chas. A. Otis, Jr., 



FOUNDER S DAY. 



8l 



W. R. Doering, 
John H. Brown, 
T. J. McManus, 
E. G. Tillotson, 
Capt. J. S. White, 



Chas. J. Estep, 
P. M. Harvey, 
John Sherwin, 
Capt. H. F. Chandler. 



Rockwell Morley, 
C. B. Squire, 
Dr. J. F. Isom, 
Lieut. Harry R. Robinson, 
Richard M. Coulton, 
Ninth New York Regiment Band. 
Troop A, First Cavalry, Ohio National Guard, Captain R. E. Burdick, Commanding. 
Governor Asa S. Bushnell, of Ohio. 
Governo- O. Vincent Coffin, of Connecticut. 
Staff of the Governor of Ohio: 
Major General H. A. Axline, Adjutant General. 
Brigadier General W. P. Orr, Quartermaster General. 
Brigadier General J. Kent Hamilton, Judge Advocate General. 
Brigadier General Dr. J. E. Lowes, Surgeon General. 
Colonel H. B. Kingslev, Assistant Adjutant General. 
Colonel A. L. Conger, Chief of Engineers. 
Colonel W. B. Melish. 











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t y 1/V ***** V. , 










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i 




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THE WATER TOWER OF 1 896. 
" Snap Shot " on Euclid Avenue. 



Colonel D. L. Cockley. 
Colonel G. D. Wick'. 
Colonel J. W. Barger. 
Colonel C. B. Wing. 
Colonel C. E. Burke. 
Colonel C. R. Fisher. 
Colonel Julius Fleishmann. 
Colonel H. H. Prettyman. 

Colonel H D. Knox. 

Colonel L. K. Anderson. 

Colonel H. A. Marting. 

Captain George Andrews, U. S. A. 

Staff of the Governor of Connecticut : 

Brigadier General Chas. P. Graham, Adjutant General. 

Brigadier General W. E. Disbrow, Quartermaster General. 

Brigadier General George A. Bowen, Surgeon General. 

Brigadier General Henry S. Peck, Commissary General. 

Brigadier General James H. Jarman, Paymaster General. 



§2 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Brigadier General L. M. Daggett, Judge Advocate General. 

Colonel W. E. F. Landers, Assistant Adjutant General. 

Colonel L. R. Cheney, Assistant Quartermaster General. 

Colonel H. L. Camp. 

Colonel F. C. Johnson. 

Colonel W. J. Miller. 

Colonel H. W. Wessells. 

Captain J. M. Thompson, U. S. A. 

Governor's Foot-Guard of Connecticut. 

Fifty Carriages, two abreast, 

Containing Distinguished Guests: 

Hon. William McKinley. 

Senator Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, Orator of the Day. 

Mayor and City Council of Hartford, Conn., and others. 

James H. Hoyt, Esq.. President of the Day. 

The Right Rev. W. A. Leonard, D. D. 

Rev. H. J. Ruetenik, D. D. 

Senator John .Sherman. 

Lieutenant Governor Asa W. Jones. 

General M. F. Force. 

General John S. Kountz. 

CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

OFFICERS. 

Governor Asa S. Bushnell, Honorary President. 

Samuel G. McClure, Honorary Secretary. 

Mayor Robert E. McKisson,' President. 

L. E. Holden, First Vice-President. 

A. J. Williams, Second Vice-President. 

Edward A. Roberts, Secretary. 

Charles W. Chase, Treasurer.' 

Wilson M. Day, Director-General. 

MEMBERS — STATE. 

Hon. Asa S. Bushnell, Governor. 

Hon. S. M. Taylor, Secretary of State. 

' Hon. W. D. Guilbert, Auditor of State. 

Hon. Asa W. Jones, President of the Senate. 

Hon. D. L. Sleeper, Speaker of the House. 

MUNICIPALITY. 

Robert E. McKisson, Mayor. 

Miner G. Norton, Director of Law. 
T>arwin E. Wright, Director of Public Works. 
Frank A. Emerson, President of City Council. 

H. Q. Sargent, Director of Schools. 

AT LARGE. 

Wrn. J. Akers, H. M. Addison, A. T. Anderson, 

Bolivar Butts, Col. Clarence E. Burke, Chas. F. Brush, 

Chas. W. Chase, Geo. W. Cadv, John C. Covert 

L. E. Holden, J. H. Hoyt, ' M. A. Hanna, ' 

John C. Hutchms," George W. Kinnev, John Meckes, 

James B. Morrow, " Daniel Myers, Samuel Mather, 

Wilson M. Day, George Deming, Col. Wm. Edwards, 

Martin A. Foran, Kaufman Havs, Col. O. J. Hodge, 

H. R. Hatch, E. W. Oglebay, James M. Richardson, 

H. A. Sherwm, A. J. Williams, A. L. Withineton. 

Augustus Zehring, 

^ J. G. W. Cowles, President Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. 
C. A. Grasselli, Vice-President Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. 

S. F. Haserot, Vice-President Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. 
Ryerson Ritchie, Secretary Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. 



founder's day. 83 

SECOND DIVISION. 

MILITARY — THREE BRIGADES. 

Major General H. A. Axline, Commanding. 

Staff. 

Colonel G. R. Gyger, 8th Infantry, O. N. G. 

Colonel A. B. Coit, 14th Infantry, O. N. G. 

Colonel A. L. Hamilton, 17th Infantry, O. N. G. 

Colonel J. A. Kuert, 2nd Infantry, O. N. G. 

Colonel W. N. P. Darrow, 1st Light Artillery, O. N. G. 

Captain J. B. Perkins, Veteran Troop "A," O. N. G. 

Captain C. C. Bolton Veteran Troop "A," O. N. G. 

Captain Benjamin F. TenEyck, Dept. U. S. A. 

First Infantry, O. N. G. 

Sixteenth Infantry, O. N. G. 

Fifth Infantry, O. N. G. 

Captain John H. Blair, Unattached, O. N. G. 

FIRST BRIGADE. 

Colonel John S. Poland, 17th U. S. Infantry, Commanding. 

Staff. 

Great Western Band. 

Seventeenth Regiment United States Infantry, Major Lacey, Commanding. 

Light Battery E., First Regiment U. S. Artillery, Captain Allyn Capron, Commanding. 

Troop A., Third United States Cavalry, Captain James O. Mackay, Commanding. 

SECOND BRIGADE. 

Colonel C. B. Hunt, 1st Infantry, O. N. G., Commanding. 

Staff. 

Lake Marine Band. 

First Regiment, Ohio National Guard, Lt. Col. W. H. Day, Commanding. 

Great Eastern Band. 

Sixteenth Regiment, O. N. G., Col. H. S. Bunker, Commanding. 

Toledo Cadets, Capt. W. D. McMaken, Commanding. 

Light Artillery Band. 

Fifth Regiment, O. N. G., Col. C. L. Kennan, Commanding. 

Battery A., Light Artillery, Capt. Geo. T. McConnell, Commanding. 

THIRD URIGADE. 
INDEPENDENT MILITARY COMPANIES. 

Colonel W. J. Morgan, Commanding. 

Staff. 

Kirk's Military Band. 

Cleveland Grays, Captain W. F. Rees, Commanding. 

Association Rifles, Captain J. C. Beardsley, Commanding. 

Cleveland City Guard, Captain W. A. Hare, Commanding. 

Scottish American Volunteers, Captain J. F. McCarthy, Commanding. 

Cleveland Scots Guards, Captain P. A. McKenzie, Commanding. 

Hibernian Rifles. 

Company A, Captain M. P. Cummings, Commanding. 

Company C, Captain P. F. Callaghan, Commanding. 

Cleveland Gatling Gun Battery, Capt. D. O. Caswell, Commanding. 

THIRD DIVISION. 

General John Dunn, Commanding. 

Staff. 

Colonel R. J. Kegg, Adjutant General. 

General C. D. Murphy, Inspector General. 

E. J. Hug, Quartermaster General. 

Peter MeHugh, Paymaster General. 

Captain John J. Cushing, Aid-de-camp. 

Captain C. Schmunck, Aid-de-camp. 

Fay's Band. 



8 4 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAN|). 



FIRST OHIO BRIGADE, KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN. 

First Regiment, Colonel Chas. A. Dainz, Commanding. 

Staff. 

T. P. Norton, Lieutenant Colonel. 

J. E. Byrne, Senior Major. 

F. J. O'Rourke, Junior Major. 

James T. Leahey, Adjutant and Chief of Staff. 

B. Jenchen, Inspector. 

Phillip Monreal, Quartermaster. 

Henry Elfring, Paymaster. 

H. H. DeWitt, Commissary. 

James Rochford, Aid-de-camp. 

Washington Commandery, Capt. Thomas Fay, Commanding. 

Shields Commandery, Capt. T. G. Smith, Commanding. 

St. Peter's Commandery, Capt. P. J. Hottois, Commanding. 

St. Joseph's Commandery, Lieut. M. J. Bruder, Commanding. 

Holy Trinity Commandery, Capt. Wm. F. Tausch, Commanding. 




"SNAP SHOT' OK THE l'AK.VDl-: UN EUCLID AVENUE. 



Sheridan Commandery, Capt. T. C. O'Rourke, Commanding. 

St. Francis' Commandery, Capt. Fred. Armbruster, Commanding. 

Immaculate Conception Commandery, Capt. J. C. Mangan, Commanding. 

Cleveland Commandery, Capt. Jas. L. Aspell, Commanding. 

Band — Meyers' Union. 

Second Regiment, Col. John Wilhelm, Commanding. 

Staff. 



A. Besmger, Lieutenant Colonel, 
John Johnston, Jun. Maj., 
F. A. Stovering, Surgeon, 
Paul Justmski, Quartermaster, 
F. W. Harrington, Commissar)', 



John Vevera, Sen. Maj., 

John E. Niebes, Adj. and Chief of Staff, 

T. F. Kelley, Inspector, 

J. E. Connelly, Paymaster, 

']. W. Patton, Aid-de-camp. 



LaFayette Commandery, Capt. Thos. Lally, Commanding. 

St. George Commandery, Acting Capt. Louis Huber, Commanding. 

Feather Matthew Commandery, Capt. J. T. O'Brien, Commanding. 

St. Augustine Commandery, Capt. B. Crowley, Commanding. 

St. Stephen's Commandery, Capt. E. Theis, Commanding. 



founder's day. 85 

St. Michael's Commandery, Capt. G. Kaufman, Commanding. 

St. Wenceslaus' Commandery, Capt. J. Dik, Commanding. 

Leo Commandery, Capt. C. Connors, Commanding. 

Father Matthew Commandery, No. 267, Capt. I. Longtin, Commanding. 

Knights of St. Casimer, Capt. M. P. Kniola, Commanding. 

Company A, Hibernian Knights, Capt. John Walsh, Commanding. 

Miscellaneous Uniformed Catholic Societies. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 

Colonel John W. Gibbons, Commanding. 

Staff. 

Band— I. O. O. F. 

Second Regiment, Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias, Col. Albert Petzke, Commanding. 

First Battalion, 6th Regiment, Patriarchs Militant, I. O. O. F., Col. C. L. Alderson, 

Commanding. 
Excelsior Encampment, No. 32, Royal Foresters, Capt. John Cramer, Commanding. 
Washington Commandery, Sons of St. George, Capt. Geo. B. Hooker, Commanding. 

Sheridan Commandery, Knights of Golden Eagle, Capt. E. O. Keis, Commanding. 

Pearl Division No. 1, Uniform Rank, K. ( ). T. M., Capt. Allen Gebbie, Commanding, 

Forest City Division No. 6, K. O. T. M., Capt. W. H. Sletz'er, Commanding. 

Matus Tremcansky Assembly, John Holcin, Commanding. 

Italian Fraternal Society, Dr. Pietro Pasmi, Commanding. 

FIFTH DIVISION. 

Colonel John C. Hutchins, Commanding. 

Staff. 

Veteran Volunteer Fire Department, Chief M. M. Spangler, Commanding. 

Cleveland Fire Department, Chief J. W. Dickinson, Commanding. 

Band — Letter Carriers. 

Cleveland Letter Carriers' Association, August H. Eggert, Commanding. 

Second Regiment Boys' Brigade, M. Millard, Commanding. 

Cleveland Doan Guards, Capt. H. W. Harding, Commanding. 

Band — Cleveland Star Cornet. 

Forest City Division, Capt. H. C. Jackson, Commanding. 

Ezekiel Commandery, S. W. Walker, Commanding. 

The Cleveland L'Ouverture Rifles, Capt. James Rhodes, Commanding. 

Patriarch No. 8, I. O. O. F., Capt. Douglas, Commanding. 

SIXTH DIVISION. 

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 

General E. L. Lybarger, Department Commander, Commanding. 

E. Z. Hays, Assistant Adjutant General. 

J. W. Stanton, Assistant Quartermaster General and Aid-de-camp. 

American Band. 

Army and Navy Post, J. Wm. Chestnut, Commanding, as escort to visiting Posts. 

Buckley Post, Akron, Ohio, A. Teeple, Commanding. 

Hart Post, Massillon, Ohio, Peter Scharles, Commanding. 

Richard Allen Post, Elyria, Ohio, C. B. Spring, Commanding. 

Pomerine Post, Millersburg, Ohio, J. G. McCollough, Commanding. 

Unassigned Posts, and unattached Comrades. 

Band — -Cleveland Bugle Corps. 

Memorial Post, M. Millard, Commanding. 

Forest City Post. J. F. Adams, Commanding. 

Steedman Post, Joseph S. Rose, Commanding. 

Brooklyn Post, E. H. Bush, Commanding. 
Cleveland City Post, F. R. Bell, Commanding. 
General Leggett Post, G. W. Steel, Commanding. 



86 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



HISTORICAL PAGEANT. 

Immediately upon the conclusion of the afternoon parade, prepara- 
tions were made for the historical pageant in the evening. This was 
planned and carried out on an elaborate scale, being the product of 
weeks of labor on the part of the committee in charge. It was the climax 
of the day's celebration, keeping in attendance a large portion of the 
afternoon crowd and attracting many people who were unable to come 
during the day. 

The pageant was designed to portray the progress of the first cen- 
tury of Cleveland's existence. It was a rich spectacular production, 
consisting of twenty-four floats of gorgeous appearance, averaging 16 x 
26 feet in dimensions, preceded by a gilded car of progress. The theme 
of the pageant was " Cleveland a hundred years ago; the passage of 
time, beginning with the days of the week, typified by their mytholog- 
ical origin, multiplied 
~* — ^*5»«^ / ^98pt»-.. into the months of the 

~*' % ^^*f!Lj year, then the year, and 

!■ 5y\ then the century, closing 

with the Cleveland of 
1896." 

A feature of the even- 
ing, which was coinci- 
dent with the parade, 
and around which cen- 
tered a great deal of in- 
terest and considerable 
sentiment, was the light- 
ing of the Centennial 
Arch. According to 
previous arrangement, 
this arch was set ablaze 
with electricity by the 
touching of a button by 
President Cleveland in 
his room at Buzzard's 
Bay. A message was sent to Mr. Cleveland at 9: 15 o'clock that all was 
in readiness and a great crowd of people awaited the result. Like a 
flash the light gleamed from hundreds of incandescent lamps, brilliantly 
illuminating the Public Square and making the arch stand out clear 
and bright against the dark background of sky. This formal act on the 
part of the nation's chief executive served to attract the attention of 
the entire country to Cleveland's Centennial. 

Shortly after the lighting of the arch the pageant passed into Supe- 
rior street, moving east and passing beneath the arch along Superior street 
to Erie street, thence to Euclid avenue, to Kennard street, to Prospect 
street, to Case avenue, to Central avenue, to Brownell street, to Prospect 
street, to Bolivar street, disbanding at the Grays' Armory. 

Each car was presided over by characters taken by well-known 
young men of the city, who were arrayed in royal style, many of them 
being dressed in feminine attire. As the pageant passed through 




FLOAT — " CLEVELAND, I 796. " — HISTORICAL PAGEANT. 



FOUNDER S DAY. 



87 



the streets, vari-colored lights were burned, giving it a weird and 
magical effect. Float No. 1 represented " Progress, or Cleveland of 
the Twentieth Century." It was attended by twelve grooms and 
torch-bearers, as was each of the other floats. On the front of the plat- 
form were three heralds mounted on gray horses in the attitude of 
full speed. The blasts from their long trumpets announced the open- 
ing of the new century. The float had a great dome of flowers, under 
which was the figure ' ' Progress, ' ' seated upon a throne surrounded by 
other figures emblematic of the national, ethical and aesthetical phases 
of civilization. " From his diamond-blazing helmet, with its golden 
Mercury wings, to the jewel-encrusted sandals on his feet," he stood a 
type of the magnificent achievement of the closing century. 

This rather detailed description of the first float serves to give an 
idea of the others, the significance of each of which was indicated by the 
name assigned it. The order of the pageant, together with the list of 
floats and characters, was as follows : 

ORDER OF PAGEANT. 

Twenty Mounted Police. 
George W. Kinney, Grand Master of Ceremonies. 
Staff: 
Geo. T. Mcintosh, Geo. W. Williams, John Sherwin, 

S. H. Tolles, C. C. Bolton, C. E. Adams, 

Ryerson Ritchie, Geo. W. Avery, Ralph Gray. 

Harry R. Edwards, Chas. A. Ricks, 

Conrad Mizer, Grand Marshal of Pageant. 

Aids-de-camp. 

W. E. Cubben, Chief of Aids. 



H. B. Hannum, 
H. P. Shupe. 
Tonv S. Diesner. 



Leon Wyman, 

Chas. Ransom, 

Dr. W. H. McKerrell, 

Harry Gibbons, 

Jno. Zahour, 

Tony Sprosty, 



Wm. F. Hoppensack, 
Dr. Wm. Meyer, 
Frank Billman, 
W. A. Lines, 
Geo. Tilton, 
Dr. H. C. Luck, 
E. C. Haynes, 
Walter I. Thompson, 
Dr. D. L. Travis, 



Aids: 
Herbert S. Gray, Felix Rosenberg, 

A. C. Klump, ' Henry Morrison, 

S. A. Muhlhauser, J. W. Vanderwerf. 

F. C. Bate, Commander of Horsemen. 
Chas. G. Chopp, Chief Trumpeter. 
Trumpeters : 
Dr. H. L. Gilchrist, Joy Glidden, 

John P. Breen, Harry F. Newell, 

Benjamin Smith, John Zangerle, 

Cyrus O. Jaster, F. D. Connor, 

Wm. Morton, Theo. Zahour, 

Frank Sherer, Virgil Coup. 

John Wageman, Chief of the Heralds. 
Heralds : 
Fred H. Dietz, 
P. J. Bradv, 
Qr. F. H. Clark, 
Dr. Arthur E. Chatfield, 
Dr. Guy Case, 
A. A. Hurtubise, 
Edgar Meckes, 
J. F. Mart, 
Louis Hirschman, 

Great Western Band. 



Ed. Luetkemever. 
A. H. Baehr, 
Fred Hertel, 
Fred Benes, 
Tom Hurley, 
Perrv E. Hathawav 
JohnH. Blood, 
Wm. V. Backus. 



First Float — " Progress." 
Characters taken by C. A. Ricks, Sterling Beckwith. H. R. Edwards, R. M. Mor- 
ley, H. Sanford. W. C. Rhodes, H. Lozier, J. Trowbridge, E. V. Hale, S. L. Smith. 
Second Float — " Cleveland of 1796." 
Characters taken by H. W. Judd, J. D. Maclennan, E. Crowell, C. D. Hatch. 



88 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Third Float — " Sunday." 
Characters taken by P. W. Harvey, A. H. Hough, C. A. Otis, Jr. 

Lake Marine Band. 
Fourth Float — " Monday." 
Characters taken by R. F. York, A. S. Chisholm, Allen Harvey, R. H. York, New- 
comb Cole. 

Fifth Float— "Tuesday." 
Character taken by Daniel Bailey. 

Sixth Float — "Wednesday." 
Character taken by C. A. Jewett. 

Light Artillery Band. 
Seventh Float — "Thursday." 
Characters taken by A. P. Turner, Harry Hurd. 

Eighth Float—" Friday." 
Characters taken by T. J. Ross, Harvey Mansur, W. F. Gibbons. 

Ninth Float — " Saturday." 
Characters taken by W. C. Bailey, C. Bert Castle, Frank Towson, H. T. Pritchard. 

Letter Carriers' Band. 
Tenth Float— " January." 
Characters taken by G. B. Johnson, Ed. Furst, Bert Adams, L. Z. Stone. 

Eleventh Float — " February." 
Characters taken by R. T. Mitchell, W. H. Haynes, H. Ford. 

Twelfth Float— "March." 
Characters taken by W. M. Pattison, W. H. Smith, C. E. McCombs. 

Fay's Military Band. 
Thirteenth Float— " April. " 
Characters taken by E. M. Gage, H. H. Gage, H. K. Rice, Norwell Lewis. 

Fourteenth Float — " May." 
Characters taken by Lyman H. Treadway, Francis W. Treadway, Ralph P. 
Kinney. 

Fifteenth Float — "June." 
Characters taken by Carl Burnett, W. R. Doering, Horace Hutchins, A. R. Davis, 
F. R. Gilchrist. 

Odd Fellows' Band. 
Sixteenth Float — "July." 
Characters taken by F. A. McReynolds, A. C. Bedell, Richard Bacon, Jr., George 
A. Sprecher. 

Seventeenth Float — " August." 
Characters taken by E. G. Caskey, A. H. Shotter, H. H. Culp. 

Eighteenth Float — " September." 
Characters taken by H. R. Moore, B. P. Kinney, W. C. North, George North. 

Myers' Band. 

Nineteenth Float — "October." 

Characters taken by Nathan Kendall, Fred Sanford, A. M. Jones, C. B. Arthur. 

Twentieth Float — "November." 
Characters taken by A. C. Bailey, George Frasch, Hamilton Biggar, William 
Biggar. 

Twenty-first Float — " December." 
Characters taken by Edward McKay, Ralph Mellis. 

Kirk's Military Band. 
Twenty-second Float — "The Year." 
Characters taken by George Hausheer, G. P. Bond, Al. Lang, J. D. Hahn, William 
Linas. 

Twenty-third Float — " Passing of the Century." 
Character taken by William Gill. 

Twenty-fourth Float — "Cleveland of 1896." 
Characters taken by A. S. Taylor, Lee Johnson, H. F. Pope. 




THE CENTENNIAL ARCH. 



FOUNDER S DAY 



THE CENTENNIAL BALL. 

The final event of Founder's Day was the Centennial Ball, held in 
the Grays' Armory at the close of the historical pageant. From olden 
time music and dancing frequently attended the passage of the retiring 
year and the arrival of the new, but on this night the passage of a cen- 
tury was thus observed. Many of the city's guests and hundreds of 
prominent society people gave the ball their ready patronage. The 
hall was beautifully decorated, and the entire building was brilliant 
with light and color. In the ball-room yellow and green bunting, ar- 
tistically draped, formed a background' for golden-rod, black-eyed 
Susans and sun-flowers. At the doorways and windows and in the 
corners were tall palms and tropical plants, while twined about the 
posts and chandeliers were ropes of green. Many beautiful gowns 
were worn by the ladies, and were supplemented by the blue and gold 
of handsome uniforms in which the officers of the Regular Army were 
attired. In the extreme 
end of the hall was located 
the orchestra stand, above 
which was exhibited the 
city seal, while below this 
was a brace of electric 
jets forming the word 
"Welcome." Near the 
orchestra was the recep- 
tion room, where the la- 
dies of the Executive 
Committee received. In 
the boxes were seated 
groups of men and 
women engaged in con- 
versation, and in the bal- 
cony others occupied 
chairs reserved for those 
who did not care to dance. 
The arrangements for the 

ball were complete, nothing being left undone for the pleasure of the 
guests. Mrs. William Edwards, the Chairman of the Executive Com- 
mittee, assisted by a worthy corps of entertainers, was in charge of the 
programme. 

Among the noted guests of the evening were Governor and Mrs. 
Coffin, Governor and Mrs. Bushnell, Adjutant General and Mrs. Axline, 
General and Mrs. Charles P. Graham, Colonel L. Rogers, private sec- 
retary of Governor Bushnell; Colonel and Mrs. D. L. Cockley, and 
other staff officers and public officials of Connecticut and Ohio. The 
time for opening the ball was 10 o'clock, but it was an hour later when 
the orchestra, under the leadership of John Faust, played the overture 
and followed with a two-step. After three numbers had been concluded 
a march was played and the young men in costume who had been on 
the floats unexpectedly entered the hall, headed by George W. Kinney, 
and marched around the room. There were twenty-four numbers on 
the list of dances. The back of the cards contained a reproduction of 




1 lo.VI — "CLEVELAND, 1896." — HISTORICAL PAGEANT. 



90 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

an article published in 1839 in reference to a ball given at the American 
House, the concluding paragraph being as follows: 

" About two hundred couples of gentlemen and ladies, the talent 
and beauty of the city and county, were present. The best of music 
cheered them on ; and the light foot in the dance, the sweet smiles and 
bright eyes of the ladies, the gallantry of the gentlemen, the soul-stir- 
ring music, all combined, rendered it a scene long to be remembered 
and never to be surpassed." It was the common verdict of the dancers 
who read the account that the writer of those lines, although he may have 
taxed his imagination, did not sufficiently tax it to foresee the Centen- 
nial Ball of 1896. 

Dancing lasted until early morning, leaving Founder's Day a 
pleasant memory in the annals of the century. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



NEW ENGLAND DAY. 




July 23, 1896. 

While Moses Cleaveland, of Con- 
necticut, laid the foundation of the prim- 
itive village, all New England had a hand 
in building the superstructure and con- 
tributing to its embellishment. It was ap- 
propriate that the second day of the new 
century should be devoted to the consid- 
eration of this element in the city's ad- 
vancement. The day was designated as 
New England Day, and was observed in 
a simple, but very happy manner. A 
New England dinner was given on the 
campus of Adelbert College, under the 
auspices of the New England Society, an 
organization comprising many prominent citizens of Cleveland who felt 
a common pride in their Puritan descent. Tables were spread at noon 
under a large tent on the east side of the campus. The day was bright, 
and nothing was lacking to make the reunion a great success. Between 
six and seven hundred persons were present. A distinguished party 
occupied seats at the speakers' table, comprising Major McKinley, Gov- 
ernor Bushnell, Senator Sherman, Senator Hawley and other promi- 
nent men, together with a number of well-known ladies. A large 
delegation of Ohio editors, members of the Buckeye Editorial As- 
sociation and the Associated Ohio Dailies, were entertained at the 
tent, being guests of the Centennial Commission for the day 
was furnished by an orchestra during the progress 
bill of fare was copied from the old-time New 
as follows : 

Bean Porridge, Hot. 
Vermont Turkey, Cranberry S 
Corned Beef, with Cabbage. 
Chicken, Currant Jelly. Pork and Beans. 

Beef Tongue. Boiled Ham. 
Tomatoes. Sliced Cucumbers. 

Lettuce, Radishes, Mixed Pickles. 

Wheat Bread, Biscuit and Butter. 
Boston Brown Bread, Gingerbread. 

Doughnuts, Custard Pie, Berry Pie, Apple Pie. 
Cheese. 
Ice Cream. Apples. Peaches. 
Plums, Nuts, Figs, Raisins. 

Tea, Coffee, Milk, Lemonade. 

An hour of rare enjoyment was spent by the New Englanders in 
dinino- and exchan^ine reminiscences. President Sherwin then arose 



92 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

and rapping for order introduced a programme of after-dinner speeches. 
Senator Hawle}' was the first to respond. In the course of a felicitous 
address he said: 

The New England Puritan, from whom you are descended, was not the sour, stern, 
narrow bigot he has been painted. He was the necessary outgrowth of civilization 
and Christianity. There are always people, when rulers get lazy and tyrannical, who 
arise and rebel against the existing order of things. Mahommet was a Puritan, for 
that matter; and so was Martin Luther; and so was the founder of the Jesuit order. 
I don't believe the Puritan was such a sour old fellow. For my part, I think he was a 
great deal happier than a great many people nowadays who don't know what they do 
believe, and say they don't understand God. It seems to me that a god who could be 
understood by poor finite creatures like ourselves wouldn't amount to a great deal. I 
cannot think that the men of the present day who have no beliefs are happy. The 
Puritans believed in a system of reward and punishment, and the non-believers in any- 
thing, who have so much to say in the present day and generation, must be short- 
sighted indeed if they cannot see that by natural law and in common justice the man 
who does wrong will be sorry for it either here or hereafter. I had rather be mistaken 
and believe something worth while and worth speaking for, and if need be, worth 
fighting for. (Applause. ) 

The Puritan knew about guarding church and government. He had an idea he 
was here for some purpose, and he went around looking for what it was. You in Ohio, 
descendants of Puritans, also have an idea that you are in the world to accomplish 
something. (Applause. ) When the Puritans came to Hartford they brought with 
them not only their wives and their children and their household good's, but also their 
preacher and their church. By and by they took their march westward, and wherever 
they went communities grew. Sometimes when modern affairs make me feel weary 
and disgusted I wish that the Puritan were back with all his disagreeable character- 
istics, if he had any. He would at all events have principle and stability. They say 
"the wives of the Puritans had more to endure than the Puritans themselves, because 
they had to endure not only the privations of their circumstances but the Puritans also. 
(Laughter. ) Now I am doubtful if the Puritans were so hard to endure. 

Senator Sherman was the next speaker. He said: 

I am exceedingly glad that I witnessed the celebration in Cleveland yesterday. It 
was a magnificent scene. I have seen many gatherings in cities throughout the coun- 
try on similar occasions, but I only voice the opinion of all who were with me yester- 
day when I say that an occasion of the kind where such good feeling and good order 
prevailed is unparalleled. There are usually some naughty boys who want to make 
trouble. Some usually partake of whisky or some other liquids to fortify themselves 
and add to their joy. Nothing of this occurred in the vast crowds that filled your 
streets, avenues and buildings. Fifty years ago I resided for a short time in the city 
of Cleveland and intended making it my home, and have always had a good opinion of 
the city. This morning I determined to see all that I could in a short time, and I was 
driven around throuyh the principal parts of Cleveland. I was both surprised and 
gratified at the program and growth of this great city. What I said yesterday I repeat 
to-day with still greater emphasis, that Cleveland is destined to spread all along these 
shores. Cleveland's pre-eminence is assured by several things she possesses: The 
high order of the character of her people, her fine schools, and her favorable location. 
The time has gone by when the towns of pre-eminent growth are to be the river towns. 
Fifty years ago it was different. In the early history of the city, Cleveland's growth 
was not rapid; Cincinnati far outstripped her. The rivers were then the great chan- 
nels of trade; now the lakes carry the commerce. Navigable rivers gradually run 
out, but the lakes never run out. This lake will endure long after all the generations 
of Cleveland have passed away. 

One more thought I have to present and I am ready to conclude. We have some 
neighbors across the way who own half of all these great lakes, except Lake Michigan. 
They are our kin. Canada is the Scotland of America. Whatever she does is of in- 
terest to us. I do not favor annexation, nor do I look for it ; but I would vote to ar- 
range with her the warmest reciprocal relations. The time is not far distant when 
she will sever her relations with the European government which now controls her 
and will stand alone. This is an age and this a continent of republics. She would 
have done it long ago if England had treated her as harshly and unfairly as she did us 
prior to 1776. In a not far distant day Canada will set up housekeeping for herself. 




HON. JOHN SHERMAN. 



NEW ENGLAND VAX 



93 



God bless her. We have nothing but republics on this continent save what lies north 
of us, and speed the day when we will rule and occupy this continent, the United 
States, Canada and Mexico. (Applause.) You in this company to-day may see the 
time when all over North America there will be governments for and by the people to 
the glory oi (rod and the spread of Christianity. 

The Arion Quartette sang, " This is the Lord's Own Day," after 
which Governor Bushnell spoke words of greeting to the Ohio editors and 
to the guests from Connecticut. He said : 

This visit to Cleveland is not only one of surprises to me, Senator Hawley, but 
one of mingled pleasure and regret. Every event is a pleasure, and the regret is that 
the days are not longer, and that we have not more endurance. You have tried in 
Cleveland, not only to make it pleasant during all the hours of the day, but during 
nearly all the hours' of the night as well. I don't know what you expect of our friends 
from 'Connecticut, but yesterday you expected me to ride a horse all yesterday after- 
noon and then dance all night. '( Laughter. ) I was able to do that formerly, but now 




ASSEMBLING FOR THE NEW ENGLAND DINNER 



it is different. What constitutes the difference I won't say, because I won't insinuate 
that any of you are old enough to understand the reason. 

Gentlemen cf Connecticut, I welcome not only you, with all the cordiality in the 
world, but the people of Cleveland as well, to this tent. It is fitting that we enjoy this 
New England dinner under the shadows of these great and creditable institutions of 
learning. When we look out we ponder upon their greatness and the greatness of the 
citv they honor. I take extreme pleasure in welcoming the editors of Ohio to this 
spot. It was my pleasure and privilege a few months ago to visit the mother State 
and invite Governor Coffin and his staff to be present at this time. We are glad that 
that invitation has been accepted. We are glad to show you hospitality, gentlemen, 
and only wish that there were more of you. To all a most hearty welcome. I never 
was an editor, but I was once in the newspaper business and I think I know something 
about it. To the energy and enterprise of newspaper men we are greatly indebted. 
The city of Cleveland "could not have made so good a report nor been so good a city 
had it not been for the newspapers. Much is due to the editors, formulators of public 
opinion. Be of good cheer, gentlemen. The race is not always to the swift nor the 
battle to the strong. The people may be wrong, and you may not be able all at once 
to teach them the truth ; but keep at it. In good time they will be right. I have 
every confidence in them. I have a great respect for you, gentlemen of the press. _ I 
had better have. ( Laughter.) I was told a great while ago that the pen was mightier 
than the sword, and I have found it so. 



94 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

We are delighted to see you all. This is one of the finest cities in Ohio, and as I 
am a great way from Cincinnati I am willing to say the largest. The city is a magnifi- 
cent one, and growing rapidly ; any one can see that. I see it from one time that I 
visit Cleveland to another, and my visits are not far apart. I shall make them even 
more frequent in the future, and the city of Cleveland and myself will, I hope and 
trust, come closer and closer together. I wish continued prosperity for the city, State 
and nation, and I prophesy peace and plenty. 

President Sherwin next said: 

We have with us to-day a friend and neighbor, a Western Reserve man, whom we 
all delight to honor. We shall be most delighted to hear from him at this time. It 
gives me great pleasure to present to you at this time ex-Governor William McKinley. 

Major McKinley was hailed with applause. He spoke as follows: 

It gives me sincere pleasure to meet and address for a moment the New England 
Society of the city of Cleveland and Western Reserve of Ohio. Those of us who are 
not descendants of the Pilgrims of New England join cheerfully with those who are 
to pay high tribute to the men who did so much for civilization and for the establish- 
ment of free government on this continent. There has been every variety of 
characterization of the New England pilgrim and pioneer — some of it of a friendly 
nature, but far too much of it captious, harsh and unjust. At this moment the 
picture of the Puritan painted by that gifted son of New England, the late George 
William Curtis, whose memory we revere and will ever cherish, rises before me. 
He said that the Puritan was "narrow, bigoted, sour, hard and intolerant, but 
he was the man whom God had sifted three kingdoms to find as the seed-grain 
wherewith to plant a free Republic," and that he had "done more for liberty 
an any man in human history." It is said that the blood of New England courses 
h the veins of a quarter of the population of the United States. I know not 
y be, but I do know that the ideas, principles and the conscience of Xew 
trough every vein and artery of the American Republic. (Cheers 
-nay you be proud to be descended from New England people, 
fe happily said of them than these words by Whittier: 

n s in thy primal stock, 

founders builded here; 
. men of Plymouth Rock 
not and the Cavalier. 

The Puritan has fought — aye, a. lied — on every battle-field of the Republic, from 
Concord and Bunker Hill to Gettysburg and Appomattox. (Great applause. ) And 
the torch of liberty he lighted still illumines the whole world. I bid you, again in the 
language of our beloved Whittier, — 

" Hold fast to your Puritan heritage; — 
But let the free light of the age, 
Its life, its hope, its sweetness add 
To the sterner faith your fathers had." 

There was another period of hand-clapping' as Major McKinley 
resumed his seat. 

Alderman J. Kennedy Childs, of Hartford, was then called upon 
and spoke briefly. He said : 

When we of Connecticut received your cordial greeting last winter we felt that it 
was more than a mere formal courtesy. The warm heart-beatmg of relationship and 
kinship seemed in it. We feel that we are not strangers to you; we are your own kith 
and kin. You have founded and built up a vast municipality, into which you have in- 
jected the sterner principles of our forefathers, modified and softened by more gentle 
and beautiful influences. The city of Hartford is a mother proud of her child. But 
the mother, now that you have grown so large, feels more like an elder sister than a 
mother. We don't want you to feel that we are so far in the background as to be out 
of the reckoning. We who are here feel less like the parent than like the elder brother, 
though some of our young men, I suspect, feel an interest in your ladies that they 
would characterize as other than brotherly. From the large quantity of flowers that 
emanate from the Hartford headquarters, and the vast flower bills that are accumulat- 



NEW ENGLAND DAY. 95 

ing there, I prophesy that Hartford and Cleveland will one day be united by ties other 
than those of blood. 

In one hundred years, you have established a great city, and earned a creditable 
history. National events now constitute your Western Reserve, the focal point of 
national affairs. We have respect for your decision in politics, and there are not a few 
of us of opposite political faith who admire beyond description the pure character, the 
famous record, and the admirable domestic life of our choice for the Presidency. As 
long as time endures, Hartford will be proud of her younger sister. As long as the 
Republic lasts it will be given to us to be of you and with you. 

Judge U. L. Marvin, of Akron, a member of the bench of the Cir- 
cuit Court, spoke in part as follows: 

I see by the printed programme that this is the New England Society of Cleveland 
and the Western Reserve. I had supposed it to be the New England Society of the 
Western Reserve, but it is fitting that the word Cleveland should be incorporated in 
the name, for though it is painful for us who live in Akron to admit it, there is really 
no substantial doubt that, with her rapid growth since she became directly connected 
with us by an electric road, Cleveland is the metropolis of the Reserve. I have of 
late spent so much of my time in Cleveland in connection with my official duties that 
I am prepared to admit that she is the Metropolis of Ohio, though I have some friends 
in Cincinnati who express doubts about it. 

I suppose there is no descendant of Connecticut ancestors who is not proud of that 
fact, and my friend on my left (Mr. W. O. Beebe, of Wooster, Ohio,) and myself were 
remarking a few minutes ago, that if our several parents had remained a little longer 
in Middletown we would both have been natives of Connecticut. The man, however, 
whose birthplace is the Western Reserve, has no cause to regret the place of his na- 
tivity, his geography is all right — it is a good place to be born in and a good place to 
live m. 

I am sure that it is a matter of the highest gratification to every member of the 
society under whose auspices this dinner is given, and to every citizen of Cleveland, 
and of every other portion of the Reserve present, that there are here as guests to-day 
so many distinguished citizens of Connecticut. And by way of conclusion I will add 
that if we may judge by the quantity, and the rapidity with which they have eaten 
it, our Connecticut friends have been equally gratified. 

Mr. John T. Mack, of Sandusky, president of the Ohio Associated 
Dailies,, was invited to speak on behalf of the editors. He said : 

Gentlemen and Fellow J 'ankees : 

During the day I have talked with several of our members concerning their na- 
tionalities. I had supposed we had some men of German extraction among us, but I 
find that everybody was born in New England and claims to be a resident of Cleve- 
land. We share in the felicity of this occasion. Your happiness is ours. We sup- 
posed that we knew something about you. We could tell you your politics, for 
example. But in our short trip to-day we have discovered more about you and about 
your city than we ever knew before. What has made Cleveland great is not alone the 
spirit of the forefathers and the qualities for which New Englanders are famous, but 
the labor of your toiling masses. Capital and labor have a common share in all the 
glories of your magnificent city. Make Cleveland to grow in the future as you have in 
the past, and when your centennial rolls around again you will have a million popu- 
lation. May we all be there to see. 

This concluded the exercises, and after lingering awhile in conver- 
sation the New Englanders departed from the campus. 

The officers of the New England Society were N. B. Sherwin, presi- 
dent; L. F. Mellen, secretary ; S. C. Smith, treasurer; the following vice- 
presidents: Rev. Livingston L. Taylor, chaplain; L. E. Holden, Maine; E. 
R. Perkins, New Hampshire; F. C. Keith, Vermont; M. M. Hobart, 
Vermont; F. C. Dickman, Rhode Island; William Bingham, Connecti- 
cut; and the following trustees: L. E. Holden, A. G. Col well, R. C. 
■Parsons, William Edwards, L. F. Mellen, S. C. Smith, M. M. Hobart, 
W. P. Horton, H. R. Hatch, James Barnett, F. A. Kendall, N. B. Sher- 



<)6 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

win, I. P. Lamson, H. Q. Sargent, Thomas H. White, J. H. Breck, 
Mrs. W. A. Ingham, Mrs. C. F. Olney, Mrs. P. H. Babcock, Mrs. Elroy 
M. Avery, Mrs. E. D. Burton. 

The visit of Ohio editors on New England Day was made in re- 
sponse to an invitation from the Centennial Commission. About one 
hundred and fifty newspaper men, accompanied for the most part 
by ladies, arrived early in the morning. They were cordially received 
by a committee and at 10 o'clock were taken in special cars to the docks of 
the Cleveland & Buffalo Transit Company, where they boarded the steamer 
City of Buffalo for a lake ride. During the trip speeches were made by 
Mayor McKisson, Major W. J. Gleason," L. E. Holden, John T. Mack, of 
Sandusky; Editor Herbert, of the National Journalist ; Hon. William Cap- 
peller, of Mansfield; Major W. W. Armstrong; Thomas C. Raynolds, of 
Wooster; A. H. Baxter, of Hartford, Conn. ; J. H. Sandford, of Bridge- 
port, Conn., and Miss Birdelle Switzer and T. F. Newman, of Cleve- 
land. Upon their return the editors were invited to a trolley ride, 
arriving at the campus for dinner. In the afternoon a trip through 
the parks was made in tally-hos and carriages, and in the evening the 
visitors were entertained at the various places of amusement and at the 
rooms of the Artemus Ward Club, the Cleveland newspaper men's 
organization. 

The first performance of the Centennial Opera. " From Moses to 
McKisson," was given at the Euclid Avenue Opera House, on the even- 
ing of New England Day. The opera, as its name implied, was histori- 
cal in character, but this feature was intermingled with others. By one 
writer the plot was thus described : 

The scene of the first act is laid in Hartford in 1796. The curtain rises on a group 
of Hartford citizens who sing a rollicking chorus and are informed by the tithing man 
that their song disturbs the directors of the Connecticut Land Company and the Gov- 
ernor's Council, who are in session. The company receives a charter, and Moses 
Cleaveland turns westward, after being interviewed by an energetic reporter. 

The second scene is the site of Cleveland. The pioneer party lands in a boat and 
takes possession of the land, the Indians slinking away among the trees. The savages 
soon return, and in return for a few cheap presents vacate their claim to the property 
from Lakewood Hamlet to Doan's Corners, and proceed to get drunk. 

Cleveland's Public Square and a part of Ontario street splendidly represented 
form the third scene. Moses Cleaveland stands upon a pedestal, Yellowband, an 
Indian, adorns the front of a cigar store, and Living Pictures, the daughter of Yellow- 
band, poses as the statue that surmounts the soldiers' monument. Seth Pease, who 
has survived all of the pioneers, enters the Square and arouses the statues. They 
leave their positions and marvel at the progress of the city which they founded a cen- 
tury ago. 

That is the story of the opera briefly told. Parties of blushing maidens and 
roughly-dressed youth enliven the action of the piece by frequent choruses. 

The characters were taken by young men, many of whom were 
dressed in feminine costume. The cast was given on the programme in 
the following manner : 

General Moses Cleaveland, Will G. Meade; John Milton Holley, a fiery youth, who 
blazes his way to fame and fortune, F. M. Nicholas; Augustus Porter, a clever young 
surveyor, who only asks a modest share of all he surveys, C. A. Maher; Seth Pease, a 
dealer in futures, F. W. Braggins; Steel Penn, a man of note, whom history forgets 
to endorse, R. C. Enright; Chief Yellowband, one red man, who is not the lowest of 
the "Lo," W. R. Gill: Easy Ryder, a Yankee pedaler; John Jacob Astor, a wander- 
ing furriner; Sergeant O'Pake, a club man, George Pettengill; Holdfast Shackles, the 
tithing man, W. R. Gill; Cream Puffs, the first pure food commissioner, F. A. McRey- 



NEW ENGLAND DAY. 97 

nolds ; Mistress Abigail, a prim and primitive preceptress, F. B. Meade ; Dorothy and 
Mildred, "of the class of '96," A. R. Davis and William D. Post; Living Pictures, a 
model Indian maiden, Richard Bacon. Jr.; Mrs. Mercy Cleveland, L. J. Burgess; 
Oliver Phelps, C. L. C. Chikpina, the weasel, Charles Hotchkiss ; Henry Champion, 
C. L. C, Wirula, the red fox, George Frasch ; Samuel Johnson, C. L. C., Hitchinra, 
the wild cat, Al Bailey; Ephraim Kir by, C. L. C, Metsi, the coyote, Robert Gage; 
Samuel Mather, C. L. C, Chichepa, the chicken hawk, Fred Benes; Roger Newburry, 
C. L. C, Matsklila, the turkey buzzard, Will Biggar. 

The opera met with popular favor. 



CHAPTER IX. 



WHEELMEN'S DAY. 

July 27, 1S96. 

According to careful computation, there were fifty thousand bicycles 
in use in Cleveland in 1896. Riders thronged the parks and boulevards 
every pleasant day, and hundreds utilized the wheel as a means of daily 
transportation to and from their work. The dedication of one day in 
the anniversary calendar to the wheelmen was therefore hailed with de- 
light. Men, women and children given to the exhilarating sport planned 
for a great demonstration. Unfortunately, on the first day selected 
(July 24th) it rained, necessitating a postponement until the 27th. 

This fact did not, however, lessen the 
enthusiasm, the event proving a great 
success on the latter date. 

A parade, in which five thousand 
riders took part, was held on the after- 
noon of July 27th. It formed in Wade 
Park and moved down Euclid avenue 
to Bolton avenue, thence to Prospect 
street, to Sibley street, to Kennard 
street, to Eiiclid avenue, to east side of 
the Public Square, to Superior street, 
thence east on Superior street past the 
reviewing stand in front of the City Hall\ 
and countermarching on Euclid avenue. 
The long column of riders made a gay 
appearance, many wearing costumes of 
grotesque design, carrying banners and 
pedalling wheels profusely decorated 
with flowers and ribbons. It was a fes- 
tival such as Cleveland had never seen 
before. Tens of thousands lined the 
streets along the route, the crowd rival- 
ing any assemblage of the Centennial. 
The street intersections were clogged 
with wagons and buggies, while fence- 
tops, house-tops and other available ele- 
vations were eagerly sought. Reviewing stands were built in front 
yards, and wherever trolley cars halted they were hastily turned into 
observation cars. A local chronicler indulged in the following bit of 
description relative to the event : 

4 The crowd itself would have formed a spectacle worth coming 
miles to see had there been no parade at all. Euclid avenue was trans- 
formed into the semblance of a boulevard of brilliant flower beds by the 
masses of summer clad ladies and children who fringed its curb from 




JUDGE CARLOS M. STONE, 



a^' 



CLEVELAN 



%, 



♦il W 



^/CAL 




WHEELMEN S PAY 



99 



Kennard street to the Square. Every cross street and thoroughfare was 
filled with the same dense mass of color. The graceful Centennial 
Arch at the Square rose out of a foundation of humanity that watched 
and waited for hours for the coming show. 

" And what a unique parade it was! No such kaleidoscope of color 
has filled Cleveland's streets in many a day. The nations of the earth 
were represented. Gayly decorated yachts with colors flying from every 
mast and stay glided down the open stream, their sails filling with gentle 
breezes that set their flags fluttering. Butterflies of gaudy hue skimmed 
silently over the pavements, reflecting a hundred gorgeous hues in the 
summer sunshine. Frogs with goggle eyes and slimy-looking backs 
glided gracefully along the line as though jumping had never been 
known as a means of locomotion. Indians in war paint, waving their 
tomahawks over their heads fled before a battalion of musket-bearing in- 
fantry. Arabs in 
scarlet fezes, velvet 
jackets and flowing 
trousers rolled cigar- 
ettes and chased 
bevies of pretty girls 
in Oriental merri- 
ment, while troops 
of ' sweet girl grad- 
uates' in the most be- 
witching costumes, 
carrying great 

bunches of colored 
gladiolas, forgetful 
of" school room or 
taskmaster, rode gay- 
ly onward. Romeos. 
in doublet and 
trunks; Topsys and 
Sambos, almond- 
eyed Japs, with 
washboard hats ; 

Uncle Sams of all ages, and Goddesses of Liberty without number 
flitted past until the spectators grew dizzy watching the constantly re- 
volving wheels. 

"The grotesque was present with the beautiful. ' Weary Willies ' 
and ' Slothful Sams ' were there in all the towdry livery of Trampdom. 
Long- whiskered farmers, with rakes and garden utensils thrown across 
their handle-bars, rode wheels of antique make and carried signs clam- 
oring for 'good roads.' " 

The grand marshal of the day was Judge Carlos M. Stone, whose 
chief of staff was J. E. Cheesman. 

Eight patrolmen on wheels formed the police guard for the proces- 
sion. Immediately back of these came a detail of a dozen trumpeters 
from Troop A, Onio National Guard. Following these came Grand 
Marshal Stone and members of his staff who were not elsewhere en- 
gaged. Next in line was the Chamber of Commerce Wheel Club, with 
an escort of Cleveland Grays; the City Hall Wheel Club, with Mayor Mc- 




' SNA]' SHOT OF THE BICYCLE PARADE ON EUCLID AVENUE. 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



Kisson in command; the Grasselli Chemical Club, the Ladies' and Gentle- 
men's Club and the Underwriters' Club, these comprising the first 
division. The detailed order of procession, according to programme, 
was as follows: 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Platoon Mounted Police. 

Trumpeters. 

Grand Marshal — Judge Carlos M. Stone. 

Chief of Staff, J. E. Cheesman. 

COMMITTEE ON CENTENNIAL PARADE. 



G. K. Shurtleff, 

Pierce Kennedy, 
W. H. Boardman, 
J. H. Collister, 
W. H. Kinnicutt, 
Francis Boyle, 
J. E. Williams, 

Capt. W. F. Rees, 

Hon. Robert E. McKisson, 

Judge E. J. Blandin, 

James B. "Morrow, 

W. P. Johnson, 

Fred T. Sholes,* 

H. B. Burrows, 

E. W. Doty, 

Fred S. Geer, 

Walter M. Robison, 



J. E. Cheesman, Chairman. 
W. A. Neff, 
W. K. Myers, 

A. H. C. Vaupel, 
Fred W. Throssell, 

B. J. Hamm, 

C. E. Vaupel, 

HONORARY STAFF OFFICERS. 

Alex. S. Taylor, 
M. B. Johnson, 
Herbert Strong, 
Ned Collins, 
W. M. Beacom, 
Ryerson Ritchie, 
Horace E. Andrews, 
J. B. Zerbe, 

D. E. Wright, 
Jno. L. Severance, 

marshal's aids. 



Carl H. Nau, 
W. H. Kinsev, 
J. L. Whitney, 
William Heinrich, 
Jno. G. Percy, 
W. A. Skinkle. 



E. S. Reese, 
Geo. T. Mcintosh, 
Wm. T. Clark, 
Daniel Bailey, Jr., 
A. M. Hopkins, 
Arthur Bradley, 
Emil Joseph, 
Benj. Parmety, 
L. J. Robbins, 
Felix Rosenberg. 



Members of the Cleveland Wheel Club. 

Members of the Association Wheel Club. 

Cleveland Chamber of Commerce Club with escort from Cleveland Grays. 

City Hall Wheel Club. 

Grasselli Chemical Co. Club. 

Club for Ladies and Gentlemen. 

Underwriters' Club. 
Special Features and Novelties. 



SECOND DIVISION. 



Cleveland High School, 
Private Schools, 



Toledo Cadets, 
Davis-Hunt Co. Club, 
The Worthington Co. Club, 
Lockwood & Taylor Club, 



Grammar Schools, 
Teachers' Club. 



THIRD DIVISION. 



Cleveland Machine Screw Co. Club, 
Calaghan Club, 
The Fowler Sextette Club, 
Special Exhibition of Novelties. 



FOURTH DIVISION. 



The White Sewing Machine Co. Club, 
The Peerless Manufacturing Co. Club, 
The Hoffman Wheel Co. Club, 
The Konigslow Wheel Club, 
The Hi-Tiddle-Hi-Ti Club, 



The Falcon Wheel Club, 

Delegation of Ladies and Gentlemen, 

Ministers' Club, 

Special and Novelties, 

The Sans Souci Club, 



FIFTH DIVISION. 
W. F. Sayle, Marshal. 

The Standard Sewing Machine Co. Club, The Press Club, 
The Sherwin-Williams Co. Club, The World Club, 




< o 



u 3 






WHEELMEN S DAY 



The Standard Oil Co. Club, 

The Warner & Swasey Co. Club, 

The Cleveland Printing & Pub. Co. Club, 

Leader Printing Co. Club, 

Plain Dealer Printing Co. Club, 



The Cycling Gazette Club, 

The Recorder Club, 

The W. M. Bayne Printing Co. Club, 

Special Features and Novelties, 

Congress of Nations. 



SIXTH DIVISION. 
Capt. F. B. Wise, Marshal. 



The Winton Bicycle Club, 

The Turners' Club, 

Iroquois Club, 

Apollo Club, 

The Yellow Fellows' Club, 

Power Block Club, 



The Okeanos Club, 

The Haserot Co. Club, 

Logan Cycle Livery Club, 

Ladies' Club, 

Kelley Handlebar Club, 

Two Hundred Unattached Riders. 



The H. A. Lozier Club, 
Fifth Regiment Battalion, 
The Avery Drill Corps, 
Painesville Club, 
Oberlin Club, 
Elyria Club, 



SEVENTH DIVISION. 

Al. A. Dorn, Marshal. 

Berea Club, 
Chagrin Falls Club, 
Geneva Club, 
Wellington Club, 
Norwalk Club, 
All other out-of-tosvn Clubs, 
Specialties, etc. 

EIGHTH DIVISION. 
W. H. Kinnicutt, Marshal. 

North Pole Cycling Club, Postal Club, 

Williams & Rodgers Club, The J. B. Savage Club, 

Burrows Brothers Co. Club, Forman-Bassett-Hatch Co. Club, 

C. B. Baker Club, J. L. Hudson Club, 

Unattached Riders Assembled at Wade Park. 

Great enthusiasm greeted the riders along the line of march. In 
the reviewing stand sat a prominent group, consisting of Major McKin- 
ley, Colonel J. S. Poland, U. S. A. ; ex-President J. R. Dunn, of the 
League of American Wheelmen ; Colonel Myron T. Herrick, Adjutant 
General H. A. Axline, and a large company of citizens, who freely ap- 
plauded the companies of bicyclists as they rode briskly by. The 
parade was officially reviewed by a committee of judges, who made selec- 
tions for the award of prizes. 

On the evening of July 24th a gymnastic and athletic exhibition 
was given in the Central Armory by the United Gymnastic Societies of 
Cleveland, comprising German, Swiss and Bohemian organizations. 
The entertainment was under the auspices of the Centennial Commis- 
sion. There were eight hundred participants. Music was furnished 
by Kirk's Military Band. Upwards of 10,000 people crowded into the 
Armory and almost as many were turned away by policemen who were 
forced to close the doors to avoid a crush. The exercises commenced at 
8 o'clock. The first number brought out five hundred men, women, 
boys and girls. The men wore light sleeveless shirts with fancy mono- 
grams of cord work indicating the societies to which they belonged. 
The boys were similarly attired. The women wore blue flannel blouses, 
loose and comfortable, with white or red braid, bloomers cut full and 
extending a trifle below the knees, black stockings and gymnasium 
shoes with rubber soles. The ofrls were dressed in like manner. With 



102 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OK THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

almost faultless precision the following programme was carried out, 
every number eliciting hearty applause : 

PROGRAMME. 

i. Mass Calisthenics, By all participants— Boys, Girls, Ladies and Men. 

2. Dumb-bell Drill, Boys from 11-14 years. 

3. Climbing on 16 Poles, Boys from 6-1 1 years. 

4. Long-Wand Drill, Juniors 14-18 years. 

5. Flag Drill, Girls 11-1 6 years. 

6. Indian Clubs, • Ladies' Classes. 

7. Iron Wand Drill, Men's Classes. 

8. Parallel Bars First Divisions of Men's Classes. 

9. Apparatus Work Girls' and Ladies' Classes. 

10. Athletics and Games, Boys, Juniors and Men. 

11. Horizontal Bars, First Divisions of Men's Classes. 

12. Mass Exercises of all participants on all kinds of apparatus, closing with a Grand 

Tableau and Pyramids. 

The first performance of "La Sonambula " was given in the Cen- 
tral Armory, on the evening of July 25th, by the Centennial Grand 
Opera Company. A number of well-known Cleveland singers took 
part. The rendition was considered very creditable. 



CHAPTER X. 



WOMAN'S DAY. 



July 28, 1896. 

Woman's noble part in the upbuilding of the city was fittingly por- 
trayed in the exercises of Woman's Day, on July 28th. To the women 
this was the greatest day of the Centennial; it was one of the days 
which made the Centennial great. A programme representing months 
of preparation by the Woman's Department, and typical of the best 
womanhood of the Western Reserve, was enthusiastically carried out. 
Among the honored guests of the day were Hon. and Mrs. William 
McKinley, Governor and Mrs. Bushnell and Mrs. Lucretia R. Garfield, 
the honorary president of the Woman's 
Department. The programme consist- 
ed of public exercises in the Central 
Armory in the morning and afternoon, 
and a reception and banquet in the 
Grays' Armory in the evening. 

Early morning trains brought del- 
egations from nearly all the townships 
of the Reserve, and before the usual 
time for clearing away breakfast tables 
had arrived the streets were alive with 
women bedecked with badges and rib- 
bons on their way to the Armory. The 
headquarters of the Centennial Comis- 
sion, where special arrangements were 
made for the day's entertainment, 
proved a delightful resting place for 
many, prior to the opening of the ses- 
sion. At 8:15 o'clock a committee 
consisting of Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Mrs. 
Sarah E. Bierce, Mrs. O. J. Hodge, and 
Mrs. S. P. Churchill, proceeded to the 
Public Square and decorated the monu- 
ment of Moses Cleaveland. The cere- 
mony was not elaborate, but deeply im- 
pressive and patriotic. A large wreath 
of flowers was reverently placed upon the monument, the members of the 
committee repeating the following lines in unison as they performed 
this simple act : 

"We, representing the Woman's Department of the Cleveland Cen- 
tennial, bring this floral tribute in honor of Moses Cleaveland, the found- 
er of the city. ' ' 

There was a fair audience — fair in more senses than one — in the 
Armory when the hour for opening the exercises arrived. The interior 




.MRS. \V. A. INGHAM, 
President of Woman's Department. 



104 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

of the building was handsomely set off with flags and bunting, while^the 
tiers of seats were radiant with women in their summer gowns. Palms 
and house plants surrounded the platform and a large vase of cut flow- 
ers ornamented the speaker's table, which was draped with the national 
colors. Occupying chairs on the platform were the speakers and officers 
of the day, the members of the executive board, the township historians 
and vice presidents, the presidents of the various women's organizations 
of the city, and the members of the Cleveland Vocal Society. At 9 o'clock 
the programme was opened with singing. Mrs. W. A. Ingham, the 
presiding officer, then introduced Rev. Dr. S. P. Sprecher, of the Euclid 
Avenue Presbyterian Church, who invoked Divine blessing. The open- 
ing address was delivered by Director-General Wilson M. Day, who said: 

I esteem it a high honor, indeed, to speak the opening words of this most impor- 
tant and interesting occasion. Through good and evil report, through all circum- 
stances, the women have stood by this Centennial. . . . 

Were the women of Cleveland to withdraw for even a brief period their influence 
and activity from our city life, our churches would be depleted, interest in the cultiva- 
tion of art and literature would die out, hospitals would close their doors, the temper- 
ance and rescue work would cease, our day nurseries would send the helpless babes 
back to the crowded tenements, the aged and infirm would be cast into the street, the 
poverty stricken would be left to their fate, and the beautiful flower missions, and 
summer outing trips for shop girls, and fresh air camps, and sewing schools, and kin- 
dergartens, and retreats for the fallen, and every other form of sweet and gracious 
charity would either fail utterly or be so helplessly crippled and badly managed by 
busy men that they would ultimately awaken the pity, if they did not merit the with- 
drawal of the support of the entire community. 

Madam President, the Centennial Commission owes an inextinguishable debt of 
gratitude to the women of Cleveland for their patriotic and self-sacrificing efforts in 
behalf of this celebration. Prompt to answer to the call for assistance, ready in sug- 
gestion and execution, undismayed by obstacles after most disheartening, intelligent 
and comprehensive planning, loyal to every request of the commission, yet absolutely 
independent of any assistance, they have done so well that we could not wish it better. 
Officers and members of the Woman's Department, I offer you both thanks and con- 
gratulations — thanks for your invaluable services, congratulations upon the splendid 
outcome of your wise and unwearied efforts. 

Mrs. Ingham delivered the address of welcome on behalf of the 
Woman's Department to the women of the Western Reserve, speaking 
as follows: 

On this notable day of a hundred years, when our city takes unto herself gratula- 
tion because of her women and what they have accomplished in seventy years of united 
work, preceded by three decades of exclusively domestic life, rearing sons to bless 
the Republic, and daughters — polished corner stones of stately homes — it gives me 
joy to welcome you to this auditorium. Although we are obliged to gather in the 
Central Armory of the Ohio National Guard, it does not imply the least trace of the 
Amazon in our midst, but, rather, because there is no available building for our as- 
semblies. We will say in a burst of patriotism that we are here in memory of Joan of 
Arc, Maid of Orleans. She, like other young girls of her time, was taught to sew and 
to spin ; but, taking up the sword and white banner, led her country's troops to victory. 
So we, triumphing over obstacles, may some time have a woman's building all our own. 

Eighteen hundred and ninety-six greets you ! 

Tabitha Cumi Stiles, accompanying her husband Job in the Connecticut expedi- 
tion of 1796; she of the linsey-woolsey frock, the heavy shoes, the wide frilled cap, 
gives you hearty recognition ; so do all the pioneer women who followed her — Grand- 
ma Scovill, mother of old Trinity ; Irene and Hickox Scranton, whose daughter, Mary 
Bradford, a benefactor in art and higher education, is sitting now in the president's 
chair during this address ; Mary H. Severance and her noble mother, Juliana Wal- 
worth Long — all these and hundreds besides who endured privation and sacrifice that 
we might have this goodly Forest City. Those unnamed ones of a century ago, who 
saw stars through their cabin roofs, who subsisted upon grains of corn and what the 




REPRESENTATIVE MEMBERS OF THE WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT. 
Group I. 



WOMAN S DAY. 105 

rifle brought to their scant tables; they lying in cemeteries ^now, would give you 
benediction. 

For love of Rebecca Cromwell Rouse, founder of women's work here, forming in 
1830 and sustaining the Ladies' Union Prayer Meeting, then the Noah Society, in the 
name of the Female Reform Company, Mrs. Samuel E. Williamson, secretary; and of 
the Martha Washington and Dorcas, from which, assisted by Mrs. Stillman, came our 
earliest charity, the Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum ; all these would express 
gladness at sight of you. One representative of the Martha Washington and Dorcas 
remains with us— Mrs. J. A. Harris, whose heart swells with joy to see this Centennial 
day! 

From the bosom of the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio, centering in Cleve- 
land, I bid you welcome, they who took unwearied charge of the boys in blue — dying 
to make men free — those careworn women, Mrs. Rouse, Mary Clark Maynard, Ellen 
Terry Johnson, Sarah Mahan, Susan Melhinch, Mrs. Peter Thatcher, and their asso- 
ciates. Of these, Ellen Terry Johnson survives to send you personal greeting from 
Hartford, Conn., and Mrs. Thatcher is on this platform. 

On behalf of the great organizations which came afterward — the Women's Chris- 
tian Association, and Sarah Fitch, whose name is a household word ; of the bands of 
holy women of the temperance crusade, who thought it all joy to go even into the 
saloons to save the lost — of these, Jennie Duty has but lately passed into the skies, and 
Mrs. M. C. Worthington yet lives at more than three-score and ten to bless the city by 
her beneficence. 

The noble thousands of women in educational work ; the grand givers of a hun- 
dred years, who have made the highest culture possible for us — Flora Stone Mather, 
Eliza Clark, and other true-hearted women, the scores of bright, intellectual members 
of latter day clubs — all of them would gladly take you by the hand. 

With the voice of thousands upon thousands of our number who labor in shops, 
stores, offices and factories — yes, all the working girls and wage-earners who would 
gladly sit with you in these chairs — we bless your coming. 

Our Executive Board of the Woman's Department of the Cleveland Commission, 
representative as they are in art, literature and philanthropy, some of them striving 
for the Centennial because they are children of the pioneers — the women of the 
churches, loyal to Him whom we serve — these singers and players upon instruments — 
the grand Banquet Committee, who have prepared a splendid "feast of reason and 
flow of soul " in the Grays' Armory this evening — women of all nationalities, every- 
where throughout this great city — give you the freedom of Cleveland on these our 
festal days, the threshold of a new century ! 

Mrs. A. A. F. Johnston, dean of the Womans' Department of Oberlin 
College, responded as follows: 

Mrs. President : 

In behalf of the women of the Western Reserve I wish to thank you, and through 
you the women of Cleveland, for the invitation that has opened to us this festal occa- 
sion. I wish also to thank you for the hearty and gracious welcome with which you 
greet us. It is fitting that we meet together on this memorable day that emphasizes a 
century of growth and progress, for the relations existing between your beautiful city 
and the favored region known as the Western Reserve have always been intimate and 
vital. Cleveland might well be called the capital of the Western Reserve. Here in 
your growing city the early settler found a steady and open market for his farm prod- 
uct. Here also he supplied himself with agricultural implements and household 
necessities. 

Not all the thought of the early settlers was spent upon the clearing of farms and 
the building of homes. They understood very well that individual prosperity is based 
upon public prosperity. They laid carefully and well the lines that made for public 
good. They organized township government, built churches and established schools. 
And in all this early work, which had in it the promise of our present progress, the 
women of the Western Reserve stood by the side of their noble husbands. You, Mrs. 
President, have welcomed us to-day in the name of the first woman that settled in 
Cleveland, in the name of the long line of women that have helped to make your city 
illustrious. 1 respond in the name of these heroic women, who, leaving their New 
England homes of comfort and luxury, faced the weariness and dangers of a long 
journey and the hardships and privations of frontier life. I doubt if any burden 
seemed more grievous to them than the loneliness of their isolated homes. But they 
never murmured. They had the strength and courage that comes from strong con- 



io6 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



victions. They believed they were called to such a time as this. The history of their 
lives never has been written. Like most heroic living, it never can be written. But 
on days like^ this we reach back through sympathy and feel the inspiration of their 
lives. 

I respond also in the name of the oldest daughters of the Reserve, some of whom 
are with us to-day. Their memory goes back to the log house, with its glowing hearth 
and hospitable latchstring that was always out. They remember, too, the little 
brown schoolhouse on the hillside. They may not have had all the appliances of 
the modern schools, but one thing may be said in favor of that primitive schoolhouse: 
individuality was left to the child, and room was given him in which to grow, and the 
Fairchilds, the Wades, the Garfields and the Algers, who thumbed Webster's spelling 
book and Adams' arithmetic, were found later in life able to carry the burdens of 
society and state gracefully and well. 

It would be interesting, if there were time, to trace how many of the movements 
which have been made for the civilization of our State and our Republic had their be- 
ginning on the Western Reserve. Take, as an 
example, education. The first teachers' insti- 
tute in our State was held on the Western Re- 
serve ; the first normal school, so far as I can 
find, in the United States was opened at Kirt- 
land. It is true that Columbus had the first 
graded school, but to accomplish that work 
she sent to the Western Reserve for Dr. Asa D. 
Lord, then principal of the Western Reserve 
Seminary, a normal school at Kirtland. The 
schools of Columbus, as graded by Dr. Lord, 
were an object lesson for all the West. And 
through this movement a tremendous impulse 
was given to the efficiency of our public school 
system. This work accomplished. Dr. Lord was 
made superintendent of our State Institution for 
the Blind, which he soon raised to the first rank 
among our benevolent institutions. His last 
great work was as superintendent of the in- 
stitution for the blind at Batavia, N. Y. And 
here I am reminded, if I wished an example in 
proof of my statement, that the women of the 
Western Reserve co-operated with their hus- 
bands, among the thousands of examples that 
might be cited, I could find none more worthy 
than Mrs. Lord. 

Mrs. Lord has taught more blind children 
than any man or woman, and when, upon their 
leaving school she has urged them to habits of 
economy and thrift, she has found them too 
timid to invest their small savings in a public 
bank, but they were only too thankful to entrust 
them to Mrs. Lord, taking her private note, knowing that the interest would always be 
paid and the face duly honored. 

We hear much in these days of the higher education of women. A few weeks ago 
I attended in your city the annual meeting of the Ohio branch of the College Alumnae 
Association. There were present representatives from Wellesley, Vassar, Smith, 
Cornell, Oberlin, Ann Arbor and Wisconsin University, all rejoicing in degrees which 
we carried with inherited assurance. Degrees from grandmothers and great-grand- 
mothers, and possibly degrees that came over in the Mayflower, and still so late as 
1840 there was not a woman in the world who held a degree earned through a college 
course. It was a little college on the Western Reserve, at that time shaded by the 
primeval forests, that first honored itself by opening its doors to women. The world 
scoffed, but the example spread, and to-day the college that will not confer a degree 
upon woman is an exception, and must give good reasons to an exacting public. 

A few days ago the Prince of Wales, as regent, opened a new college in Wales. 
In the dedicatory exercises he announced "that this college shall be opened to men and 
women alike. All the privileges granted to one shall be granted to the other, and both 
men and women shall be found upon its executive board. ' ' To emphasize his state- 
ment he conferred two honorary degrees, one of Doctor of Music upon the Princess of 




MRS. ELROY M. AVERY, 
Chairman of Executive Committee. 



WOMAN S DAY. 107 

Wales, the other, Doctor of Laws, upon Mr. Gladstone. I doubt if the Prince of Wales 
knew that the liberality of the new college was the culmination of the movement be- 
gun upon the Western Reserve. It is said that "Westward the star of empire makes 
its way." In this event we have proof that the empire of thought may move eastward. 
Mrs. President, I know that vain glorying is foolish, but it is not foolish to count 
one's mercies, and he who is born upon the Western Reserve, educated upon the 
Western Reserve, and is so fortunate as to find his life's work upon the Western 
Reserve, may rightfully feel that heaven smiles upon him and that the lines have 
fallen to him in pleasant places. 

At 10 o'clock a number of brief papers tinder the general head of 
"Philanthropy" were read, Mrs. D. P. Eells presiding. The first of 
these was by Mrs. F. A. Arter, on the Young Women's Christian Asso- 
ciation. She spoke of the separate work of all the institutions under 
the control of the parent organization, and outlined in brief the history 
of the organization, from the time of its inception as the Women's 
Christian Association past the comparatively recent date at which the 
organization separated into the Young Women's Christian Association 
and the Day Nursery and Free Kindergarten Association, to the pres- 
ent. The work of the Retreat, the Eliza Jennings 
Home, the Boarding Home, and the Home for 
Aged Women, as well as the work at the head- 
quarters of the organization and about the city, 
was fully set forth. Mrs. Arter, in conclusion, 
expressed the hope that the work of the noble 
pioneer women might be well carried on by their 
successors. 

Mrs. Arter said the Boarding Home was es- 
tablished in 1869, the Home for Aged Women in 
1876, the Eliza Jennings Home in 1887, and the 
Retreat in 1872. In the last named institution 
1,500 young women were known to have been con- 
verted and saved. Miss Sarah Fitch wanted an mks. gertrude v. r. 
endowment for the institution, and as the outcome » wickham. 

of this wish on her part, the money for the Fitch 

memorial was being solicited and was partly raised. In 1882 the Women's 
Christian Association received the Day Nursery and Kindergarten Asso- 
ciation and in 1886 the Educational and Industrial Union. In 1893 the 
Day Nursery and Kindergarten Association went into a separate or- 
ganization, and the Educational and Industrial Union formed a closer 
connection with the parent organization as the Young Women's Chris- 
tian Association. The report spoke of the good quarters now occupied 
by the association, recounted the fact that the association employed a 
woman with a badge to visit depots and direct arriving young women to 
respectable lodgings. Mrs. Arter spoke also of the classes in book- 
keeping, music, French, German, and cooking. The visitor of the asso- 
ciation made in one year 196 visits, by which she reached 2,386 young 
women, inviting them to the classes and entertainments of the institu- 
tion. The association has a library of 500 volumes, and reading rooms; 
gives a lunch to business women, and maintains an employment bureau 
and business agency. It has an enrolled membership of 1,100. 

Mrs. L. A. Russell presented a sketch of the Circle of Mercy, as 
follows: 

The Circle of Mercy is one of the youngest organizations represented here to-day. 
In February, 1892, it began its work with five members. In June of that year its mem- 




106 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

bership had increased to forty, when a constitution was adopted, a board of managers 
and officers elected, and the society put in full working order. 

In 1894, convinced that we were firmly established, we became incorporated under 
the laws of the State of Ohio. To-day we have an active membership of 170 and 20 
honorary members. The group of Catholic women who organized the Circle knew full 
well that Cleveland stood foremost among her sister cities in the care of her poor. 
The orphan asylums, rescue homes, hospitals, institutions for the care of youth, age 
and babyhood spoke for themselves. Yet visits to these institutions brought out clear- 
ly the fact that there was much of the Master's work yet to be done, which could only 
be wrought by the touch of woman's hand. 

The charity patients, the victims of fever, of the accidents in machine shop or 
railroad, the sick woman brought from a home not deserving the name, all came with 
insufficient clothing for the period of illness. To supply this want was a problem of 
difficult solution by the good sisters and matrons of these institutions. This, then, 
was the primary object of the Circle of Mercy. To supplement the good work already 
being done by our handiwork ; to supply the sick poor in hospitals with the garments 
necessary during illness ; to seek out the sick mother in her cheerless home, procure 
for her the clean, fresh bed linen, new night robes and underwear, nourishing food, 
delicacies and medicines which she could not afford, and so brighten if not, perhaps, 
call back the life that might be sinking for lack of these. Our work is modeled after 
the lesson taught in the parable of the Good Samaritan, and is strictly non-sectarian. 

The past year 1,503 garments have been made in our rooms, and with those do- 
nated we gave out nearly three thousand. We assisted 168 families with clothing, 
food, medicines and delicacies. We furnished to hospitals 985 pounds of food, fruit 
and jellies, besides the supply of sheets, pillow slips, night robes, bed comforts and 
bandages, and, in some cases, money for the purchase of these. We also extended our 
charity to rescue homes and orphan asylums. We sent donations to the following in- 
stitutions: St. Alexis' Hospital, Apostolate of St. Francis, Cleveland General Hospital, 
St. John's Hospital, St. Clair Hospital, Newsboys' Home, Maternity Home, 
Fresh Air Camp, St. Joseph's Orphanage, Home for Friendless Girls, Home of the 
Good Shepherd, Huron Street Hospital, Lakeside Hospital, Home for the Aged, 
Association of Day Nurseries, St. Mary's Boarding Home, St. Ann's Infant Asylum. 

Our three hospitals, St. Vincent's, St. John's and St. Alexis', annually care for 
over 2,000 patients free of charge. 

Our country and city have many noble women whose names are held in loving 
memory. Martha Washington, Grandma Garfield, Lucy Webb Hayes, and our own 
Mary Bray ton, are notable examples of these. Those who visit their resting places 
can but feel the world is better for the lives they have lived and the work they have 
done. There are other heroines who spend a whole life in works of charity and philan- 
thropy, who never appear in public to speak for themselves ; to them also a debt of 
gratitude is due, though they be but examples of the "awful beauty of self-sacrifice" 
and sleep in nameless graves — the humble Sisters of Charity, they, too, are heroines 
of the Western Reserve. 

It is a matter of satisfaction and pardonable pride to our members that our efforts 
have been so thoroughly appreciated by the generous public in patronizing our enter- 
tainments, by those who spend their lives nursing the unfortunate, and by the least of 
those to whom comfort is given. 

The Circle of Mercy is one of the least of the Catholic charities, and only supple- 
mentary to them, but is more widely known because of its purely secular character, 
and because its members are from all parts of the city. There are' ladies and societies 
in many parishes who assist their own poor, sewing societies who work for the poor 
and for hospitals, young ladies' sodalities, with a membership of 3,000, who assist in 
organizing socials and fairs for the benefit of the orphan asylums, St. Ann's societies 
of Christian mothers, with a membership of 2,000, who do charitable work among 
themselves and in their respective parishes. 

There are also benevolent, beneficial and temperance societies which have literary 
features and sewing classes connected with them, whose total membership is 1,800. 

Twelve thousand is an approximate number of Catholic women in ordinary life 
who are organized for philanthropic work. This is gathered from reports not recent. 
Access to later statistics might augment the number considerably. 

There are under Catholic auspices a number of institutions conducted by our sis- 
terhoods, notably among them the orphan asylums, which at present have 700 orphans 
— the Refuge Home of the Good Shepherd, with 219 inmates, where 1,459 girls have been 
sheltered and taught useful avocations since its beginning some twenty-five years 
ago; a Protectory for Girls with 70 pupils; and St. Ann's Infant Asylum, with 60 babies 



WOMAN S DAY. 



109 



to tend. There have been born or received into this shelter 1,008 little ones since its 
establishment, in 1871. 

There is a Home for the Aged, with 200 old people living happily under its hospi- 
table roof. One thousand and eighty have had its benefits in the past. 

Mrs. M. B. Schwab presented the work of the National Council of 
Jewish Women. She said : 

When I look upon this sea of upturned faces, it seems to me that this assemblage 
is a tribute to the nineteenth century advancement of women. May there be no limit 
to that advancement. At the World's Fair at Chicago, the women were invited to hold 
councils and congresses, as well as the men. The Jewish women came forward, timid- 
ly at first, having worked quietly and in the background for a long while, but were 
pleased to ascertain that they were well to the front in what they had been doing. 
There they formed the National Council of Jewish Women for the doing of good and 
for mutual improvement in the study of literature, history and science. We stand to- 
day with linked hands from ocean to ocean, a bulwark against prejudice from within, 
and often from without. 

In Cleveland we are not quite two years old, but we have a home of our own and a 
membership of 400. with 
100 more waiting to en- 
ter in the autumn. We 
are teaching our little 
girls to be home-makers. 
We care for our sick, 
and we are having our 
classes and our sewing 
societies. We do a char- 
itable work, and where 
the invalid in the family 
is its bread-winner we 
give substantial assist- 
ance to the family. We 
have our Young Girls' 
Friendly Club, number- 
ing 86 members. Our 
hobby is self-giving, that 
giving of love and sym- 
pathy to humanity. As 
the sun, which sheds its 
radiance upon sea and 
shore, does not dim its 
own luster, so she who 
gives her sympathy and 
love to the unfortunate 
does not rob herself, 

but doubly enriches the one whom she visits, and upon whom she sheds the radiance 
of her helpfulness and love. 

A sketch of the Dorcas Society was to have been presented by Mrs. 
E. J. Blandin, but unfortunately she was unable to be present. The 
following- is a brief outline of her paper, furnished for this book : 

The Dorcas Society is now (1896) in its thirtieth year. Founded in 1867 by Mrs. J. 
A. Harris, it has grown from a society of 20 to a membership of 300. In 1S85, the so- 
ciety was incorporated and founded the Invalids' Home, which is now located at 600 
East Madison avenue. The Home was purchased entirely from money raised by sub- 
scription from the generous citizens of Cleveland, and is, in this Centennial year, en- 
tirely free from debt. The expense of running the Home is about $300 per month, and 
through the efforts of the ladies of the Dorcas Society, and help from generous friends, 
this sum has always been forthcoming. The Home shelters 35 inmates — incurable in- 
valids. These people have once been self-sustaining, but illness has overtaken them, 
and there is no one belonging to them to help them. Some are helpless, crippled and 
in pain, others old and stricken with blindness. It is the aim of the society to make 
these helpless ones committed to their care as contented and happy as possible. The 
society is under the jurisdiction of three fiscal trustees and a board of managers. At 




CROWD DISPERSING ON EUCLID AVENUE, WHEELMEN'S DAY. 



IIO CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

the present time the officers are as follows: President, Mrs. E. J. Blandin; secretary, 
Mrs. M. J. Caton; treasurer, Mrs. G. J. Jones; vice presidents, Mrs. W. J. Akers, Mrs. 
A. B. Foster, Mrs. H. P. Mcintosh. Fiscal trustees: H. R. Groff, W. J. White, H. P. 
Mcintosh. Board of managers: Mrs. E. J. Blandin, Mrs. M. J. Caton, Mrs. G. J. 
Jones. Mrs. W. J. Akers, Mrs. A. B. Foster, Mrs. H. P. Mcintosh, Mrs. E. B. Estv, 
Mrs. E. A. Stockwell, Mrs. J. S. White, Mrs. J. M. Richards, Mrs. Horace Ford, Mrs. L. 
A. Benton, Mrs. F. W. Widlar, Mrs. J. E. Lewis, Mrs. J. T. Hunt. 

"The Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Cleveland" was 
discussed by Mrs. Ellen J. Phinney, as follows, particular attention be- 
ing paid to the work of the Central Friendly Inn : 

This society covers a somewhat different field than any other. Its history, extend- 
ing over a period of twenty-two years, is an epic of stirring power. It was born in the 
religious fervor of the crusade, that strange upheaval of moral forces that broke the 
incrustations of society, burned away barriers that separated classes needing help 
from those having power to help, and taught all that whatever differences might exist, 
we were all either directly or indirectly common sufferers from the curse of intemper- 
ance. Encouraged and led by the Women's Christian Association to organize for per- 
manent work, this society started with an impetus that still fires the hearts of many 
with unfaltering courage and undying zeal. The work from the first has been an 
evolution, no one being able to discern what its development would be. The idea of 
dissuading rum-sellers from dealing out drinks so long as they were permitted by law 
to sell almost without restriction was soon abandoned, though not without many not- 
able instances of saloon-keepers listening to the voice of conscience, and turning away 
from this body and soul-destroying business to honest vocations. 

But neither the effort to stop the sale on one hand, nor the use on the other by in- 
ducing men, women and children to sign the total abstinence pledge, afforded a satis- 
factory solution of the problem. The very marked religious character of the work led 
to the establishment of three Inns — two of which were soon abandoned — where the un- 
churched masses were reached by religious influences, and the social needs of the poor 
in some degree met. 

Through mothers' meetings, many lowly mothers were taught to perform their du- 
ties with greater fidelity, and by patience, cleanliness, and thrift to lessen the tempta- 
tion appealing to their own household. 

Reading rooms sprang up, affording pleasant quarters and wholesome influences 
for hundreds of neglected boys. The visitation of homes revealed the fact that igno- 
rance was the prolific source of much profligacy and vice ; that foul air and unwhole- 
some food are in no small degree responsible for the drink crave; that lack of skill 
prevents the glow of satisfaction that follows the performance of any task well done. 
Many mothers could not teach their daughters housewifely arts, having never acquired 
them, themselves, and the daughters growing up in squalor and wretchedness were like- 
ly, in due time, to become equally miserable wives and mothers. To remedy such condi- 
tions industrial classes were formed, i. Sewing schools, where girls are taught to make 
and mend all sorts of garments, cleanliness and comeliness being emphasized as cardinal 
virtues, and scripture texts and temperance truths being liberally sandwiched in. 
2. Kitchen garden classes for domestic training, in which everything pertaining, to 
good housekeeping is thoroughly taught. 3. Cooking schools under thoroughly compe- 
tent instructors, where even little girls ten to twelve years of age learn what foods are 
most nutritious, and how to prepare them, not infrequently becoming the bread makers 
and chief cooks in their own homes, where radical changes are brought about through 
their agency, reaching even the contents of the dinner pail, where many a man's crav- 
ing for stimulants begins. All these lines of work, together with the carpenter shop for 
boys, followed in quick succession at the Central Friendly Inn in the Haymarket district. 

Through the liberality of Cleveland citizens, a new building was provided less 
than nine years ago, affording better facilities for all such work and for additional de- 
partments that became necessary as the work progressed. Such has been the 
development that the Inn has really outgrown its present quarters, twice as many 
dormitories being needed to supply the demand for men's lodgings, clean and com- 
fortable, at a nominal price, and the Margaret Club finding more room indispensable 
for some of its activities. Besides the open air meetings and the regular chapel serv- 
ices, a most interesting Italian work is now in progress, consisting of a morning 
school attended by seventy children and an evening school for men who want to learn 
rudimentary branches. 

Boys' Brigades have been a means of developing that which is best in hundreds 



WOMAN* S DAY. I I I 

of boys. The military drill cultivates prompt obedience to rightful authority, a re- 
spectful and courteous' demeanor, and an alertness of mind and muscle that is of great 
value. Our boys take the triple pledge and keep it with rigid fidelity. Substitute 
Bohemian for Italian work, and we have mentioned the principal activities at Wood- 
land Avenue Reading Room ; add boys' library clubs, and we have more nearly out- 
lined the work here and at Willson Avenue Reading Room, save at the latter there is 
no work for older girls under present limitations. Central Friendly Inn has been a 
pioneer in this unique combination of industrial, educational and spiritual endeavor, 
and the success resulting has stimulated the institutional church idea now setting so 
many new forces in motion under church direction. 

The germ of the Training Home for Friendless Girls was the "Open Door," 
though, since the establishment of similar institutions, it confines its efforts mainly to 
preventive work, taking girls who are in imminent peril, surrounding them with the 
best of home influences and training them for honest self-support. The "Lakeside 
Outing' ' for working girls can only be mentioned, as also the Fresh Air Camp for care- 
worn mothers, the latter enlisting the co-operation of many organizations outside of 
Cleveland. This Union has expended in the twenty years of its existence $176,932.55, 
not including $53,000 invested in Central Friendly Inn. Much of the Union's success 
has been due to its noble leaders, the first, Miss Sarah Fitch of revered memory, 
first and only president of the Women's Christian Association for twenty-five years, 
until "called up higher." When she found the superadded work of this organization 
too arduous, she laid it down and was succeeded, after three years filled by Mrs. S. 
W. Duncan and Mrs. M. C. Worthmgton, by Mrs. Anna S. Prather, whose genial 
friendliness, ready sympathy, and ability to inspire others with a faith in the Union's 
enterprises that prompted generous gifts for their furtherance, meant very much for 
many years of our history. 

She was succeeded by Miss Mary E. Ingersoll, universally loved and respected, 
whose cool, clear judgment, practical wisdom and unswerving fidelity to duty, emi- 
nently qualified her to guide the interests of this organization, setting Mrs. Prather 
free to develop the work made possible by Mr. Doan's gift of Music Hall for educa- 
tional and philanthropic purposes. By the side of these honored leaders, till a few 
months ago, stood Miss F. Jennie Duty, in whose fertile brain originated many of the 
plans most fruitful in blessed results. She was a rare worker whose place will long 
be vacant. 

From the beginning this organization has been non-partisan and non-sectarian. 
It has held that the people differ so honestly, conscientiously, and intensely, in refer- 
ence to governmental, financial and economic questions, that 1mey cannot be driven 
or coaxed into any one party, any more than into one denomination ; nor would it be 
best if they could. Interests so vital should not be imperilled by party antagonisms 
nor go down in party defeats. If, as Miss Willard now says, "parties are of no more 
value than so many tin cans, ' ' how much greater the folly of allying our temperance 
organizations to any party whatsoever. We rejoice that the position taken by this 
Union at the beginning, adherence to which caused its separation from the first State 
and National W. C. T. U., is fully vindicated in the light of recent events, even " our 
enemies being judges." 

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Cleveland owes a debt of gratitude 
to a host of generous, true-hearted men and women of all parties, who have made its 
work possible during all these years. Their continued help in multiplying safeguards 
about the tried and tempted; their encouragement in reaching out to those most 
likely to become a menace to society or to drift into the criminal classes ; their gener- 
ous aid in pushing the industrial, educational and religious phases of our work will 
make the greater Cleveland for which we hope and plan, the better Cleveland for 
which we pray and labor. 

" Cleveland W. C. T. U." was the topic assigned to Mrs. Sarah M. 
Perkins. She discussed the relation of this organization to reform work 
and city charities, in the main, speaking as follows: 

When we remember the Master's directions about doing alms secretly that we may 
be rewarded openly, we think that things have got twisted about a little when we tell 
our good deeds openly and get no reward whatever. But no woman with the love of 
Christ permeating her heart ever gives in charity expecting a reward. She does not 
even expect gratitude. If she depended on that sentiment for inspiration, she had 
long ago fainted by the way. But as temperance workers, total abstainers, with eyes 
divinely illumined, we see want and crime and misery all about us caused by the 



112 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

drink curse. We hasten to and fro on errands of mercy, caring for little barefooted 
children and discouraged, broken-hearted mothers. We go to prisons, workhouses 
and infirmaries and tell the shut-in ones the sweet story of the cross, of Him who came 
to save the lost and is not willing that any should perish. Our jail services in this 
city have been kept up for nearly ten years on each consecutive Sabbath day, and our 
faithful Mary A. Doty, who conducts these services, says'that she has no fears of the 
weather; her hearers will be sure to be in their places, rain or shine. You all say 
tha\ this work is most womanly; it is Christian, it is ladylike. But some of us are not 
blind, we see causes for all these evils, and we ask why do men with the ballot in their 
hands, American citizens, equal in power to the old Roman who exclaimed, " To be a 
Roman is to be a King" — why do they allow two thousand saloons to exist in our city 
and never lift a hand or a voice for their removal? Why do they take a revenue from 
the miseries and the vices of the people? Why do they seek to regulate the curse by 
voting it into the next ward, or by taking a saloon up from our side of the street 
and putting it down on the other side? Our politicians would put their hands into the 
hottest fire and burn them off before they would say one word against the saloon 
curse. Why? They had rather lose their hands than their heads — their official heads, 
I mean. They dare not offend their constituency. Then do not blame us when we 
say that when we give a man a loaf of bread, we do not want another person to give 
him a glass of beer. Remove the beer and the man could earn his bread. There must 
be something radically wrong in our country when a man boasts that he has eighty 
millions of dollars, and he can stand on his palace steps and see ten thousand home- 
less, hungry tramps go marching by. 

It hurts a man's self-respect to receive charity. He should not receive it if it can 
be avoided. Therefore I plead to-day for the thousands of neglected, abused children 
who are growing up in ignorance and degradation, and say emphatically, remove the 
saloon, that these children may have a chance for education and self-respect. I plead 
for the poor, discouraged mothers, bending wearily over the wash-tubs, with shoul- 
ders blackened by blows, and tears falling from dim eyes, and say, remove the 
saloons, that these mothers may remain at home and properly train their children. 
These mothers cannot speak for themselves; they are not here to-day; therefore ever 
in our Centennial Celebration we should remember our duty to these neglected ones 
and seek to improve their condition. When we cry, "Is not this great Babylon that I 
have built? Is not this great Cleveland that we have built?" let us discuss the hand- 
writing on the wall, "Weighed in the balance and found wanting. " Then when an- 
other centennial is celebrated in our city, may there be no traps to beguile men to 
destruction; may the Golden Rule be the rule of every person, and all be working 
hopefully, remembering that what ought to be, will be, in God's own good time. 

Let none of us forget that righteousness exalteth a nature, but sin is a reproach to 
any people. One man says, "Give us pure gold." Another says, Give us free silver. 
But we say, "Give us a nation of total abstainers, and our relief stations and our chari- 
ties would be far less than they are to-day." God grant that it may be better 
further on. 

At ii o'clock the subject of "Household Economics" was taken up, 
Miss Linda T. Guilford presiding. The Temple Quartette sang " The 
Parting Kiss," after which Mrs. Helen Campbell delivered an address 
on the topic, "A Stronger Home," the following being a brief report of 
the same : 

Mrs. Campbell's paper was devoted to proving that the discontent which was 
bringing woman out of her old-time subservience was her natural and rightful revolt 
against old-time conditions — and conditions existing in many quarters even nowadays 
— which made the expression, " the good old times," a mere travesty. She said that 
the country graveyard and the insane asylum bore testimony to the truth of what she 
said, the former being filled with the first, second, and often third wives of farmers, 
and the second being crowded with farmers' wives. She drew a picture of the New 
England graveyard, with its tombstones of two or three wives of the same farmer, 
side by side with that of the farmer himself, who died at a " ripe old age," and she 
said that New England girls of former days, and, to a great extent, to-day, rushed into 
fourteen hours' labor in factories sooner than take the more arduous work of farm life. 
Mrs. Campbell pictured the ceaseless lack-luster routine of the life of the farmer's 
wife, with its constant cooking and mending, its tiresome sameness of diet, and^its 
inevitable burying of the higher intelligence of the woman herself. 



WOMAN S DAY. I I 3 

She recounted a large picnic of agriculturists she had witnessed in Wisconsin, 
where three-fourths of the contents of the baskets were lemon pies, the only viand 
which seemed to be thought equal to the occasion. Six hours a day was devoted by 
the rural housewives to cooking the meals and clearing the tables. Salads were un- 
known to them, and soup an unheard of luxury. Fried meats, chiefly pork, and pie 
were the staples. The teeth and the hair of the women fell out, their backs bent, 
their cheeks hollowed, and they died young and went insane in large numbers. In 
common with their husbands, they had no thought save for the daily food and the 
mortgage. As the result of the object lesson afforded by all this, the boys and girls 
sought the city and its wider opportunities as fast as they could. The women had 
the right to reach out for a better condition of affairs. Otherwise they could not 
found the family, which physically, ethically, and psychologically should be the mas- 
terpiece of evolution. The good old times was a misnomer, and women of the present 
day were to be congratulated that they did not live fifty or one hundred years ago. 

In connection with all this, Mrs. Campbell caused laughter by saying that the 
new order of things which had produced the new woman, though not the new woman 
as often pictured, was producing, without his knowledge and consent, the new man, 
and when the last-named product of the age was perfected, a condition of society 
would exist which would be a joy and a gladness. 

A feature of the morning session was the introduction of Mrs. Claire 
Hoyt Burley, formerly of Massachusetts, past department commander 
of the Woman's Relief Corps and national superintendent of the Na- 
tional Women's Relief Corps Home at Madison, Ohio. Mrs. Ingham, 
at the close of the meeting, presented the following announcement : 

The civic patriotism developed at our meetings the past year among the women 
of Cleveland creates a desire on the part of many that these delightful associations 
continue. Responding to such sentiment, we appoint a reunion of members to be held 
in the Assembly Room of Public Library Building, No. 190 Euclid avenue, Friday, 
September 11, at 2:30 P.M. 

It is proposed to designate these attractive gatherings as pertaining to the 
Woman's New Century Club of Cleveland and the Western Reserve for the study of 
this city and surrounding country, our history, present needs, commercial achieve- 
ments, the wonderful waterways, and in time our geology, flora, fauna, etc., never 
forgetting the tender reminiscence of the pioneer and the survey of every branch of 
woman's work, especially that pertaining to the happiness of home. Such a club 
should be open to all women, irrespective of age, occupation, religion or nationality. 

Please favor this broad venture with membership at $1, even if you cannot attend 
in person, as through this instructive channel intellectual help may come to hundreds. 

Yours for love of home and city, 
Mrs. Mary B. Ingham, 

President Woman's Department. 
Mrs. Mary S. Bradford, 

First Vice president. 

Remit to Miss Elizabeth Blair, No. 802 Prospect street. 

The ushers at the Woman's Day exercises were Mrs. Mary E. McOmber, marshal; 
assisted by Mrs. C. L. Moore, Miss Mattie D. Irwin, Miss Marie Schwab, Mrs. Alice 
Mace, Miss Cole, Miss Ella Woodard and Miss B. Donavan. Miss Rentz was in 
charge of the register, where the 216 township historians signed their names. Miss 
Jennie E. Dawson sold programmes, and Mrs. J. E. Bradley badges. 

From 12 o'clock to i -.30 o'clock a reception and luncheon was given 
in the upper rooms of the Armory to the historians of the Western Re- 
serve, the hostess being Mrs. Gertrude V. R. Wickham, historian, 
assisted by Mrs. Charles G. Smith, her able colleague, and the following 
ladies: Mrs. Charles H. Weed, Mrs. A. B. Foster, Mrs. A. R. Timmins, 
Mrs. W. F. Robbins, Mrs. C. E. Tillinghast, Mrs. J. A. Bidwell, Mrs. 
H. A. Griffin, Mrs. Francis Widlar, Mrs. F. A. Arter, Mrs. C. E. Low- 
man, Mrs. J. W. Lewis, Mrs. C. E. Pennewell, Mrs. Robert Aikenhead, 
Mrs. Arthur Adams, Mrs. J. H. Collister, Mrs. F. W. Pelton, Mrs. J. 
M. Henderson, Mrs. Harry McNutt, Mrs. J. F. Fisher, Mrs. A. C. Hord, 



114 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Mrs. A. R. Teachout, Mrs. C. E. Lower, Mrs. Sigmund Joseph, Mrs. 
Sapp, Mrs. Werwage. The tables were set in the large rooms fac- 
ing the lake. Each accommodated ten guests. 

AFTERNOON SESSION. 

At the opening of the afternoon session a number of aged persons 
were introduced by Mrs. Ingham-. The first was Mrs. Warner, a great 
granddaughter of Moses Cleaveland. Others presented were Mrs. J. A. 
Harris, the founder of the Dorcas Society; Mrs. Peter Thatcher, who 
did much in establishing hospitals in the city ; Mrs. Betsey Hulet 
Foster, daughter of a soldier in the American Revolution, whose 
daughter wrote the Centennial Ode ; Mrs. Sarah K. Bolton, the author- 
ess, and Mrs. Mar} 7 S. Bradford, president of the Cleveland School of 
Art and first vice president of the Centennial. The first hour was des- 
ignated as " Club Hour." Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, president of the ex- 
ecutive board, the first woman in Cleveland to be elected to the School 
Council, presided. In taking charge of the meeting, Mrs. Avery said: 

I am glad that the hour of my chairmanship is the civic hour. In our civic pride 
we recognize the fact that the building of such a city as this in a hundred years is con- 
clusive evidence of activity and energy. This active and energetic city needs, and has, 
an active and energetic head. Cleveland's mayor is only a third as old as the city, 
the youngest mayor of any great city in the land. When the enthusiasm of youth re- 
inforces wisdom, the combination constitutes the index of success. 

It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you our great city's honored chief, 
Mayor Robert E. McKisson. 

The mayor responded to this happy introduction as follows : 

Mrs. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : 

It is a great privilege for me to say a few words to the women of the Western Re- 
serve on this patriotic occasion. We have assembled to pay a just and loving tribute 
to those who labored long and faithfully to build up the character of the ' ' Reserve 
home,"' which blesses all our people to-day. We have come together to make our 
acknowledgment and pay our debt of gratitude to the pioneers now present, who 
have carried forward the illustrious achievements of their mothers and fathers from 
old New England; we have met to properly inaugurate and push forward in the new 
century those elements of the new Connecticut, whose younger homes are so beautiful, 
and by this magnificent meeting we show our appreciation of the blessing and pros- 
perity which we have so well enjoyed. 

The women of Cleveland and the Western Reserve have reason to rejoice in the 
completion of a hundred years of history for home and country as glorious and as 
grand as was ever written in the records of the world. It is therefore fitting and 
proper that we set aside this day for the commemoration of women's noble part, their 
progress, and their achievements in the declining century, and give to them our mutual 
congratulations on the successful past and express our loving faith in what their suc- 
cessors will receive at their hands. In this feeling and spirit, I believe, all true citi- 
zens heartily join. Who can estimate the power of devoted womanhood in these 
matchless counties of the Western Reserve? Her hand has rocked the cradle of presi- 
dents and kings; her home has been the paradise for generals and queens. To her, 
we owe our grateful thanks for the lustre this section of our State enjoys; to her, we 
give our hearty praise for the part her work has played in all the movements for the 
betterment of mankind. To the women of the Western Reserve and our distinguished 
guests our gates swing gladly inward and we bid you welcome, thrice welcome, 
to-day. 

It is also fitting for me to publicly thank the women of the Reserve who have taken 
so lively and important an interest in the success of this Centennial Celebration. 
Their untiring efforts, even amid early discouragements, have resulted in the happy 
consummation of not only their own hopes and desires, but those of every citizen 
having the interests of the celebration at heart. If any of our sister cities are con- 
templating similar celebrations within the next few years, I can heartily commend to 




<§toT^' 



REPRESENTATIVE MEMBERS OF THE WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT. 
Group II. 



WOMAN S DAY. I I 5 

them for examples of energy, enlightenment and effort the women of our own West- 
ern Reserve. Of course we are all aware that this day belongs to the ladies ; the gen- 
tlemen are in the background; the ladies are in the front. I might say the men have 
had something to do with this celebration, but perhaps such remarks can be better re- 
tained for some future occasion. When Cleveland was born into the family of strug- 
gling western villages a hundred years ago, it occupied a small plat of land on the 
south shore of Lake Erie, but in lour generations of man and woman, through their in- 
cessant labors, it has widened and grown, until to-day its fame, its greatness, its 
glory, its citizenship, its homes and its prosperity place it with the brightest stars 
that shine among America's greatest municipalities. 

In the city of Cleveland woman is engaged in almost every calling open to man. 
We have women doctors, women lawyers, women preachers, but it remains for an 
outside and smaller town to furnish us a woman's brass band. To the White House, the 
Reserve has given her Lucy Webb Hayes and her Lucretia Garfield; to letters she 
has given her Lydia Hoyt Farmer and her Sarah K. Bolton ; while to art, science and 
teaching, she has dedicated a long and worthy list of her distinguished daughters. In 
the crusades she gave a little band whose lives will always be tenderly remembered 
and whose memories will ever be revered. In the war she sent forth her messengers 
of love and mercy, whose sympathy and praj^ers meant life and hope for the soldiers 
on the fields of battle. Who can read the story of women's work in the Reserve during 
that great struggle ; who can look upon that sacred group in our soldiers' monument 
on the Public Square without a deeper feeling of consecration for the stars and stripes 
and the country over which the flag now grandly waves? 

The history of the Reserve, properly written, is in a large measure the history of 
its women. From the very first they wielded a scepter of influence which has done 
much to shape its destiny. They have been quick to perceive its needs, and ever 
ready to assist in every noble cause. As the retiring century bows itself out there is 
nothing but gratitude for their loyal service; as the new century courtesies and beck- 
ons us on, there is nothing but promise of greater things in the broadening fields for 
woman's endeavor. On this grander course it is privileged for the women of to-day 
to start. Others will take up the silver threads where they are dropped and complete 
the chain. When our next centennial anniversary rolls around, may those who 
celebrate it be as healthy and vigorous as those who celebrate it to-day, and may the 
glories they have won be as lasting and bright. 

At the conclusion of the Mayor's speech, Mrs. Avery said: 

Cleveland's greatness is largely due to a wise use of her commercial and indus- 
trial advantages. The men who have created some of those advantages and have 
made wise use of them and of others have organized for more efficient action along 
such lineb. They are public benefactors and, as such, are held in honor. To hold the 
chief office among such men is to be clothed with a power and dignity second only to 
those that hedge about the mayor. I have the honor of presenting to you the presi- 
dent of the Chamber of Commerce, Mr. J. G. W. Cowles. 

The address of President Cowles was as follows : 

Mrs. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : 

I am sure there is small place or need for either Director Day, or Mayor McKisson, 
or myself to speak in presence of the twenty women whose names are on your pro- 
gramme for this " woman's day." The men have done all the speaking on the other 
days, which is not right, for every day of this Centennial celebration is a woman's 
day. There were women founders, at least one, Tabitha Stiles, and women pioneers, 
too many to name; and New England women, our mothers of Connecticut; and 
women bicyclists on parade, the " new woman " of to-day, who like her grandmother 
has a spinning wheel, but rides it instead of making homespun by it. 

How the times change and we change with them ! I have changed in forty years; 
I confess it and am glad of it. I was a hot conservative at twenty, but am a cold- 
blooded radical at sixty. I can regard now with complacency innovations which 
shocked and almost angered me then. " Woman's Rights" was then the cry of a new 
reform, when Lucy Stone, Susan B. Athony, Elizabeth Stanton, and the girl orator, 
Anna Dickinson, who blazed like a meteor upon the lecture platform, were preaching 
the enfranchisement of women as well as emancipation for the slaves. But there was 
need; there was a cause. Women were subject to disabilities, injustices, legal and 
social wrongs, most of which have been by this time, and partly as the result of 
those agitations, corrected; although woman suffrage, their panacea for all ills, has not 



Il6 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

yet prevailed to any great extent. The men lawmakers have done it, without the help 
of women voters. So that the motive and appeal for woman suffrage is less urgent 
than it was forty years ago. 

Then the common law rule governed the legal status and property rights of women. 
That rule was barbaric. Marriage merged the woman's legal personality into that of 
the husband. The wife not only gave herself, but all she had. Her personal proper- 
ty became at once her husband's, beyond control, subject to his debts and dissipations. 
And in case of her death passed to him and his relatives, instead of reverting ever to 
her own. All products of their joint labor and of her sole industry and skill belonged 
to him. She had no right of action, no redress for any wrong, no standing in court 
alone, but only as joined with him. 

I cannot pause to depict the wrongs suffered by married women under this code. 
But the changes enacted in Ohio laws from 1861 to 1887 are a revolution, reversing the 
traditions of centuries and transforming mediaeval feudalism into modern liberty and 
equality. Out from the shadow and oppression of coverture the married woman has 
emerged through those statutes into an independent legal personality, owning or 
owing, keeping or giving, earning and spending, buying and selling, acquiring or con- 
veying, suing or being sued, contracting freely with her husband even, or with any 
other person in proper business relations; the wife stands before the law the equal of 
her husband, with all the rights, privileges, and powers of a.femme sole. And almost 
all trades, employments, occupations and professions are open to women in so far as 
they have the wit and will to enter them. There is no legal bar and hardly any social 
obstacles. 

But each new right brings its corresponding obligations ; each privilege its corol- 
lary liability. She may make contracts, but she must also perform them. She may 
create a debt, but she is bound to pay it. She has power to sue, but is liable to be 
sued. Release from coverture means not only freedom, but exposure. Her protection 
has disappeared with her bondage. 

So that it is needful that the new woman in assuming her new prerogatives shall 
gain an education and experience in the affairs of life. Business success can only be 
had through business training. Women have been shielded from competition ; for 
ages habituated to courtesy. But business is strife. And it is a question what real 
and permanent advantage will be gained by women in the world's broad field of 
battle. 

Certain I am that there is not and can never be a better social relation for women 
than that of marriage; or a purer, sweeter service than that of mother; or a nobler 
sphere than in the home. In all your ambitions, do not forget that there is your true 
crown and royalty. Here cluster affections, the most tender and delicate, joys the 
most pure, cares the most sacred, and duties the most binding of any in our lives. 
No "mission" can be more noble than that fulfilled within the home. The real great- 
ness of womanhood is here expressed more than 111 rilling high posts of honor and oc- 
cupying wide fields of usefulness in the world without. 

But while woman's sphere is in debate, as perhaps it always will be in the chang- 
ing opinions of mankind, the final rule of judgment will be the laws of nature, which 
are the wisdom of God. Always the divine thought is the true ideal, if we can dis- 
cover it and think for ourselves and make it our own ; alike in science and in art, in 
society and in life, and in the separate characters and mutual relations of men and 
women. Physical limitations cannot be disregarded. without permanent damage to 
the race. Mental and spiritual characteristics in each sex should be preserved and 
developed rather than be uprooted in either, while interchangeable traits and virtues 
common to human nature may increase the resemblance and make more perfect the 
harmony of relations between the sexes. The true harmony and best adjustment is 
not in shaping the spheres of action, but in cultivating corresponding characters, so 
that women also may be strong and men gentle; so that women also may be brave 
and men be pure. Not new rights, new franchises, new prerogatives, but womanly 
characters ever rising in moral elevation towards spiritual greatness, is the condition 
of happiness and honor ; ever inviting and promoting domestic virtues in men recip- 
rocal and complemental to their own. Guided by what model? There is but one in 
human history so strong, so true, so pure, so good, so wise, and so unselfish, so unit- 
ing all perfections as to have become the ideal of humanity and the proper model of 
all men and women, who " blended in His nature the virtues of the noblest manliness, 
with those of the purest womanhood, and who was also, in this respect, the most com- 
plete model of a perfect human being; so that, although his destiny required him to 
belong to one sex, he yet is a pattern for the purest virtues of the other." 

And in Him, as St. Paul tells us, "there is neither Jew nor Greek; there is neither 



WOMAN S DAY. 117 

bond nor free; there is neither male nor female," but one new creature — the unity of 
humanity in the Son of Man. 

Mrs. Sarah K. Bolton being- next introduced, spoke on the topic, 
"Cleveland Women. " Her address was as follows: 

This is an eventful day of an eventful year. I cannot realize that I have lived 
here much of the time during the past thirty years, and have seen Cleveland grow 
from 60,000 to 360,000 in population. I see before me women who have long worked to- 
gether in the Woman's Christian Association, the temperance work, and other lines of 
benevolence. I was proud of Cleveland as a center of benevolence, when it was made 
such by the gifts of such noble men as Joseph Perkins, Stillman Witt and others. Our 
recent munificent gift of $6oo : ooo by Mr. Rockefeller for a park for the people shows 
that we are not losing our prestige along that line. In these later years I have been 
proud of Cleveland for another reason other than benevolency ; it has become an in- 
tellectual center. I am proud of what our women are doing in their clubs, in their 
study of the great questions of the day, for who should be interested if not women, in 
the health and moral progress of a great city? We have musicians, artists, lawyers, 
doctors, ministers and writers among our women. We have a fine college, and we 
need another thing to make Cleveland still further a center for scholars and intellectual 
work. We need a great library. Chicago has her two and a half millions from John 
Crerar; her two millions from Walter Newberry for a reference library, and her public 
library has had over a million dollars bestowed upon it. Baltimore has her million 
from Enoch Pratt ; Pittsburgh her millions from Andrew Carnegie ; New York her 
million and a half from the Astors; Boston her three million dollar library, with a 
half million books. We hope to have a great library before another Centennial, 
though we shall not be here to see it. This is a day for congratulations, when we 
think of what the century has done for woman. Since Oberlin was the first college 
in the country to open its doors to our sex a little more than half a century ago, 
colleges west and east have followed its example. One hundred years ago (1790) 
cultured Boston did not permit girls to attend the public schools, except in the sum- 
mer months when the boys did not wish to attend. In 1820, in Waterford, N. Y., 
when a girl was examined in geometry it called forth a storm of ridicule. Her 
teacher was Mrs. Emma Willard. Since Dr. Emily Blackwell found a welcome to 
study medicine in Cleveland after being refused all over the country, half a hundred 
or more medical schools now admit women. Not till 1S70, it is said, was a degree in 
law given to a woman, and that in Chicago. We have two women who preach most ac- 
ceptably in this city, and many more elsewhere. We need more Catharine Booths to 
lead Salvation Armies. 

Laws have changed. Lucy Stowe tells how the Common Law which gave all the 
property of the wife to her husband at marriage gave the $25 which her mother re- 
ceived from the paternal estate to Mr. Stowe. He, with great gallantry, refused to 
keep it as his own, and bought his wife some spoons and a side-saddle with her own 
twenty-five dollars . 

Cleveland is progressive. Here was born the American Woman Suffrage Associa- 
tion, as a result of the convention of 1869 held here. The first convention of temper- 
ance women was held here, resulting from the suggestion of Mrs. W. A. Ingham at 
Chautauqua. Let me say here how much I owe our efficient president, Mrs. W. 

A. Ingham, for her encouragement to me in the early years of my Cleveland life in 
my benevolent work. I am glad to thank her thus publicly. Our city now has two 
able women on the School Board, Mrs. Elroy M. Avery and Mrs. Benjamin F. Taylor. 
We are even helping men a little in politics. I must not forget my old home in Con- 
necticut, from which so many of us came. I am glad to-day to be one of the connect- 
ing links between the old home and the new. We owe much to Catharine Beecher, 
who founded the school where some of us in Cleveland were taught and graduated. 
She and Mary Lyon were pioneers. We are proud of a Hartford woman who gave 
honor to her sex and her country by writing "Uncle Tom's Cabin," of which two mill- 
ion copies have been sold in nineteen languages. We are glad that Moses Cleave- 
land laid out this goodly city. We are proud of the energy, the puritan principles, 
the heroism and self-sacrifice which founded this Western Reserve. We are glad, 
too, that on the entrance upon our second Centennial we see before us a noble com- 
pany of younger women who will help the men of the country to do noble deeds. 

"Women's Clubs" was the subject of an interesting sketch by Mrs. 

B. F. Taylor, who spoke as follows : 



I 1 8 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Every age has had its heroes and statesmen, its philosophers and poets, its brave 
men and fair women, but a long perspective of years is required to enable them to be 
viewed in their true proportions. 

The man of Mount Vernon walked in disguise among the men of his age. He 
was criticized and vilified. 

Lincoln and Grant grow grander as the receding years bear us farther away from 
them. 

There seems to be an unwritten law compelling us. to bury the disagreeable, forget 
the uncomfortable, carry on the sunshine and leave the shadows to oblivion. 

We of the Western Reserve, during the past year have been looking backwards, 
scanning the history of the wonderful development of art and beauty, where so recently 
was a wilderness. The energy and courage of the men and women who cheerfully en- 
dured the hardships of pioneer life that they might bequeath to their children abun- 
dant comfort and luxury have been the theme of song and story. We have woven a 
web of romance around the bare bitter facts of daily privation and toil without stint, 
until we see little save the light from the great open fires, and hear only the hearty 
greeting as the latchstring is pulled and neighbor or stranger receives a true High- 
land welcome. 

If there was a " Bright side to prison life in Libby, " there must have been a sil- 
ver lining to the clouds and darkness that often brooded over the new settlement of 
the Western Reserve. 

We talk of the " good old times," but we do not wish to return to them except in 
memory. Almost the only thing we fancy we are in love with is the old time. Age 
does not command the respect it did in the years that are gone. We sneer at the very 
old as the forty youngsters sneered who made a supper for the bears ; and yet we all 
want to be old. We disclaim it, but we are deluded. Life is a beautiful gift, and it is 
not strange, perhaps, that about half the world is trying to get rich by keeping the 
other half alive a great while. This ambition to emulate Methuselah has risen to a 
national passion. As a nation we passed our one hundredth milestone twenty years 
ago, as a city we have just reached it. We have grown great and grand; we have 
exulted centennially, and yet one hundred is not old for a mud turtle, and it is 
young for an oak. 

They tell of the violets that opened their blue eyes upon the field of Inkerman; of 
the corn that flaunted its silken tassels on the ground of Waterloo. I can tell you of 
a flower more wonderful than these — a flower that springs sweet and pure from the 
earth that produces seemingly nothing but graves ; a flower whose leaves are for the 
healing of the heavy-hearted, whose blossoms are balm for whatever brows are bleed- 
ing with the pressure of calamity's thorny crown. It is the flower Charity, and it has 
developed in grand proportions during the century we are just leaving. 

The women of to-day are no less tender and sympathetic because they wear silk 
instead of linsey. Since the worms spin for them, and steam does their knitting and 
weaving, they have more time to devote to the cultivation of this wonderful plant, 
and it blossoms out in myriad forms of love, and it teaches the grand lesson of univer- 
sal brotherhood. 

Women have, in these later days, banded together in organizations that they may 
be stronger to do and to dare ; and these are referred to under the general head of 
" clubs." 

In the good old times clubs were the property of those who were supposed to be 
able to wield them, and in pioneer life were sometimes used literally and figuratively 
to keep the wolf from the door. Later club rooms, where wining and dining were the 
chief employments, were frequented by gentlemen of leisure, but the doors were 
never open to woman. 

Now, the monosyllable is used by women when naming the organizations where 
they meet for study, or social recreation, or to devise ways and means to brighten the 
life, or lift the burden for the weak or the oppressed. But the word has a broader 
meaning still. The lexicon tells us it means "a uniting for a common purpose," so 
any number of people who are working for a common cause may be said to constitute 
a club. Taking the word in this sense, then, this Centennial Commission has un- 
consciously formed the ideal club where men and women have worked together to 
commemorate the deeds of those who made this greater Cleveland possible. 

The pioneers among women's clubs in Cleveland are the " Conversational," and 
the " Art and History." They are limited in number and literary in character. The 
" Fortnightly," with its six hundred members, is doing much to cultivate a taste for 
classic music. "Sorosis, " with her ten departments and three hundred members, 
brings brightness and some degree of culture within the reach of many who long for a 



WOMAN S DAY. I I 9 

glimpse of those Elysian fields from which they have hitherto been debarred by cir- 
cumstance or environment. The "Woman's Press Club" sends out good literature, 
and its members are welcomed as representative women the world over. 

The " Daughters of the American Revolution," and the " Woman's Relief Corps" 
not only help the needy, striving to obtain justice for those who are unable to secure 
it for themselves, but they inculcate a true and holy patriotism, fervent love of country, 
reverence for our nation's laws, and a new devotion to our nation's flag. 

He but poorly measures the patriotism of woman's nature who deems her an in- 
different spectator of the successes and the perils of her dear native land. No man 
can adequately appreciate the part she takes for the nation's good, when, in the sacred 
privacy of home, or in her clubs, she lends her voice and her influence in favor of order, 
law, humanity and right. 

The good and abiding results of this Centennial movement cannot be set down in 
figures. The treasurer will never reckon into his grand total the generous sentiment, 
the friendly feeling, the unity of purpose; the thought that we have done something 
to commemorate the work, and perpetuate the memory of those who did so much for 
us; ttu thought that we are heirs to one inheritance, children of one country, and of 
one God. 

The Centennial Ode, by Miss Hannah Alice Foster, was then read. 
This ode was awarded a prize in a public competition. It was as follows : 

CLEVELAND. 



Rose nourished long, grew old, then fell asleep, 
The hundred-gated city of the Nile ; 
But not of her, deep sepulchered the while 
Forgotten centuries her records keep ; 
Nor Venice, smiling still with studied grace 
Into the mirror that reflects her face ; 
Nor once imperial Rome, whose name and fame 
So ruled the world — old pomp and power and pride ; 
Not those to-day. With warmer, quicker tide 
Our pulses thrill. On sacred altars flame 
Pure patriot fires of love and loyalty, 
While ready hands the stars and stripes outfling, 
And "Cleveland," past, and present and to be- 
Aye, "Greater Cleveland" — her proud sons and daughters sing. 

11. 

The happy birds her christening carol trilled ; 

Through swaying boughs of green the sunshine smiled, 

When zephyrs whispered, " Lo, the newborn child;" 

Sweet sylvan blossoms all the wide wood filled 

With fragrant welcome. Swift and bold, 

In measured undertone, the river told 

His glad, strange story to the list'ning lake; 

The bright waves heard, and, dancing with delight, 

Put on their mantles blue and caps of white, 

And shoreward sped, to kiss, for her sweet sake, 

The pebbly beach, baptized for peerless feet; 

The giant trees joined hands and round her stood; 

The clouds a rainbow wore, her eyes to greet ; 

Her horoscope was clear — all signs and auguries good. 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



Her prophecy of greatness grew to power; 

"Give place!" rode forth upon the waves of sound. 

And forest monarchs bowed them to the ground ; 

Wild beasts to deepest shade, with growl and glower, 

Vile reptiles and dread savages withdrew 

Before a force invincible and new ; 

For brawn, brain, will and courage wrought for her, 

With tireless patience struck those sturdy blows 

Which rung with victory. Low-roofed cabins rose, 

And they whom toil nor danger could deter, 

Rude thresholds crossed; from flints struck living fires, 

Whose healthful flames across a century leap, 

Disclosing hearthstones guarded by brave sires, 

Where noble, blessed mothers sang their babes to sleep. 

IV. 

Not all the gush of joy that rings 

From marriage bells, 
The low, mysterious melody which tells 
The rhythmic story of lone captive shells, 
The whir of swift, bright wings, 
The zephyr's love-song, slumbrous hum of bees, 
Or morning chorus in the apple trees, 



Not sweetest symphonies allied 

In rapturous strain, 
Clear-keyed or muffled as soft summer rain, 
Can thrill and charm, in pleasure and in pain, 

And in the soul abide, 
Like mother's voice, that scaled the gate sword-crossed, 
And tells us Eden is not wholly lost. 



Environment small meaning held 

To her whose breast 
Pillowed her child; beneath that homespun vest 
What constant heart-beats led away to rest ! 

What mother-love impelled 
That tenderness of touch and tone and eye, 
And taught her tongue its simple lullaby? 



' Rock-a-by; behind the trees 
The sun is slowly creeping; 
'Tis time the little honey bees 
And pretty birds were sleeping. 
Now go to sleep, my baby dear; 
The wolf's away, there's naught to fear; 
The old bear's busy making her bed, 



WOMAN S DAY. 



The owl has a dreadful cold in his head, 
The cricket is chirping with all his might, 
Good-night, little baby — good-night, good-night. 



" Away, away to dreamland fair, 

And mother'll watch thy waking, 
The while she hastens to prepare 
And put the corn-cake baking; 
To bring the water from the brook, 
And hang the kettle on the hook, 
O'er glowing coals the venison fry, 
For father'll be coming, by-and-by, 
Too tired and hungry to play ' Bo-peep, ' 
So go to sleep, darling — to sleep — to sleep. 



" There — by-a-by; sleep long and well, 
For milking time is nearing; 
Yes — 'tinkle, tinkle,' goes the bell — 
The cows are in the clearing. 
To-night old Brindle is ahead — 
vShe knows her calf is in the shed, 
Her very own that she cannot see. 
Poor Brindle! Poor bossy! O dearie me! 
But shelter and love and dreams of delight- 
All, all for mother's sweet baby to-night." 



That pioneer baby more vigorous may be, 

Because of good training and diet 
With bean-porridge ladle. Soon left his log cradle 

To join in the trundle-bed riot, 

XI. 

Where feet, hands and faces disputed all spaces, 
Though every newcomer made gladder, 

Till skill in resources divided the forces, 
And raised — not the vision-made — ladder, 



Of Biblical story, from earthland to glory, 

But one to the low attic leading, 
Where "chink in" and rafter caught legend and laughter, 

As happiest childhood was speeding. 

XIII. 

Equipped for stern duty, how courage and beauty 

Went forth on that yesterday morning, 
And smiling or weeping, they sowed for our reaping. 

They wrought for this birthday's adorning. 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

XIV. 

Brave hearts ! seeking ever, with dauntless endeavor, 
Life's utmost — from fame nothing- questing; 

By ways rough and dreary, they toiled till o'er wearv — ■ 
Speak low ! they are quietly resting. 



No rest surpasses 
Their dreamless quietude beneath the grasses. 

What grand life workers they! 
From rosy dawn to last faint gleam of day 
No truce to ease they bore, for pleasure's sake, 
But on through the gloaming, facing the light, 
With toil-hardened hands, how they beat back the night 
And beckoned the morn, that looked her surprise 
On the staked-out-city beside the lake — 
Which Moses Cleaveland "believed" would make 
A village of quite respectable size ! 
But he had no thought — when he broke the ground — 
Of a century plant with a bloom like this ; 
And he never dreamed it was his to found 
For the Buckeye State her metropolis ! 

xvi. 

But she, the sometime child 
And buxom beauty of a western wild, 

Called courage to her side, 
And faith, which shade and silence glorified, 
And from the winds which made the old woods quake, 
Lulled waves to sleep or kissed them wide awake ; 

Such vital ozone drew, 
That year by year, she grew and grew, 
.Until so tall upon the heights she stands, 

With fair, far-reaching hands ; 
To pretty hamlets dazed with doubt, 
And all the region round about, 
Proclaiming, in tones that are almost commands, 
" The latchstrinir is out!" 



So fast and great hath grown 
This civic marvel that we call our own ! 

Whose countless forces beat 
Anvils which answer to hammer and heat, 
Where masterful purpose in gentle guise 
Presses the button of enterprise, 
And canny roll call keeps, 
Speaks space away and interprets the skies ! 
But wills — and obedient lightning leaps, 
The sunshine smiles and "X rays" glow, 
Revealing what only the gods might know, 

One hundred years ago. ^ 



WOMAN S DAV 



What does it mean, good people, 

This rapturous chime of heart and steeple ? 

And what do we here. 
This mid-summer month of Centennial year? 
And why is our beautiful flag unfurled — 
Our dear old flag that won and holds 
The National heart in its silken folds? 

It says to the world : 
American freemen ne'er questioned its cost, 
But the highest price for this banner paid, 
Whose stars never set, whose stripes never fade, 
Whose standard is fixed neath the dead line of frost." 

XIX. 

One April day, in sorrow's sable dressed, 
Sore stricken, dazed by grief's afflictive blow. 
Was Cleveland made illustrious in her woe ! 
Beloved Lincoln was her silent guest, 
His cruel conflicts o'er, his victories won, 
Here Garfield sleeps — Ohio's cherished son! 
Here, in enduring marble, are enrolled 
The names of men who gave ungrudgingly 
Their service and their lives to keep us free. 
Repeat the story oft — it grows not old ! 
And ever let those hero records be 
The city's sacred trust — her precious legacy. 

xx. 

Our Cleveland! Freeborn greatness needs no crown, 

Her gracious hand no sceptre, her good name 

No court-commissioned laureate to proclaim ; 

Her deeds, no linking to old-time renown. 

And not with soulless rites or wreaths of bay, 

Do we, her loyal daughters, come to-day. 

For whom we love is theme of pen and tongue. 

Majestic' matron, type of womanhood 

In all things beautiful and true and good. 

(Despite her gathering years, she still is young.) 

This "Woman's Day" with grateful hearts we bring 

First fruits of best endeavor. Her sweet grace 

For us hath touched full many a hidden spring 

And opened long-shut doors of potency and place. 

xxi. 

Fair city of our pride, 
Look forth! How speedeth the incoming tide? 

Rich-freighted waves 
That bring thee growing prestige, wealth and powei 
Which shadowy years to be cannot conceal, 
And faith's prophetic flash, lights half reveal; 



124 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

What pure white radiance clings to spire and tower! 

From church and school thy sciences and arts, 

Professions, industries, and busy marts 

Draw life-supplies. O, guard those "upper springs!" 

So shall the sinews of thy strength be fed 

To grasp and hold success. So by the wings 

Of blest ideals, through far centuries led, 

March on! march on! God's highlands are ahead! 

The future calleth thee to noblest fame — 

Rise, Greater Cleveland, answer to thy name ! 

At 2:30 o'clock the subject changed to " Education," Mrs. Lydia 
Hoyt Farmer, the Cleveland authoress, presiding. In taking charge 
of the meeting, Mrs. Farmer spoke of the advantages which the present 
day afforded to woman, saying: 

She may soar aloft through the realm of science, and wield the pen in that of 
literature. She may depict the beauties of nature on canvas, and break the shackles 
of evil through her beneficent influence. She may dip with her delicate fingers into 
the intricacies of trade and commerce. The college doors are now wide open to her. 
The libraries of the country are stored with the jewels of her genius. The American 
girl of 1896 combines the peculiar grace of the girl of the Revolution, the demure 
fascination of the Puritan maid, and the dazzling light of her own accomplishments 
and intelligence. Follow her from the parlor to the kitchen, the cooking school to 
the lecture room, the sick room to the art gallery, the Bible class to the reading club, 
the chit-chat club to the gymnasium and the swimming school. Broad is her develop- 
ment — mental, moral and physical. As she spins away on her high wheel of attain- 
ments, it would take the greatest prophet the world has ever known to forecast what 
she may do in the future. 

Mrs. May Wright Sewall, ex-president of the National Council of 
Women of the United States, one of the distinguished speakers of the 
day, then devoted some time to the discussion of " Domestic Effects of 
Higher Education of Women." In the course of an instructive address, 
she said: 

It has been charged that in the best families where education among women is 
more common, there has been decadence as to the size of the family. By this is 
meant American families of English descent. I do not think this point is well taken, 
except that the average age at which women marry has been raised by something 
like seven years. It has been shown by statistics that thirty-five per cent of the babies 
in the United States die before reaching the age of five years. It would be interesting 
to know what the per cent is in families where the mothers have had a college edu- 
cation. I believe women of education know better how to take care of their children, 
and that the percentage of death is less. Higher education makes women grasp prac- 
tical household problems in a practical way, and to take domestic affairs out of the 
realm of gossip and place it in that of scientific research. The ignorant woman looks 
upon exorbitant plumber's bills, smoky chimneys, and damp cellars as ills existing 
simply to be endured with complaining or silently, according to the disposition of 
the woman. The educated woman seeks to, find some way to overcome these dif- 
ficulties. 

Very often when people of means are asked if they intend to send their daughters 
to college they reply: " No, our daughter need not earn her living. We can support 
her, and, besides, we expect her to marry.'' That used to be the idea more generally 
than now. Education was to lift a girl outside the alternative of starvation or a hus- 
band. I should think the men would not like the insinuation. It implies that an 
ignorant woman is good enough for a wife. Even to this day there is surprise in 
many quarters when a rich girl goes to college, and it is attributed either to a fad, or 
else to the wisdom of her parents in placing her where, if the evils of poverty should 
attack her, she will have a safeguard. 

There is another side to it, the best side, and that which is becoming more and 



woman's day. 125 

more recognized. Education means more than a mere defense against the ills of pov- 
erty. People who see no further reason, than the one of providing against a rainy 
day, simply have a false conception of life and its meaning. That false conception is 
not confined to being a restraint to the higher education among women. In times 
past it has worked equal harm to men. In dividing the work of the world, society has 
permitted the men to look out for the temporal, and women for the eternal interest of 
the race. Rich women often devote themselves exclusively to religion and make it 
their life work. Theirs is the business to find heaven for themselves and for the men, 
as far as the men will permit it. What application has this to my subject, do you say ? 
One that is direct. If society relegates to woman the most important work in lite, it 
acknowledges that she is fit for any sphere, and has the right to fit herself for any sphere. 

Women have one thing to guard against. In the present day when it is the prov- 
ince of women to improve themselves, many of them who have not had the opportu- 
nity of a college or university career associate themselves in literary clubs. I am an 
ardent advocate of such clubs and believe that where they turn out one woman who 
mixes education and information, and thinks them one and the same thing, they turn 
out nine women who constantly improve themselves. 

But women must not think their clubs are substitutes for colleges and universities, 
and that courses of reading take the place of scholastic training. To so believe is a 
vast mistake. There is a wide difference between education and general informa- 
tion, and it requires thorough scholastic training to fit a woman or a man for a course 
of systematic reading that is in itself a higher education. Education is not only a 
means to an end, but it is an end itself. That end is intellectual liberty. A thor- 
oughly educated woman should be and is a better housekeeper, a more companionable 
wife, and a more inspiring mother, than an ignorant woman possibly could be. 

At the conclusion of Mrs. Sewall's address, Mrs. Florence Hyde 
Briggs sang a vocal selection. The hour for the consideration of the 
" Past, Present and Future," then arrived, being the last hour of the 
day. Miss Caroline Baldwin Babcock, of Hudson, presided. Miss 
Cora Cohen, the contralto of the Temple Quartette, sang an interesting 
ballad, one in vogue one hundred years ago, " The Beggar Girl." Mrs. 
Harriet Taylor Upton, of Warren, spoke eloquently on the topic, " Our 
Ancestors — the Heroes and Heroines of the Western Reserve. " She 
said : 

During this Centennial time so much has been said of the heroes of the Western 
Reserve that I shall devote the time allotted to me to the heroines. Did you ever 
look at the written history of Ohio to see what is recorded of the part women took in 
it? There are pages devoted to soil, to wood, to streams, to cows, to battles, to 
religion, but scarcely a word to women. You might think men sent their wives to the 
Old World to live in luxury and splendor while they settled the country. Women 
had not had higher education, were not educated and were not supposed to be able to 
write history, and so the men wrote the history and naturally they wrote of things 
they themselves knew. If the fact had been reversed our history would have been 
just as one-sided, because both man and woman must have a place and voice together 
in all things before all things are perfect. 

Fortunately, we get a history which is not written ; a history we reason out. We 
know that America and Ohio were settled and rnade prosperous because of the 
" home; " and we know, and everybody knows, that it is woman that makes the home. 

Men build great bridges so wonderful that as we look at the network of wires and 
pile of stone, it seems we must be dreaming. Men weave cables and connect the old 
and new worlds, and gather the lightning from the clouds for their use, but they can- 
not make a home. . They can buy a house and furnish it and live in it, but no one ever 
thinks of it as a home. The home of this country is its strength, and woman is the 
strength of the home. 

The foremothers of the Reserve were nearly under the restraint of children ; the 
forefather was absolute monarch of the family. As there are some gentle monarchs, 
so there were some gentle forefathers, and so there were some foremothers who were 
semi-independent, but as a rule the law was administered. Now if the wise Creator 
had intended this to be the mode of procedure, he would have given the forefather a 
greater amount of brains ; but nobody nowadays believes that the foremother was not 
an equal naturally with the forefather. 



126 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

The foremothers, as a rule, were short-lived. Most every forefather had two 
wives. The great length of hours of work and the worry was the cause of this. I 
heard a gentleman say of his mother, a woman who came to this country when it was 
a wilderness, that he never remembered, as a child or young man, of going to bed 
without hearing his mother at work, nor of getting up in the morning without having 
heard her ahead of him. The foremother's life was one eternal grind. She made 
cheese on a tub on the floor until her back nearly broke. She had no cistern, but 
washed in the water she caught in barrels or brought from the creek; or she took her 
linen to the creek and cleansed it there. Fortunately for the foremother she had 
plenty of grass, so that when water was scarce the sun helped her to whiten and 
sweeten the linen. There seemed never to be a season which was not crowded full. 
With sugar making, candle making, lard rendering, soap making, berrv, apple and 
pumpkin drying. Their only recreation was a quilting bee, or common visiting, and 
if we had to take our recreation that way we would never take it. If it was a common 
visit, our foremother, with her knitting or her sewing, started barefooted, carrying her 
shoes and cap ; her cap, because she could not wear it under her sunbonnet, her shoes, 
because she did not like to wear them out. As a rule the forefather did not think he 
could spare the foremother a horse to ride or drive, and she trudged along across the 
pasture or through the woody path as the case might be. Before she reached the 
house of the hostess she put on her shoes. Why there is an old elm tree in front of 
the residence of Mrs. Harmon Austin, and in the days of our foremothers there was a 
little stream flowing by, and here it was that the foremothers of Hovvland and Bazetta 
stopped to put on their shoes every Sunday morning on their way to church. But 
when the foremother went visiting, she usually helped to get the meal and do up the 
dishes, and then she and her hostess sat down with their work and discussed pickles 
and men's shirts, feather beds and sugar-cured hams, with, I have no doubt, the 
ways of some of the women of the vicinity. If it were a quilting, there were hosts 
of foremothers there, and they enjoyed it. There seems to be a kind of sadness in 
the fact that the recreation of the foremothers was what we think the hardest work in 
the world. It is my belief that quilts would have been superseded by blankets and 
comforters long before they were, if it had not been for the sociability. ' When I think 
that our foremother, a few times a year, took her shoes and her cap and walked to the 
house of a friend and worked for that friend all day and called that recreation, it 
seems pitiful. No wonder women died. The only time they did not work was Sun- 
day, and then they went to church in the morning, carried their dinners and' stayed all 
day. Just think of listening four hours to a sermon that pointed most surely to a 
punishment hereafter. Of course the foremother would not admit it if she were here 
now, but I have often thought it was the half hours nooning with the lunch and the 
gossip that helped out those Sundays. And in those little meeting houses the men sat 
on one side and the women on the other. I went to church once with my grandmother 
at the center of Nelson. I remember the ride ; I remember just how they hitched our 
horse in the shed ; and how the congregation rose up and faced the choir and sang, 
" O, Come, Come Away from Labor now Reposing," an appropriate hymn, and I 
knew it, and I sang. But what I reme'mber most is when we got into the church, 
grandfather turned to the left and grandmother to the right, and I was left to choose, 
and instead of choosing I stopped and argued that they must sit together, but without 
avail, so I chose grandmother of course, and once in five or ten minutes, to grand- 
mother's discomfort, I motioned to grandfather to come over and just as often asked 
grandmother why he could not, and I remember she said it was wicked for men and 
women to sit together in church. I was not rive years old and I may not have re- 
membered right, but that's the impression I always carried, and from that day until 
four years ago, I never knew why men sat on one side of the church and the women 
on the other; but in searching the Congressional library for some facts in church 
history, I learned that men sat by themselves that their minds might be free to think 
of God and the future state, instead of wives and sweethearts, just as if God was not 
in the wife and sweetheart. Is it not wonderful that every law, civil and ecclesiastic, 
was in our foremothers' days made for the forefather ? No church or State seemed to 
think the foremother needed protection. It never seemed to occur to the forefather 
that the way to worship God was at the side of the wife, and that the virtue m this 
direction was not in removing temptation, but in overcoming it, or that her mind 
might be polluted if she sat near him. 

It is sure that if this rule had continued until this day, that one-half of the church 
would be nearly empty. It always seemed to me if I were a man preacher and un- 
derstood men as only men can understand, that I would invent some way to get men 
into the church. 




REPRESENTATIVE MEMBERS OF THE WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT. 
Group III. 



WOMAN S DAY. 



127 



But to return to the foremother. There was one time when she was at peace. 
That was when she read her Bible and was engaged in prayer. The family prayer, 
morning and evening, was her solace, and at ten each day many of our foremothers 
sat down calmly and opened the Bible and read that upon which their eyes first rested. 
She opened and read believing that she was led to read, and was filled with an all- 
pervading peace. She marked, learned and inwardly digested, was lifted up and took 
up her burdens anew, feeling that her God, who was austere and cold, was still her 
protector and savior. 

Now most of our forembthers scolded. I am glad they did. When I was a child 
I used to drive this country over with an uncle who bought cattle, and I used to hear 
the talk of the farmers and my uncle, and every little while I would hear them men- 
tion some foremother, long since gone. Sometimes they would laugh and say, ' ' She 
was a termagant, or a scold, or a Hellyan, " etc. When we in our peaceful, comforta- 
ble homes, look back to the old log cabins, the cold winters, the endless work, the large 
families, the semi-servitude, we rejoice that the foremothers did scold; that they chafed 
under the yoke. We are glad they did, instead of submitting in weakness ; because 
with that spirit of non-submission our grandmothers and mothers were born, and we 
to-day are thus filled with a spirit of justice ; we want just what our foremothers 
wanted, only they feared to say so. 

Just as our forefathers chafed under the English rule, and escaped to America to 
be free, never expecting to establish such a great Republic as this, so did our fore- 
mothers wince under oppression and contend for greater advantages, never dreaming 
what was to follow. As our forefathers made the Union, of States under one great sys- 
tem a possibility, so our foremothers made it possible for us to establish a true Republic 
where each individual can develop himself as he may wish to do. 

The next address was by Mrs. R. H. Wright, of Akron, whose topic 
was, "Are We Worthy of Our Ancestors? " Mrs. Wright said it was not 
specific what ancestors were intended. Mr. Darwin had found some 
remote ancestors who were perhaps not worthy of emulation by any 
ofie, but she supposed her topic was limited to the ancestors of the 
pioneer days. After extolling the pioneer ancestors, Mrs. Wright 
pointed to some of their characteristics, exemplified and broadened in 
the present generation. She thought the women of the year 1896 were 
worthy of their ancestors. She spoke of the homes of Cleveland, both 
on its broad avenues and on the side streets, as the workshops in which* 
the women of Cleveland were forming character. She referred to the 
walls of Nehamah, and prayed the women of Cleveland to build tip 
characters that would be walls of defense for Cleveland against vice 
and immorality of all kinds. At the conclusion of this address Miss 
Cohen again sang a selection, " The Indian's Death Song." 

Then came the closing address of the session. In presenting Mrs. 
Kate Brownlee Sherwood, of Canton, as the next speaker, Mrs. Babcock 
said : 

And now putting other things behind us, ere we separate, never to meet again 
as we do now, let us lift our hands heavenward and look out — onward, upward and 
very reverently godward, and ask — what of the future? What of the century upon 
which we enter? What has it in store for us and our children " even unto the third 
and fourth generation?" This is Woman's Day; we are proud and grateful for so 
much of opportunity. We would understand our responsibility, and what duty is, — 
and do it ! 

Mrs. Sherwood's address was -a prophecy, her subject being " Look- 
ing Forward." She spoke as fol]ows: 

We have had many a backward look to-day, to the time when the brave women 
heroes of the Western Reserve were cheerfully enduring hardships and privations for 
the sake of their little children, and for the future State and nation in which they had 
no unimportant part as founders. We have seen how the humble cabin home was the 
abode of pure and simple tastes and Christian refinement, and how within them were 



128 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



reared the sons and daughters destined in a wider sphere to become the hopeful and 
patient pioneers of a newer and more complex civilization. 

To-day we stand upon the outlook with the old order of things merging into the 
new. Pioneer women of a more material age have done their part and done it nobly. 
From them we have learned patience and industry and application; we have learned 
faith and hope and Christian charity. They have taught us self-reliance and courage, 
and the great spiritual and fundamental truths that God has indeed poured out his 
spirit upon the children of men, the sons as well as the daughters. Thanks to the 
pioneer fathers and mothers, we are plentifully endowed with houses and lands, 
churches and schools ; the triumphs of science, and the high secrets of art. 

Every pioneer mother was an active factor in the domestic life, every hand was 
busy, and there were no drones to consume the honey they had not gathered. Taking 
a forward look, what do we see, or rather what do we not see? On one side looms up 
the mount of woman's ignorance, and on the other side the mount of selfishness and 
folly. Only bright vistas can be seen between them of the pioneer women of to-day, 
banded together to overthrow all forms of error and superstition, and toiling unceas- 
ingly to build a new social fabric, which shall replace the social fabric of to-day, as the 
palace itself has replaced the log cabin of a hundred years ago. 

The mount of ignorance which stands before us is an accretion of the ages. Every 

woman who has shirk- 
'tf",Tfii^SI WWi e d a known duty and 

turned to the flesh-pots 
of Egypt when she 
should have been going 
forward in the land of 
promise has added her 
mite of hoarded rub- 
bish. Before that 
mount lie the strewn 
corpses of those who 
have held back when 
duty called. And 
around the mount of 
selfishness and folly 
what multitudes of id- 
lers in putrid masses 
who spent their lives in 
frivolities and fashion, 
when the compelling 
spirit of glorious des- 
tiny would have led 
them on ! 

Every age has its 
pioneers of progress, 
and across their paths 
lie manifold tempta- 
tions. The conflict of the pioneers of this year of our Lord, iSob, is not with the crude 
foes of the unbroken wilderness, the howling wolves, or the Indian raiders. Luxury 
spreads her tables and bids us sit down. Ease places before us her cushioned chairs 
and entreats us to loiter within the pleasant shade. Fashion sends her devotees to our 
lovely daughters, and in the fashionable boarding-schools they are taught to set more 
value upon decayed titles and effeminate scions of effete aristocracy than upon our 
glorious self-made names and the sturdy sons of the Republic, clean of body, and 
great of brain. Society, based upon the single gold standard, lures us with her pleas- 
ures, and with her siren songs teaches us that the sum of human happiness is bodily 
comfort and luxurious repose. 

But with so much behind us to give us courage, and so much before us to inspire 
us with hope, with our woman's clubs and our. societies for mutual improvement and 
the betterment of mankind, the pioneers of 1S96 may hopefully consolidate, and with a 
new esprit de corps pull down the heaps of woman's ignorance and folly for a grand 
advance all along the line. 

• Women are the housekeepers of the universe, and the same faculties that serve the 
home must be utilized to serve the State and nation. If our streets are ever clean 
Avomen must do the cleaning ; if our police stations and city prisons are ever to be 
freed from vermin, women must apply the remedial agents. If the laws upon our 




SNAP-SHOT 



)F HIE BICYCLE PARADE 



EUCLID AVEXI'E. 



WOMAN* S DAY. 129 

•statute books are more just than they were twenty-five years ago, it is because women, 
working behind and through men, have made them so; if they are ever enforced, it 
will be when women are factors in their enforcement. There should be a woman po- 
lice matron in every city prison; there should be a woman physician on the staff of 
■every institution in the State. 

It is time that we pioneer daughters of the pioneer mothers of the Western Reserve 
should return from the worship of the golden calf and imbue ourselves with the princi- 
ples of fraternity that actuated them in their pursuit of happiness. Theirs was the 
primitive Christian household, where no sharp lines were drawn between the rich and 
the poor, the high and the low, the exalted and humbled. The spirit of primitive 
Christianity is the true spirit of the republic. Let those who would cultivate a spirit 
•of absolutism and exclusiveness take up their abodes in Paris or London, or the City 
on the Seven Hills. Let them sit down in abject humility and eat the sodden sops of 
the Czar of all the Russias. For us there should be a greater destiny. Let us throw 
off the bonds that bind and hamper, let us reach out the helping hand to those who are 
.around us. A flower may do more than a crust in the abodes of want and misery. 

The nation calls for men. Let us give them men; men pure of heart, in touch 
with the common needs. The nation calls for women. Let us give them women ; 
women who know how to serve as well as rule. Not by word and maxim, but by liv- 
ing, energizing, courageous example shall the world be redeemed. A century from 
now, what then? A new and better order of things, we have faith to believe. The 
coming together of women has been for good and good only ; out of it shall evolve the 
regeneration of society. 

A century from now the women of 1996 will assemble to celebrate the second cen- 
tennial of the city of Cleveland, and the settlement of the Western Reserve. They 
will come from Connecticut and Kansas, and from all the ends of the earth. In that 
great assemblage of educators and statesmen, and women of affairs, there will be 
women governors and ex-governors, and senators, and legislators, and scientists, 
and divines. Papers will be read and odes written, and songs sung, and the theme on 
every lip will not be the struggles and triumphs of the pioneer women of 1796 but the 
perseverance and fortitude of the pioneer women of 1S96, who in the age of doubt and 
cavil and sneering ignorance were so filled with the desire to lift their sex to a wider 
plane of usefulness that they endured persecution and hardship and obloquy in a hun- 
dred snarling forms. Heaven preserve the spirit of the pioneer women of 1796; 
heaven speed the spirit of the pioneer women of 1896! 

Miss Lucy A. Proctor, at the conclusion of Mrs. Sherwood's remarks, 
sang, "Within a Mile of Edinboro' Town." Mrs. Ingham then in- 
troduced to the audience Mr. T. P. Handy, the venerable banker, Mrs. 
Mary H. Severance and "Mother" Ransom, a veteran Western Reserve 
woman who did good service during the war in aiding the cause of the 
Union. 

The exercises of the afternoon were impressively closed, the entire 
audience arising and repeating in unison the Lord's Prayer. 

THE BANQUET. 

Over six hundred persons attended the reception and banquet given 
by the Department at the Grays' Armory in the evening. This was the 
society event of the day's observance. The Armory was tastefully pre- 
pared for the festivities, the floral and incandescent effects being espe- 
cially beautiful. Preceding the banquet the guests mingled together 
in the upper rooms. Major and Mrs. McKinley, Governor and Mrs. 
Bushnell and many other distinguished persons were present and formed 
the centers of interesting groups. 

The banquet commenced at 7 o'clock. Thirty tables handsomely 
•decorated with flowers were provided for the company. The following 
was the list of tables and their hostesses, each table having been given a 
distinct signification: 

Distinguished GueSts' Tabic — Mrs. T. D. Crocker, hostess; Mrs. C. 



130 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

C. Burnett, assistant; Mrs. E. J. Farmer, chairman; Mrs. E. W. Doan, 
vice-chairman. 

Executive Board, First Table — Mrs. W. A. Ingham, president of 
Woman's Department, hostess; Miss Elizabeth Blair, assistant; Mrs. H. 
A. Griffin, chairman ; Mrs. T. K. Dissette, vice-chairman. 

Executive Board, Second Table — Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, hostess; 
Mrs. O. J. Hodge, assistant; Mrs. Charles W. Chase, chairman; Mrs. 
E. S. Webb, vice-chairman. 

Early Settlers — Mrs. B. S. Cogswell, hostess; Mrs. Arthur Cogs- 
well, assistant; Mrs. William Bowler, chairman; Mrs. Williams, vice- 
chairman. 

Pioneers — Mrs. Pelton, hostess; Mrs. A. A. Wenham, assistant; 

Mrs. W. J. McKinnie, chairman; Mrs. Harry McKinnie, vice-chairman. 

* Wester// Reserve University — Miss Blanche Arter, hostess; Miss 

Kate Craxton, assistant ; Miss Mabel Van Cleve, chairman ; Miss Emma 

Brassington, vice-chairman. 

Cleveland High Schools — Mrs. Clarence Melville Oviatt, hostess; 
Miss Luthella Holmes, assistant; Miss Eva M. Drysdale, chairman; 
Miss Ella F. Clark, vice-chairman. 

Manual Training — Mrs. H. G. Boon, hostess; Mrs. B. F. Phinnev, 
assistant; Mrs. L. Johnson, chairman; Mrs. M. J. Roberts, vice-chair- 
man. 

Colonial — Mrs. Mary C. Quintrell, hostess; Mrs. Charlesworth, as- 
sistant; Mrs. X. X. Crum, chairman; Mrs. Charles H. Smith, vice- 
chairman. 

Nineteenth Century — Miss Ida Zerbe, hostess; Mrs. E. S. Meyer, 
assistant ; Mrs. William R. Gerrard, chairman ; Miss Birdelle Switzer, 
Mrs. Matthewson, Miss Mona Kerruish, chairmen of relics. 

Twentieth Century — -Mrs. Sidney M. Short, hostess; Mrs. J. K. 
Hord, assistant; Mrs. S. C. Smith, chairman; Mrs. W. S. Kerruish, 
vice-chairman. 

Cleveland Belles — Mrs. I. D. Barrett, hostess ; Miss Alice Hoyt, as- 
sistant ; Miss Gabrielle Stewart, chairman ; Miss Mary Upson, vice- 
chairman. 

Benevolent Associations — Mrs. Sherman, hostess; Mrs. A. E. Stock- 
well, assistant; Mrs. W. Springsteen, chairman; Mrs. E. J. Blandin, 
vice-chairman. 

Bicycle Table — Mrs. George Van Camp, hostess; Mrs. Philip Dillon, 
assistant; Mrs. N. A. Gilbert, chairman; Mrs. M. Striebinger, vice- 
chairman. 

Electric Lights — Mrs. George M, Hoag, hostess; Mrs. Samuel Sco- 
vill, assistant ; Mrs. Jotham Potter, chairman ; Mrs. C. W. Phipps, vice- 
chairman . 

Quakers — Mrs. Joshua Ross, hostess; Miss Edith Charlesworth, 
assistant ; Mrs. J. A. Malone, chairman; Mrs. Charles Moses, vice- 
chairman. 

Hiram College — Mrs. George A. Robertson, hostess; Mrs. Marcia 
Henry, assistant; Mrs. Henry Dietz, chairman; Mrs. B. E. Helman, 
vice-chairman. 

Lake Erie Sen/ 1 'nary — Mrs. Dr. Gerould, hostess ; Miss Anna Ed- 
wards, assistant ; Miss Luette P. Bently, chairman ; Miss Abbie Z. 
Webb, vice-chairman. 



WOMAN S DAY. 131 

Baldwin University — Mrs. G. M. Barber, hostess; Mrs. Fred Pome- 
roy, assistant; Mrs. Warner, chairman; Mrs. Elizabeth Hall, vice-chair- 
man. 

Oberlin University — Mrs. L. H. Johnson, hostess; Mrs. E. J. Good- 
rich, assistant; Mrs. A. M. Mattison, chairman; Mrs. James H. Smith, 
vice-chairman. 

Ashland County — Mrs. Stillman, hostess; Miss Elizabeth Treadway, 
assistant; Mrs. A. O. Long, chairman; Mrs. Cressinger, vice-chairman. 

Ashtabula County — Mrs. Rufus Ranney, hostess; Mrs. Noyes B. 
Prentice, assistant ; Mrs. Stephen Northway, chairman ; Mrs. E. C. 
Wade, vice-chairman. 

Erie County — Mrs. G. F. Paine, hostess; Mrs. A. D. Hudson, as- 
sistant; Mrs. T. M. "Sloan, Sandusky, chairman; Miss F. A. Victor, 
vice-chairman. 

Geauga County — Mrs. J. M. P. Phelps, hostess; Mrs. Calvin 
Knowles, assistant; Mrs. Edwin Patchin, chairman; Mrs. Horace Ben- 
ton, vice-chairman. 

Huron County— -Mrs. C. B. Stowe, hostess; Mrs. W. A. Mack, as- 
sistant; Mrs. W. B. Woolverton, Norwalk, chairman; Mrs. L. C. Lay- 
lin, vice-chairman. 

Lake County — Mrs. J. H. Morley, hostess; Miss Elizabeth Burton, 
assistant; Mrs. M. D. Matthews, Painesville, chairman; Mrs. James 
Allen, vice-chairman. 

Lorain County — Mrs. A. W. Wheeler, hostess; Mrs. G. A. Inger- 
soll, assistant ; Mrs. P. H. Boynton, Elyria, chairman ; Miss Helen 
Gates, vice-chairman. 

Mahoning County — Mrs. S. McKinley Duncan, hostess; Mrs. 
Thomas H. Wilson, assistant; Mrs. Rachel Wick Taylor, Youngstown, 
chairman; Miss Louise Edwards, vice-chairman. 

Medina County — Mrs. A. C. Caskey, hostess; Mrs. J. F. Tsham, 
assistant; Mrs. Jiidge Lewis, Medina, chairman; Mrs. R. M. McDowell, 
vice-chairman. 

Portage County — Mrs. Arthur B. Foster, hostess; Mrs. T. Spencer 
Knight, assistant; Mrs. W. H. Beebe, chairman; Mrs. Charles Harmon, 
vice-chairman. 

Summit County — Mrs. J. F. Pelton, hostess; Mrs. E. K.Wilcox, as- 
sistant; Mrs. A. C. Voris, Akron, chairman; Mrs. Charles Baird, vice- 
chairman. 

Trumbull County — Mrs. Henry C. Ranney, hostess; Mrs. John C. 
Hutchins, assistant; Mrs. Homer Stewart, chairman; Miss Mary Bald- 
win Perkins, vice-chairman. 

The following list, taken from the Leader, shows the distribution of 
the guests at the various tables : 

At the table of distinguished guests were Governor Asa Bushnell, Mrs. 
May Wright Sewall, Helen Campbell, Colonel C. E. Burke, Mrs. Lydia 
Hoyt Farmer, Mrs. Annette Phelps Lincoln, Mrs. Sarah E. Bierce, 
Hon. Robert E. McKissori, Harriet Taylor Upton, W. F. Carr, Adelia 
S. Burnett, Mrs. W. F. Carr, Mrs. S. P. Churchill, Charles C. Burnett, 
Carrie T. Doan, Mrs. N. Coe Stewart, Jennie June Croly, of New York; 
E. J. Farmer, Mrs. C. E. Burke, Mrs. A. S. Bushnell, Mrs. T. D. Crock- 
er, Hon. T. D. Crocker. 

At the Mahoning County table were Mrs. McKinley Duncan, Mrs. 



132 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

George Pickerel, Mrs. T. A. Ross, Mi's. J. G. Butler, Mrs. E. L. Ford, 
Mrs. Homer Baldwin, Mrs. R. W. Taylor, Mr. Thomas H. Wilson, 
Mrs. Thomas H. Wilson, Mrs. Willard Wilson, Mrs. M. T. Herrick, Mrs. 
M. A. Han'na, Major William McKinley, and Mrs. McKinley. 

Those at the east executive committee table were Judge and Mrs. 
T. K. Dissette, Hon. A. J. Williams, Rabbi M. J. Gries, W. A. Ingham, 
Mrs. W. A. Ingham, Mrs. Bradford, Mrs. F. A. Arter, Mrs. J. R. Blakes- 
lee, Mr. C. H. Weed, Mrs. C. H. Weed, Mr. H. A. Griffin, Mrs. H. A. 
Griffin, Mrs. G. P. Sperry, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas H. White. Miss Lilla 
White, Miss Elizabeth Blair, Mrs. Gertrude V. R. Wickham, Mr. M. B. 
Schwab, Mrs. M. B. Schwab. 

At the west executive table were Rev. Dr. Henry M. Ladd, Mr. 
Charles W. Chase, Mrs. Charles W. Chase, Professor A. H. Tuttle, 
Mrs. A. H. Tuttle, Miss Katharine Wickham, Mr. L. A. Russell, Mrs. 
L. A. Russell, Hon. O. T. Hodge, Mrs. O. J. Hodge, Professor Charles 

F. Olney, Mrs. Charles F. Olney, Mr. Wilson M. Day, Mrs. Wilson M. 
Day, Hon. Elroy M. Avery, Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Mrs. Kate B. Sher- 
wood, Mr. Augustine C. Wright, Mrs. Benjamin F. Taylor, Mrs. Ella 
Sturtevant Webb, Miss Louise" E. Webb, Mrs. P. H. Babcock, Mr. L. F. 
Mellen, Mr. George Smart, Miss Birdelle Switzer. 

At the pioneer table were Mr. Levi Booth, Mrs. Levi Booth, Mrs. W. 
J. McKinnie, Mrs. Richard Allen, Mrs. H. J. McKinnie, Mrs. F. S. 
Smith, Miss H. E. Carpenter, ' Mr. and Mrs. George H. Foote, Miss 
Elizabeth Petton, Miss Ellary H. McKinnie, Mrs. I. T. Fisher, Mrs. C. 
M. Gayton, Mrs. Pard B. Smith, Mr. John Corlett, Mr. James Wade, 
Miss Margaret G. Wade, Mr. John Paul Baldwin, Mrs. F. M. Stearns, 
Mrs. James MeCrusky, Mrs. A. C. Gardner, Mrs. E. F. Staff ord, Mrs. 
J. F. Mund, Mrs. L. J. Talbot. 

At the early settlers' table were Mrs. M. H. Rodman, Mrs. Anna 
E. Prather, Mrs.' B. S. Cogswell, Mrs. D. Leuty, Mrs. A. M. Vennard, 
Mrs. R. C. White, Mr. R. C. White, Mrs. S. C. Brooks, Mrs. F. E. Ship- 
herd, Mrs. M. B. Evins, Mrs. I. M. Knowlton, Mrs. R. H. Ingraham, 
Mrs. Peter Thatcher, Mrs. Cornelia E. Lester, Mrs. William Bowler, 
Mrs. Mary West, Miss Anna Wilber, Mrs. Sarah K. Bolton, Mr. Samuel 
R. House", Mrs. Henrv A. Sherwin. Miss F. F. Gee, Mrs. W. T. Smith. 
Mrs. O. B. Skinner. 

At the Colonial table were Miss M. C. Quintrell, Mrs. Charles R. 
Miller, of Canton, O. ; Ellen Louise Hine, Mrs. Lucy J. Mays, Mrs. Q. 
J. Winsor, Mrs. Helen B. Olmsted, Mrs. M. E. Bishop, Mrs. F. Muhl- 
hauser, Hon. J. C. Hutchins, Mrs. }. C. Hutchins, Miss Kerruish, Mr. X. 
X. Crum, Mrs. X. X. Crum, Mrs. Z. P. Rhoades, Miss Hatch, Mrs. R. 
R. Rhoades, Mrs. George H. Palmer, Mrs. Adelbert Kinney, Miss E. 
Churchill, Mrs. M. E. Donover, Mrs. M. M. Tuttle, Mr. N. P. Bowler. 
Mrs. Louisa Southworth. 

At the Hiram table were Mr. William Bowler, Mrs. L. A. Fergu- 
son, J. P. Dawlev, Mr. W. H. Brett, Mrs. W. H. Brett, Mrs. L. J. Pope, 
Mrs. L. L. Pope, Mr. A. R. Odell, Mrs. A. R. Odell, Mr. J. G. War- 
ren, Miss Marcia Henry, Mrs. Martha H. Elwell, Mrs. E. Fern Gu)ies, 
Mr. A. R. Teachout, Mrs. A. R. Teachout, Rev. Harris R. Cooley, Mrs. 

G. A. Robertson, Mrs. George A. Robertson, Mr. H. E. McMillin, Mrs. 
H. E. McMillin, Mrs. B. G. Dean, Rev. E. V. Zollars. 

At the table of Medina County and Benevolent Association were 



WOMAN S DAY. 1 33 

Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Caskey, Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Isham, Miss Carrie R. 
Ainsworth, Medina; Mrs. Lizzie D. Williams, Mechanicsburg; Mr. T. 

B. Williams, of Mechanicsburg; Mrs. Lena Springsteen, Dr. Wallace S. 
Springsteen, Mr. F. C. Case, Mrs. F. C. Case, Mr. R. M. McDowell, 
Mrs. R. M. McDowell. 

At the Lake Count)* table were Mrs. J. H. Morlev, Mrs. Thomas 
H. Marshall, Mr. T. H. Marshall, Mr. J. R. Garfield, Mrs. L. R. Gar- 
held, Mrs. E. J. Baldwin, Lucy C. Matthews, Mrs. R. L. Gauter, Mr. 
H. C. Gray, Mrs. M. D. Mathews, Mrs. E. C. Burrows, Mr. J. B. Bur- 
rows, Adelaide M. Smith, Emilie J. Sanford, Lydia E. Cahoon, Laura 
E. Cahoon, Martha W. Cahoon, Mrs. Edward F. Schneider, Mrs. Fred- 
erick T. Pomeroy. 

At the Oberlin table were Mr. J. G. Fraser, Miss Grace S. Fraser, 
Mrs. A. A. F. Johnston, Miss Smith, Mrs. W. H. Rice, Mrs. George 
Kenney. Mrs. E. J. Goodrich, Mr. E. J. Goodrich, Mrs. E. J. Phinney, 
Mrs. A. H. Johnson, Mr. A. H. Johnson, Mary J. Shafer, Mrs. Mary A. 
Springer, Mr. G. F. Wright, Mrs. G. F. Wright" Miss Calista Andrews. 

At the table of the'Cleveland belles were Mr. T. B. Williams, Mr. 
E. M. Springsteen, Mary Upson, Mrs. I. D. Barrett, Mr. A. P. Churchill, 
Laura R. Rudd, William C. Rudd, Jr., Mrs. H. D. Cooke, Mr. Ernest 
F.Krug, Edna M. Ong, Mr. I^ugene H. Churchill, Cora Zoller, Greens- 
btrrg, Ind; Ethel M. Shiely, Cincinnati; Miss Willie Luelle Curus, New 
York; Mr. Harry W. Springsteen, Miss Clara Bassett, Miss Florence 
Springsteen. 

At the Portage County table were Mrs. Arthur B. Foster, Mrs. Ella 
Beebe, Mrs. Harmon, Mrs. T. Spencer Knight, Major and Mrs. Smith, 
Dr. and Mrs. Streator, Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Estv, Mrs. D. R. Jennings. 
Mr. and Mrs. Dallas Elliot, Mr. and Mr. P. H. Babcoek, Mr. Morton 
McKinstry, Mr. T. Spencer Knight, Mr. G. W. Williams. 

At the bicycle table were Mrs. D. A. Upson, Mr. and Mrs. R. Fet- 
terman, Mr. and Mrs. John Holah, Miss Ettinger, Mr. and Mrs. An- 
drew S. Upson, Mrs. John Upson, Mrs. Charles P. Mathewson, Miss 
Haskell, Mr. Lozier, Mrs. F. H. Gates, Mrs. E. G. Wilson, Miss E. 
Chipman, Mrs. Hubbard, Mr. and Mrs. Martin Striebenger, Mr. Charles 
Holstein, Mr. and Mrs. Brown. 

At the Quaker table were Mrs. Joshua Ross, Mrs. W. C. Ong, Mr. 
M. H. Barrett, Mrs. M. H. Barrett, Mrs. Emma E. Horton, Miss F. 
Estelle Quayle, Mrs. W. L. Malone, Mrs. Arthur E. Hatch, Mrs. Alice 
M. Terrell, Mrs. I. T. Bowman, Mrs. Chancey Stillman, Mr. James S. 
Malone. Mrs. James S. Malone, Mr. J. W. Conger, Mrs. J. W. Conger, 
Mrs. L. H. Malone, Mr. George P. McKay, Mrs. George P. McKay. 

At the Summit County table were Hon. F. W. Pelton, Mrs. F. W. 
Pelton, Mrs. T. E. Young, Mr. William Prescott, Mrs. William 
Prescott, Miss Millie Sears, Miss Carrie Ehvell, General A. C. Yoris, 
Mrs. A. C. Yoris, General J. J. Elwell, Mr. F. H. Mason, Mrs. F. H. 
Mason. Mrs. J. C. Alden, Hon. E. R. Harper, Mrs. Mark Hayne, Mrs. 

C. E. Sheldon, Mr. Clarence Howland, Mrs. Clarence Hovvland, Mrs. 
Jeannette Shepard, Mrs. Victor J. Allen, Mrs. John Rigg, Mr. N. M. 
Jones, Jr., Mr. E. K. Wilcox, Mrs. E. K. Wilcox. 

At the Geauga table were Mrs. J. M. P. Phelps, Mr. C. B. Bishop, 
Mrs. C. B. Bishop, Mr. George T. Bishop, Mrs. George T. Bishop, Mrs. 
J. R. Tatum, Miss Lucy A. Proctor, Miss Nellie Learning, Mrs. Morris 



134 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Oppenheimer, Mrs. Louis Leon, Mrs. Isaac Strauss, Mrs. W. R. Coates, 
Miss Elizabeth Hale, Mrs. J. Edwin Bradley, Miss Mary L. Peterson, 
Mrs. Robert J. Bellamy, Veronica McLaughlin, Mrs. J. H. Paine, Mrs. 
William J. Rattle, Mrs. Alfred S. Field, Mrs. A. C. Miller, Mrs. F. J. 
Welton, Miss Welton, Mrs. C. Knowles. 

At the round table were Mr. and Mrs. P. H. Boynton, of Elyria; 
Mrs. E. B. Brown, Mrs. W. H. Stoddard, and Miss M. R. Stoddard, both 
of Chicago. 

At the Huron County table were Mrs. Charles B. Stowe, Mrs. 
Henrv Lewis, Mrs. Edwin G. Rose, Miss E. Rogers, Mrs. M. Egbert, 
Mrs. W. G. Mack, Charlotte A. Watson, Mrs. W. A. Mack, Mrs. S. H. 
Waring, of Toledo; Mrs. A. J. Minard, of Chicago; James G. Gibbs, 
Mrs. O. W. Williams, Helen Gates, Mrs. D. B. Andrews, Mrs. W. B. 
Woolverton, Mrs. J. F. Dewey, Mrs. James G. Gibbs, Mr. A. J. Minard, 
of Chicago; Eula Dewey, of Norwalk; Mrs. Arthur E. Whiting, Mrs. 
L. C. Laylin, of Norwalk Miss Eleanor Andrews, of Milan ; Dr. Lillian 
G. Towslee, Miss Lillian Wightman. 

At the Ashtabula table were Mrs. Rufus P. Ranney, Mrs. N. B. 
Prentice, Mrs. S. A. Northway, Jefferson; Mrs. E. C. Wade, Jefferson; 
Mrs. George E. Nettleton, Ashtabula; Mrs. H. P. Fricker, Ashtabula; 
Mrs. J. P. Treat, Geneva; Mrs. S. F. Higley, Geneva ; Mrs. E. L. 
Lampson, Jefferson; Mrs. S. J. Smith, Conneaut ; Mrs. Hiram Lake, 
Conneaut ; Mrs. Willis E. Robison, Kingsville ; Mrs. E. C. Sheldon, 
Mrs. Myra B. .Binger, Andover; Mrs. Sara Phelps-Holden, Kingsville; 
Mrs. Martha Coleman Robertson, Mrs. E. Robertson-Miller, Canton; 
Mrs. Elvina Lobdell Bushnell, Mrs. J. A. Howells, Jefferson; Mrs. R. 
B. Hickox, Kelloggsville ; Mrs. C. M. Traver, Conneaut; Mrs. Edward 
H. Fitch, Jefferson; Mrs. W. F. Stanley, Conneaut. 

At the electric light table were Mr. and Mrs. George Hoag, Mr. 
and Mrs. C. W. Phipps, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Scovill, Mr. and Mrs. J. 
P. McKinstry, Mrs. R. G. Pate, Mr. and Mrs. S. E. Cox, Mr. and Mrs. 
E. J. Bagnall, Mr. George B. Tripp, Mrs. W. E. Scovill, Mr. and Mrs. 
J. A. Dalzell, Mr. and Mrs. K. Gill, Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Rogers, Mr. 
and Mrs. S. C. D. Johns. 

At the Trumbull County table were Mrs. Henry C. Ranney, Mrs. 
A. E. Adams, Mrs. W. Packard, Mrs. Homer Stewart, Mrs. Mary 
Hutchins Cozzens, Mrs. Jane Tod Ratliff, Mrs. L. P. Gilder, Mrs. C. B. 
Darling, Mrs. E. P. Babbitt, Mrs. H. B. Perkins, Miss E. H. Baldwin, 
Mrs. Cornelia Fuller Harmon, Mrs. B. F. Taylor, Mrs. Mantie L. Hun- 
ter, Mrs. Charles Ranney, Mr. Charles Ranney, Mr. Julius Lembeck, 
Mr. Alfred Adams, Mr. and Mrs. Homer, Mrs. Helen Tayler McCurdy, 
Miss Olivia Hapgood. 

Before partaking of the feast the guests listened to an address of 
welcome by Mrs. W. G. Rose, who spoke as follows: 

Ladies and Gentlemen : I greet you to-night as citizens of the Western Reserve. 
In this year of retrospect we have been astonished at the number of able men and 
famous women given to the nation by a section of but 120 miles east and west and 
sixty miles north and south. Twelve counties are here represented, and each has in 
the past century produced some persons of whom we are proud. Mahoning has its 
Maguffy and Governors Tod and McKinley. Trumbull has Simon Perkins, of canal 
fame, Seth Pease and Judge R. P. Ranney. Ashtabula has Joshua R. Giddings, Ben 
Wade, Howells, Tourgee, and Spencer, of the Spencerian system. Lake was the home 
of President Garfield and Governor Huntington, Peter Hitchcock, Almeda Booth, and 



WOMAN S DAY. 



J 35 



Miss Evans. Geauga has Governor Ford. Portage has Arthur Tappan and Roswell 
Kent. Summit has John Brown, David Hudson, David Bacon, Presidents Pierce, 
Hitchcock, and Cutler, Dr. Crosby. R. P. Spalding, O. C. Barber, Ferd. Schumacher! 
J. D. Rockefeller, General Voris, and many others. Medina has General M. D. Leg- 
gett and General Alger, Huron has the great traveler, Kennan, Erie has Rush R. 
Sloane, and is the birthplace of Thomas Edison, the great inventor. Lorain has 
Charles G. Finney, the evangelist, A. A. Wright, the geologist, Asa Mahon and Pro- 
fessor Morgan. Cuyahoga has Governors Wood and Hoadly, John Baldwin, E. I. 
Baldwin, the authors. Sarah K. Bolton, Lydia Hoyt Farmer, A. M. Perkins, and Arte- 
mus Ward. It was General Leggett who gave us the graded school system. It was 
the Mack Brothers, of Akron, who solved the problem of running sewing machines 
over thick and thin material. It was Charles F. Brush who gave us the brilliant elec- 
tric light and who is bringing to perfection the storage battery. H. B. Hurlbut gave 
his home for an art gallery. Mrs. S. M. Kimball, was the founder of the School of 
Design. John Huntington, gave his home for a school of ceramics. ■ Amasa Stone 
gave us Adelbert College, and the Home for Aged Women ; and H. R. Hatch, the col- 
lege library building. J. H. Wade gave the Wade Park, and W. J. Gordon and J. D. 
Rockefeller the boulevards more beautiful than are in any city east or west. 




CLEVELAND YACHT CLIP. HOUSE. 



The Western Reserve is said to send through the mails more personal letters. 
books and magazines, than any other like portion in the United States. 

One word to our guests from the committees. The electric car brings people to 
all our great assemblies. Our own citizens now live out on the hilltops and country 
roads. They feel the invigoration and health which come from being in contact with 
nature. Our citizens are no longer confined to city limits. We can claim you in the 
same sense that you contribute to our intelligence and wealth. We are one. The 
Western Reserve is one. 

" In the Western Reserve centennial album we present to you to-night, we have en- 
deavored to gather on its pages buildings, people, and avenues that will soon be for- 
gotten except, in name. We have been assisted by almost every prominent citizen. 
They gave us willingly of photographs and cuts from colleges, seminaries, and parks. 
We only regret that we did not enter upon it earlier. But we trust that it will aid our 
grandchildren in recalling the times and places when the next centennial is celebrated 
in Cleveland and the Western Reserve. 

Rev. Dr. H. M. Ladd, of the Euclid avenue Congregational Church, 
invoked divine blessing, and attention was then given to the menu. 
During the serving of the courses musical selections were rendered by 



136 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

the Schubert Club and the Wagner Quartette. Following the banquet 
interesting after-dinner speeches were made. Mrs. Sarah E. Bierce was- 
the toastmistress. By way of introducing the programme she said: 

Madame President, ladies and gentlemen — guests of the Woman's Board of the 
Centennial Commission: — It was a happy thought to make Cleveland, the beautiful 
Forest City, the Mecca of all. Western Reserve pilgrims for this Centrnnial summer. 
It is especially fitting that one day should be set apart for the daughters of the Re- 
serve. For this purpose, the Women's Board extended the invitation which has met 
with such a Mattering response. Thousands came to the great Central Armory to-day 
and even this capacious hall cannot hold those who would fittingly close this auspicious 
occasion at the reception and banquet. Between these daughters of the Reserve 
gathered as we are from many States, there are bonds of sympathy and love that are 
strong and true. We are daughters of the men and women who have made some of 
the very best chapters of American history. We are proud and happy upon this cen- 
tennial occasion to pay our tributes of love and respect to these most worthy ances- 
tors. We are honored to-night, sisters, — the next President of this great Republic is 
from the Reserve and he is our guest. If we are the daughters of noble men and 
noble women, we are also the mothers of the young men and young women who will 
bear the standard names for liberty, and truth, in the century upon which we have just 
entered. 

We greet you, too, as co-workers in every grand movement looking to the advance- 
ment of women in the industries, in higher education, in the charities, and all along the 
lines that make a higher type of womanhood and better service for God and humanity. 
Mayor Robert McKisson will welcome you for the City of Cleveland. 

The mayor, in response to the toast " For the City of Cleveland," 

said : 

Madam Toastmistress, Women of the Western Reserve, and Gentlemen : 

It was Lamertine, I believe, who said: "There is a woman at the beginning of 
all great things." The century now closing has been prolific in great achievements 
for our city and our nation, and were a true record made woman's hand might be 
found as the guiding force in nearly all of them. Well may her praises be sounded to- 
night; well may her glorious deeds be recounted in speech and song. This occasion is 
one of rare significance and dignity. A hundred years have passed since woman, side 
by side with man, began her noble work, enduring hardship, sharing toil for the up- 
building of our fair and now illustrious city. On woman's brow we place a laurel 
wreath, and one and all rise up and call her blessed. It is an accepted fact long known 
to mankind that the silent forces ot the world are the greatest. All along the pathway 
of our nation's history woman's quiet but ever powerful influence has manifested it- 
self in countless ways. Chief of all it has made itself felt in the relationship of wife to 
husband, of mother to son, and of sister to brother. One of the most eloquent things 
the great and sturdy Lincoln ever said was: "All I am I owe to my mother." See 
Garfield on the happiest, grandest moment of his life, that of his inauguration, turn 
aside from the plaudits of the multitude and press upon his mother's lips a sacred 
kiss. Hear Lady Washington say, with true motherly pride: " I am not surprised at 
what George has done, for he was always a good boy." 

Tributes such as these speak volumes for the devoted womankind of our land. In 
the Western Reserve there are 3,000,000 acres of land; in no section of the country are 
to be found more worthy women than here. They have gone out during the years 
through the country elevating society and brightening the firesides and homes. No- 
where in the land are better wives to be found. This was shown in the very first wed- 
ding that occurred on the soil of the Western Reserve. History tells us that a young 
Canadian, after looking "over her Majesty's Domain, came down to our little settlement 
and married one of our girls. That wedding took place in the first log cabin built in 
Cleveland, and was solemnized by a land agent who happened to also be a minister. 
I do not know how the young men of the town felt toward this Canadian, but he was 
allowed to escape with his bride. The records do not show, however, that any more 
of his countrymen ever dared to follow his example and run the risk of facing the suit- 
ors of our native city. 

It is interesting to recall the many incidents of pioneer life in those early days. 
Necessity compelled the early settlers to be ever alert in guarding their homes against 
attacks from enemies both on land and lake. With what vigilance this was done is 




COLONEL RICHARD C. PARSONS, 
President of the Early Settlers' Association. 



WOMAN S DAY. 1 37 

demonstrated by the story which I am about to relate. It was during the scare of 
1812 and there was great fright all along Lake Erie about the contests with the In- 
dians and the British. Soon after Hull's surrender, a fleet of vessels was seen one day 
bearing down upon the shore. It was first noticed by a woman in the vicinity of 
Huron. No sooner had she beheld the sight than she rushed into the house, emptied 
her nearest bed, threw the tick across her horse's back, and catching up her two chil- 
dren, rode at breakneck speed towards Cleveland, giving the alarm in loud cries along 
the way. At 2:00 o'clock in the morning, almost dead from fear and fatigue, she 
reached the village shouting: " The British and Indians are coming! the British and 
Indians are coming!" The populace of Cleveland rushed wildly into the streets, and 
there was a general call to arms and preparation for war. A picked force of the 
strongest men decided to take a stand near the mouth of the river, and intercept the 
vessels. When the first boat came within hailing distance, an anxious crowd called 
out to know what name it bore and who were on board. "An American vessel loaded 
with Hull's troops," quickly came the reply. Fear turned to rejoicing as the happy 
news spread through the town, and some there were who chided the woman for having 
needlessly caused all the fuss. She rode back home no less a heroine, however, for 
having done what she considered to be her duty to her neighbors and friends. Had 
it not been for her mistake in the identity of those vessels, her name might have come 
down in history with that of Paul Revere, and her fame been only second to that of 
that famous rider. Yet how clearly this illustrates the thought and act of woman, 
always anxious for her loved ones at home, always interested in the welfare of her 
neighbors. 

The city of Cleveland is fortunate in having such splendid women within its bor- 
ders as are represented here to-night. Your clubs, societies, and various associations 
are among the richest products of the closing century. They mean much to the city, 
to its schools, its colleges, and to the betterment of its social and intellectual condi- 
tions. I congratulate you upon the noble work of the past and turn hopefully with 
you to hail the still greater progress of the advancing century. In closing, I can say 
with countless others to-night: " God bless the women of Cleveland, and the Western 
Reserve. 

Governor Bushnell, upon being introduced, responded thus on be- 
half of the State : 

Madam Toastmzstress, Your Honor, Governor McKinley, and Ladies ; 

You see I don't include the gentlemen. This is woman's day and all you can do 
is to be good boys and congratulate yourselves that you are here, as I do. Ladies, I 
salute you. It is unspoken bliss, and worth half a life to see a crowd like this. I take 
great pleasure in welcoming you to your own Western Reserve, and city of Cleveland. 
It is safe for me to say that Cleveland is the largest city of Ohio. (Applause.) 

It is always a' delight to me to speak of Ohio. 

Ohio is a great and growing State, and no city is of more importance to its growth 
than this city- Mr. Mayor, I congratulate you on the magnificence of Cleveland. 
Women have been an important element in advancing the interests of the State, and 
we may properly say that the women of Ohio are first in war, first in peace, and first 
in the hearts of their countrymen. In the love for ydu, ladies, there should be no 
limit, and that is the only thing in which I am willing to concede a ratio of 16 to 1. 
For the benefit of those who do not understand the comparison, I will explain that we 
should love the women sixteen times more than they do us. This is one of the most 
pleasant occasions of my life. I congratulate you on the great success of this affair, 
and I trust you may all have great happiness and prosperity. 

" We'll tak' a cup o' kindness yet for Auld Lang - Syne," was the 
toast to which Mrs. T. K. Dissette responded. She said : 

The log cabin pioneer of the beginning of the century is the hero of to-day. And 
as we recall how much the early settlers suffered and accomplished; how much we 
have that they didn't have, we exalt them as marvels and canonize them as saints. 
But I think these fathers and mothers of our civilization were not unlike the frontiers- 
men that are found on the extremes of American civilization at the present time. They 
despised effeminacy. Take one of those young men, with spike-toed shoes, fashiona- 
ble garb, carefully creased trousers, immaculate shirt front, cuffs as large as a small 
bandbox, a collar that threatens his ears, and one of those senseless things called a 
cigarette in his mouth, set him down amongst those pioneers, and they would either 



138 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

set him up in the cornfield to scare crows or would ship him to the nearest institution 
for imbeciles. 

The pioneer never heard of railroads, the application of electricity as a means of 
locomotion, the telephone, the bicycle, and knew nothing of other marvelous develop- 
ments the benefits of which we are now enjoying. But, after all, these things are the 
heritage our fathers and mothers made possible for us when they planted our civiliza- 
tion in the forests of the Western Reserve. They understood well and contended 
earnestly for the true principles of human greatness, a pure morality, an educated 
brain, and an industrious application of the talents of each individual in some useful 
department of life. These were the underlying principles of the fathers and mothers 
of the Western Reserve, and they have been the foundation of the marvelous achieve- 
ments of the past century. 

Mrs. May Wright Sewall responded to the toast, " The Present 
Situation. ' ' She said : 

The woman is the important element of the situation. She has been represented 
as somewhat audacious and extravagant, but it is to another phase that I would draw 
attention. The new woman has come to occupy the new earth and the new heavens, 
which long ago were foretold as the outcome of the past. The new woman, and the 
new man, too, are getting their poise. A little invention has accomplished what three 
decades of talking could not do. Think of all the women who have brought all their 
knowledge of hygiene and of art to bear on the subject of dress. What has delivered 
her from the tyranny of dress? It is, forsooth, the bicycle. 

During a recent rather nondescript gathering, it was reported that a woman was 
.on the floor among the delegates. " No, she is not a delegate," it was said; "she is 
not yelling." In the present situation we see an increasing number of women in our 
great universities. It surely is the new woman who is lifting what has been supposed 
to be abject labor into the dignity of a science and the beauty of an art. Among the 
things of the present that would strike the observer of a hundred years ago, as very 
odd, is this very assembly. In the chariot of progress ride side by side those whom 
for centuries we have tried to divorce. Never have we had so abounding proofs of the 
fact that in the beginning God joined man and woman together. In this present 
situation of great stringency we see that the men, who have spent their lives turning 
it into money, find no pleasure in their money except as they give it back to be con- 
verted into life. It is well worth while that one life may be coined into millions, that 
millions may in turn be coined into lives forever. This present situation is fleeting. 
But none of us believe that the present man and woman will give way to their inferi- 
ors, but summon their superiors to enlarge and decorate their places. 

Mrs. N. Coe Stewart discussed the toast, " The Wheels of the Past 
and the Wheels of the Present. ' ' As she arose a beautifully decorated 
spinning wheel and a bicycle profusely decorated with flowers were ear- 
ned forward and placed on the table at her side. Mrs. Stewart spoke as 
follows : 

Woman invented the wheel. Archaeologists tell us that the potter's wheel, which 
was woman's invention, is the oldest form of mechanism the pictures of which, on an- 
cient pottery, show it to be essentially the wheel of all ages, no improvement having 
been made on the original idea. It is the foundation of all mechanical art. Woman 
has been criticised for her lack of inventive power. What need for her to be continu- 
ally inventing when she can revolutionize the w T orld by one turn of her hand ! Oh, the 
wheels and wheels, the wheels within wheels which she set in motion! The world 
has been seeing "wheels go around" ever since. The innumerable mechanical 
wheels, from the tiny wheel of the watch to the awe-inspiring Ferris wheel ! The 
wheels of industry revolving more and more rapidly and intricately as the world ad- 
vances ! The metaphorical wheel of fortune which like the bicycle of the present is 
difficult for the uninitiated to mount! The wheel of time! Poor old Father Time, 
what a tiresome journey he would have had without a wheel! I wonder some ambi- 
tious bicycle dealer has not claimed to have invented it. It would have been such a 
good advertisement in our Centennial parade for, while its staying qualities are a dead 
failure, it always keeps at the head of the procession and increases its speed at the end 
of the race. For ages woman was the slave of her uncorked genius. Harnessed to the 
spinning wheel by the thread of her family needs, pressed on by the lash of necessity. 



WOMAN S DAN. I 39 

she spun her life into its evolutions. But the wheel has been conquered by its 
own cardinal principle that what goes over must go under. The wheel has be- 
come subject to the will of man. The drive-wheel of industry is halted at an 
eight-hour journey instead of sixteen, with a Saturday half holiday preluding the 
Sabbath day's rest. The modern bicycle is the embodiment of the conquered wheel 
and of the liberation of woman. Riding her wheel she has conquered her circum- 
stances. Skimming over the country she forgets to cultivate nerves and her vision 
broadens as the spokes of her opportunity lengthen, while her wheel obeys not only 
her everj- gesture but her every thought, thus fulfilling the prophecy of Ezekial, "'And 
when the living creatures went the wheels went with them, and when the living crea- 
tures were lifted up from the earth the wheels were lifted up. When those went, these 
went, and when those stood, these stood, and when those were lifted up from the 
earth, the wheels were lifted up over against them, for the spirit of the living creature 
was in the wheels." Woman invented the wheel of the past; woman has conquered 
the wheel of the present. 

Mrs. Annette Phelps Lincoln, of London, O., had as her subject 
" The Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs." She was well qualified to 
discuss it, being- president of the organization. Mrs. Lincoln said: 

Madam Toastmistress, Ladies of the Woman's Department of the Cleveland Cen- 
tennial Commission, and Friends : 

In extending to me an invitation to attend the celebration of the one hundredth 
anniversary of the City of Cleveland, you have afforded me a delightful privilege and 
pleasure. Dear friends, yours has been a dual courtesv. You have not only made me 
very happy but you have recognized the organization with which 1 have been pleas- 
antly and interestingly connected during the past two years. Are we not daily realiz- 
ing that largely through organized efforts we more easilv attain the best ideals? The 
various associations represented here to-day fully attest this fact. Notable among 
these are the local organizations represented from Cleveland. Their work speaks of 
their advanced ideas and methods. The Cleveland women are well and widelv known 
for their intellectual and social culture. 

They have directly and indirectly r planned and executed many noble undertakings. 
They have in their respective orbits aided and advanced the material wealth and pros- 
perity of this city. 

Every woman has contributed her increment of power to the utility and unity of 
the commonwealth of this city. We are glad to say all honor to the women of Cleve- 
land for their progressive tendencies. This all speaks for organized effort. The or- 
ganization which I represent, " The Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs," is a state 
organization. It is a conservative, dignified association of women worthy of the sup- 
port of all good, broad, and refining influences. If time would permit, I should like to 
demonstrate more fully both in spirit and in word my appreciation of the good I think 
can be accomplished by organized effort among women. History is the record of a 
force and its achievemets. I will attempt no history, but will only briefly allude to the 
object the aims and the achievements of the Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs. No 
movement is useful or stable unless it has some safe underlying principles. The foun- 
dation stone upon which this state organization is builded and upon which its success 
largely depends, is the co-operation of the intellectual, social and moral forces, whose 
aim is to benefit and lift humanity. This organization has for its purpose the founda- 
tion of a nucleus of the various women's clubs in the state, and hopes to bring them 
into communication with one another, that they may compare methods and be mutu- 
ally helpful. 

All women's clubs are welcome, but no distinction of creed or political bias is ac- 
cepted. While the humanitarian movements may be recognized, the primary object is 
not philanthropic or technical, but it is "to demonstfate the value of three elements, 
viz. : social, literary and scientific culture as factors of a force that will promote a 
higher public spirit and a better social order. This plainly directs the work of the 
clubs along social and educational lines. They are free to wander, even explore the 
many avenues, where these factors will lead them. We are happy to say to you the 
clubs appreciate their unlimited privileges and the work is daily unfolding and' broad- 
ening in scope. 

The aim of the organization is to represent general advantages and activities that 
will benefit women. The literary clubs are agencies which if wisely used help their 
individual members to become earnest, intelligent and self-poised members of society. 



140 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

By these associations women have the advantages for study, and for individual im- 
provement, being in touch with the best methods and the best masters of art, music, 
and literature. Again, by organized effort, with a unity of purpose, women will better 
understand the aims, the purposes of living. They will give attention to questions 
that affect the home, the public health, moral and educational interests and will 
endeavor to unify and weld the best elements in all classes, and aid in making them 
powerful forces in society, and advance the whole social superstructure. 

The achievements of this organization as a unit and the measure of success attained, 
we hope, are apparent in the manifest interest and in the increasing number of clubs in 
Ohio. From a nucleus of forty-one clubs as charter members of the Ohio Federation 
of Women's Clubs, in October, 1894, to-day after a lapse of less than two years, we 
have one hundred and twelve clubs in the state organization, representing a total 
membership of four thousand one hundred and seventy-two women. We are con- 
vinced that woman holds the strongest and noblest influence in the world through her 
mother influence and family affections. There is where the home cultured club woman 
can influence society in its larger sociological sense. This gift and trust she must ever 
be ready and capable to assume and we are glad to say she realizes her opportunities 
to exercise her womanliness and ingenuity in various lines of work and thought. I am 
reminded of a lovely sentiment from the German that expresses and emphasizes my 
idea of the strength, the firmness and the exalted purposes of our American women : 
' ' The water lily on the wave is playing to and fro, 

But, friend, thou errst when thou dost say she is straying to and fro, 
Her feet are rooted, firm and fast in ground beneath the lake, 
A lovely thought, her beauteous head is swaying to and fro. ' ' 
We are glad to know that as for most women in this good land of ours, their 
beauteous heads may sway now and then to and fro, but with grace and dignity 
unyielding are they in life's great work of liberty and freedom of thought. 

Yes, we have faith and we sincerely trust the Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs 
will forever be impulsed by the best heart beats and the strongest brain throbs from 
the women of Ohio, aye, from the women of this nation. 

The next speaker was Rabbi Moses J. Gries, who said: 

I am glad for the privilege of speaking a word of respect and love for woman, and 
do not speak that word because I stand in the presence of women of the Western 
Reserve, but I would be glad to speak that word whenever occasion may arise. In the 
home in which happiness is, love is. Woman has taken her stand in the world 
side by side with man, but I believe the highest destiny of woman is ever to remain at 
home, where she can be wife and mother, and I hope that no emancipation will take 
her out of the home and make her forget her wifehood and motherhood. 

Rabbi Gries referred to the influence upon the lives of Lincoln and Garfield wielded 
by their mothers, and then paid a tribute to ex-Governor McKinley, who was present, by 
saying: And so to-day, there is one who asks for the suffrages of the nation, whose 
years have been spent'm devotion and faithfulness to his wife and his mother. Con- 
tinuing the speaker said : While the world is dark and cruel and unkind, the wanderer 
turns to home. Home should be the one place on earth for the wanderer, knowing 
it will be the place of love and light. Let home be the happiest, holiest place under 
heaven. Let woman have her place, and everyone will call her blessed. 

Mrs. Helen Campbell, of Indianapolis, prominent in work among 
the poor, and the author of various economic treatises, responded to the 
toast, " Prisoners of Poverty. " Owing to the lateness she was very brief. 
She addressed her hearers as "friends," remarking: 

I like the word friends better than ladies arid gentlemen on an occasion like this. 
When I was asked to speak on " Prisoners of Poverty," at this banquet I said that I 
would not do so unless I could add to the subject " Prisoners of Hope." I know all 
of you here to-night are prisoners of hope, for you are hoping to be able to go home 
soon, so I will detain you only a very short time. 

Mrs. Campbell then related a little incident to illustrate a point and said: Every 
one of us is growing in the sense of solidity. I could talk to you for an hour and more 
on this subject, but I will say no more to-night. 

An equally brief response was made by Mrs. J. C. Croly ( Jenny 
June) to the toast, "The Future Citizen." She said: 



WOMAN S DAY. 141 

The citizen of the future is the boy of the street. He will be the voter of tomor- 
row. He will have to maintain the order of the city of Cleveland. The boy between 
ten and twenty stands second in the annals of criminals. That ought to bring serious 
considerations to us. What remedy can we apply to this ? Is it not that we have 
turned the boy into the street without occupation? I think one of the answers is to 
organize the boys. We look at the boy, unorganized, unrelated. He is not wicked ; he 
drifts into wickedness. Organize him into a young American guard, that he may be 
taught to help instead of to injure. It is all possible. We should have in the boys of 
the streets a guaranty of the safety of the nation. 

"The Reserve Force of the Western Reserve — its Women," was the 
toast to which Mr. W. F. Carr responded. Among other things he said: 

The women of the Western Reserve were the mothers of our Wades, our Ranneys, 
and our Garfields, and the other great and brave men of our land. While men have 
been building factories, organizing large enterprises, our women, true to their gentle 
nature, have ever been vigilant in caring for the moral and spiritual welfare of our 
people. 

Mrs. Albert H. Tuttle, great-granddaughter of Judge Eliphatet Aus- 
tin, Sr. , a member of the Connecticut Land Company, had for her toast, 
" Those Royal Good Fellows, the Men." She said: 

At Thanksgiving time in New England our great-great-grandmothers reserved 
the best of the feast to be served last, the rich, fine spicy plum pudding made by re- 
ceipt probably brought over in the Mayflower with all the other good things the Ameri- 
cans are proud of. 

This has been strictly a woman's day, and so far we have celebrated in prdse and 
verse and song the deeds of our pioneer, patriotic and philanthropic great-grand- 
mothers, and now as apt pupils, of those devoted and loyal wives and mothers we, their 
descendants, here reserved our best toast until the last of this feast, and say as heartily 
as they did a century ago, " Those royal good fellows, the men," the gentlemen of the 
Western Reserve and Cleveland, God bless them. 

I on my part long ago showed my deepest appreciation of this city by giving my 
hand and heart to a son of one of Cleveland's most revered citizens, who always stood 
for that which was noblest and best, and was always ready to lend a helping hand to 
those who were struggling to gain a foothold in his city. 

They were a noble and unselfish band of men who founded this city and who fos- 
tered its growth through all the years of the past century. All honor to the memory 
of the great and good men whose portraits look down upon us at this feast, and who 
were the means of Cleveland becoming the City of Homes. I say homes because you 
have had magnificent palaces within your boundaries, but you have that which is far 
more desirable for this great republic, many homes, beautiful homes, and pleasant 
homes which indicate that this great city is rilled with good husbands, wise fathers 
and industrious sons, the best gifts possible to be given unto women. 

As the plum pudding of great-grandmothers was rich and spicy and fine, so we 
find these royal good fellows, the men, rich in all the nobler qualities of the heart, 
spicy in wit and repartee, and fine in those traits which lead to the noblest manhood. 
Again we say with all our heart, " Those royal good fellows, the men " of to-day and 
of the century to come, God bless them. 

Mrs. Elroy M. Avery made the final remarks of the evening. She 
said : 

The women of the Western Reserve began the day by hanging on the outstretched 
arm of Moses Cleaveland a'wreath of flowers in token of honor and respect. He was 
a man. We end the day by presenting to the representative of the Centennial Com- 
mission a basket of flowers as a token of honor and respect to the men of Cleveland. 
The hour is late and Mr. Day will not be permitted to reply. The rest of my speech 
you will find at the end of the program. 

" Good night and joy be wi' you a' " 

This one-minute address delivered at midnight brought Woman's 
Day to a close. It was a remarkable day in the history of the 'city, a 
fitting prelude to woman's effort in the opening century. 



CHAPTER XI 



EARLY SETTLERS' DAY 




July 29, 1896. 

To no class of citizens did the Centen- 
nial Celebration appeal more strongly than 
to the members of the Early Settlers' Asso- 
ciation. It was their affair, to a large ex- 
tent, and they felt a common pride in all 
that was done. The event around which 
greatest interest clustered for these worthy 
citizens, however, was Early Settlers' Day, 
observed on Wednesday, July 29th, a week 
later than the meeting in 1893, when the 
centennial idea was first advanced. The 
programme of the day comprised the an- 
nual meeting of the Early Settlers' Asso- 
ciation in the morning, followed by dinner, and a reception at the log 
cabin on the Public Square in the afternoon. 

The meeting was called to order in Army and Navy Hall at 10 
o'clock, with an unusually large and enthusiastic attendance. Hon. 
Richard C. Parsons, the president of the association, introduced Rev. 
Lathrop Cooley, who offered prayer, after which the Arion Quartette 
sang an appropriate selection, and the routine business of the morning 
was taken up. Hon. A. J. Williams presented the report of the execu- 
tive committee announcing the names of those who had passed away 
during the preceding year. The list contained thirty-six names, 
prominent in the number being those of Dudley Baldwin, General M. 
D. Leggett, Rev. John T. Avery, Luther Moses, Darius Adams, H. B. 
Chilcls and Jackson M. Leland. The treasurer's report was read by 
Solon Burgess, showing a satisfactory balance on hand. The officers 
were re-elected and other matters of minor importance were quickly 
disposed of. 

President Parsons' s annual address, a carefully prepared historical 
production, was then delivered. He spoke as follows : 

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Early Settlers' Association : 

One hundred years ago Ohio was largely a primeval wilderness. With 40,000 
square miles and 26,000,000 acres of lands within her borders: with a water front of 
nearly 700 miles almost girding her frontier, she was waiting the axe of the pioneer. 
A settlement had been made in 1788 upon the Ohio river, but in the Western Reserve 
the Indians and beasts of prey alone roamed through her forests. The waters of the 
Ohio flowed peacefully to the Mississippi, and no sail or steamboat broke the silence of 
the awful solitude. George the Third was king of England. Napoleon was begin- 
ning his splendid career of conquest and crime ; the Constitution of the United States 
had but recently been adopted, and George Washington was president of the new Re- 
public. There were three and one-half millions of people in the States, and save for 
New England only a narrow strip of land along the shores of the Atlantic, and the 
iGulf of Mexico, was occupied by a civilized people. The tilling of the soil was the 



EARLY SETTLERS DAY. 1 43 

chief occupation of the inhabitants, and commerce, manufactures, the arts and science, 
were in their infancy. Real money was a rarity, and men lived by the barter and ex- 
change of their labor and commodities. The people were poor, and the means of edu- 
cation limited and narrow. Slavery was legal in almost every State of the Union, and 
the public conscience upon the subject torpid or indifferent. There were no railroads, 
steamboats, gas-lighted cities, systems of drainage, electric cars or lights, telegraphs 
or telephones, paved highways, or other means of communication between the States, 
than the slow, cumbersome stage coaches, and these were few. The farmer cut down 
his own forests, ploughed his own land, planted it with labor and patience, and gath- 
ered with his own hands the ripe grain, or the fruits of the earth. The steam plow, 
the mower and reaper, the threshing machine, and all the artificial aids to labor now 
so widely known, were then undreamed of and unexpected. No scream of a steam 
whistle broke the silence of the forests, or the peaceful landscapes upon which villages 
and towns were beginning to grow into places of influence and power. The great 
waters of the lakes slept in peace, their majestic bosoms unruffled by a solitary vessel. 
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River, save at Marietta, the wilderness was unbroken, 
excepting here and there by some rude settlement of the Indians. 

But in 1796 the white man from dear old Connecticut, full of life, energy, ambi- 
tion and confidence came to our shores, and came to stay. The song and the axe of 
the pioneer were heard on every side. The voices of children were heard at play, and 
the gentle tones of women added grace and music to the land. In 1803 there were 
40,000 people upon the soil of Ohio, and she became a State in the Union. From that 
time her history is one of development and rapid progress. Great cities spread over 
her bosom, manufacturers flourished, colleges were built, laws just and righteous were 
enacted, religion lent her powerful influence for good among the people; and every- 
where a settlement of any importance could be found, there was seen a building 
sacredly set apart for the worship of God. In the life of one generation Ohio became 
one of the most thriving, powerful States in the Union, and in all her history no slav- 
ery was ever tolerated upon her soil. She was the first-born daughter of the ordinance 
of 1787, and whether that blessed provision was drawn by Thomas Jefferson or Nathan 
Dane, it has been prolific of nothing but good to all succeeding generations. The 
great States formed under its influence became the home of free men, and to-day are 
among the foremost commonwealths in all the world. 

Yet a century is but a brief period in the history of nations — only sometimes the 
record of a single life. As I mentioned last year there died in Cleveland in 1894 a 
member of this society — Miss Abby Fitch, formerly of Connecticut, — a most attractive 
Christian lady, who in four months would have been one hundred years old. Her 
faculties were keen and active to the last. She knew several of the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence, and had seen a large number of the heroes of the Revo- 
lutionary war. She lived to take her first ride on a pillion upon horseback in a New 
England village — and in her old age to take her last ride in an electric car, traveling 
in ease and security, through the paved streets of a great city at the rate of twenty 
miles an hour. She saw almost the first newspaper, and a copy of the first magazine 
published in America. She read in their order of the discovery of steam power, the 
building of a steam vessel, and a steam railway, the manufacture of cottons and linens 
and carpets, and every form of iron or steel production. What wonders were wrought 
in her single life for the advancement of mankind and the comfort of the race ! What 
marvels did science disclose to a waiting world ! 

Only a hundred years ! The duration of a single life, and yet time enough to create 
a new civilization — add tens of millions to the human race, and provide for their main- 
tenance, education and happiness. During the last century the United States have 
grown from a people of 3,500,000 in number to 65,000,000 souls, and the narrow strip 
of land occupied on the shores of the Atlantic has widened and broadened until it 
covers all the acres from that ocean to the Pacific. A vast territory washed by the 
soft waves of the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the icy waters of the north at 
Alaska. Here is every variety of soil and climate, and the giant Republic is yet in 
its infancy. Here the people rule, and freedom is the heritage of every citizen. No 
slave can breathe the air of America. The Stars and Stripes in their gorgeous splen- 
dor, wave over a nation of brave and united people, telling mankind the story of the 
Pilgrims and Puritans, the self-sacrificing pioneers, of free soil, free labor and free 
men. 

The history of Ohio is one of special interest in her development from au Indian 
hunting ground to a great commonwealth, rich and powerful in all the elements of 
modern civilization. We can give it but a passing glance. 

You are all aware that the territory now known as Ohio was more than two cen- 



144 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

turies ago claimed by France, and was a part of the great region known as Louisana. 
The first sail vessel known upon Lake Erie was called the " Griffin," a bark of 
sixty tons burden, one which the famous La Salle, commander of the fort on Lake < >n- 
tario, built and sailed through the lakes in 1679 as far as Mackinac. In 1763 all the 
French possessions in North America were transferred by France to England. Both 
parties were equally ignorant as to the extent or magnificent value of the empire. 
In 1776 the colonies declared themselves free and independent States. The Revolu- 
tionary war followed, and in the final treaty of peace between Great Britain and the 
United States in Paris, 1783, the entire of New England, and all the territory east of 
the Mississippi River, was ceded to the United States. It is said but for the splendid 
resistance of John Adams, one of the commissioners, the western boundary would 
have been limited at the waters of the Ohio. 

In 1784, the State of Virginia, which claimed the soil of Ohio as embraced within 
her charter, ceded the same to the United States. The State of Connecticut, 111 1786, 
wnose charter from England covered a vast territory westward, ceded her jurisdictional 
claims over all her lands, excepting those known as the Western Reserve of New Con- 
necticut. In 1787 the first settlement in Ohio was made at Marietta on the Ohio River, 
by emigrants from New England. In May, 1795, the Legislature of Connecticut passed 
a law creating a committee to sell the territory she had reserved in Ohio. This com- 
mittee sold the lands, and gave deeds therefor. By the year 1S00, these were the 
homes of more than one thousand immigrants, east of the river Cuyahoga, and roads 
made covering nearly 700 miles in extent. During the early settlements of Ohio, the 
pioneers suffered terribly from wars and attacks by the Indians. The latter tribes 
banded together to drive out the white men, and for long years there was strife, suffer- 
ing, privation and battle. The final blow to the Indian warriors, was made on the 
Maumee under General Anthony Wayne, August 20, 1794, and their power was broken. 
The tribes sued for peace and acknowledged the United States their protector. 

The first Ohio territorial legislature met in September, 1799; General St. Clair was 
governor. In 1802 Congress passed an act authorizing a call for a convention to form 
a State Constitution. The convention assembled at Chillicothe, November first, and on 
the 29th the Constitution without having been submitted to the people, was ratified by 
the convention. The first General Assembly met at Chillicothe, March first, 1803. In 
1 810, the Indian tribes again rallied for war under the leadership of Tecumseh. The 
Indians were defeated with great slaughter and Tecumseh was shot dead at the head 
of his army. This battle won for General Harrison the Presidency of the United 
States, and for Richard M. Johnson, the Vice-Presidency. 

In 1825 began the building of the Ohio canal, connecting the lake and the river 
Ohio — a measure of far reaching importance. The State awoke to new life and com- 
mercial activity, and her agricultural products found ready markets for their owners. 

The first railroad in our State was laid from Toledo to Adrian, Michigan, July, 
1837. It was originally intended for horse power but in July, 1837, a locomotive was 
put upon the track — the first ever kown in Ohio. The introduction of this locomotive 
changed the entire character of the State, in its methods of intercourse and commer- 
cial facilities. New villages, towns and cities sprang into life; the importance to the 
State was very large, and land rose rapidly in value. In 1896 there are over 10,000 
miles of railways in Ohio, built at a cost of more than $500,000,000. In the year 1840, 
Ohio had become the third State in the Union. 

It is proper to add that this great commonwealth, the daughter of the ordinance 
of 17S7, in the late civil war was found loyal and true to the government of Abraham 
Lincoln. To the war she sent 320,000 of her sons, and the page of history will glow 
and glitter forever with the names of her illustrious heroes. 

It was in Cleveland that the Soldiers' Aid Society was organized that sent over a 
million of dollars to the suffering soldiers of the war, in food, clothing and medicinal 
stores. The good this society accomplished can never be measured, but enough is known 
to crown all the noble women and patriotic men who aided in the work, with the thanks of 
a grateful nation. Wherever its emissaries appeared — literally " soldiers of the cross," 
they were welcomed by the suffering, wounded soldiers with eager delight ; the as- 
perites of war were softened by sympathy and kindness ; and the poor soldier, who felt 
desolate and forsaken, awoke to a sense that he was neither forgotten nor unloved. 

The larger part of the actors in the great drama of the war have passed away, and 
it is our tender hope they will not be forgotten when the Lord gathers up his jewels 
for his Heavenly Kingdom. 

Of the eminent sons of Ohio, William Henry Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, 
Ulysses S. Grant, James A. Garfield, and Benjamin Harrison have been elected Presi- 
dents of the United States ; Salmon P. Chase and Morrison R. Waite have served as 



EARLY SETTLERS DAY. 1 45 

Chief Justices of the Supreme Court: John McLean, Noah H. Swayne, and Stanley 
Matthews, Associate Justices. 

I cannot stop to call the roll of the distinguished soldiers of Ohio. They would 
if living form a camp. Three brave generals are, or were, members of this associa- 
tion.- A few weeks ago we laid in the tomb all that was mortal of jihat grand old hero 
and genuine patriot, Mortimer D. Leggett. He had reached a ripe old age, and was 
warmly honored and beloved for his sweet and manly character by all our people. 
His good gray head was everywhere known, and he went to his grave crowned with 
the gratitude of every citizen. We have with us to-day General James Barnett and 
General Elwell, whose military career and exalted character are the property of our 
city. In their presence I cannot speak of their gallant services in the war, or their 
many claims to our regard and affection. 

The Bar has had its full share of eminent lawyers and jurists. The great Thomas 
Ewing; the matchless orator Thomas Corwin; the learned, accomplished Henry Stan- 
berry; the noble Edwin M. Stanton, and a host of names like Hitchcock. Story, Swan, 
Wolcott, Williamson, Galloway, Anderson, Foot, Ranney, Starkweather, Rice, Wilcox, 
Hunter, and many others that adorn its history. Many of these men were cradled in 
the wilderness, studied their books in the log cabin by torchlight, and in the early days 
of struggle and privation laid the foundation of lasting fame. 

To the pioneer women of Ohio, we owe the greatest debt. They followed their 
husbands through all the trials and dangers and cruel labors of the forest. They 
rocked their babies in fear of the tomahawk and torture by the savage. They brought 
peace and comfort to the disheartened husband and father. They knew how to pray, 
and where to look for protection and submission. There is not a Protestant church 
whose spire points toward the sky from the lake to the river, whose corner-stones were 
not laid through the influence of women. But for the power of women religion would 
perish. It is they who sew the seeds of piety in the hearts of their children. It is they 
who train them for lives of usefulness and honor. Scarcely a great man can be named 
in all the States, who did not trace the source of all his success to the watchful, ten- 
der, religious care of a devoted mother. 

The first pioneer wives and mothers in Ohio on this centennial anniversary all sleep 
in their honored graves. Their once busy hands are at rest. They fought the battle 
of life with heroic fortitude, and unwavering faith. The legacy of their virtues is the 
precious property of their descendants. The influence they left behind is at this mo- 
ment the preserving power of the State. 

It would ill become this meeting if we failed to pay our tribute of respect and affec- 
tion to the "little mother" of the Western Reserve, and the larger part of Northern 
Ohio — the prosperous and beautiful State of Connecticut. She was one of the thirteen 
colonies that declared themselves free and independent States. The first important 
settlement within her border was made when that great scholar, preacher and divine, 
Thomas Hooker, led his followers from Massachusetts to the valley of the Connecticut 
River, now the wealthy, influential city of Hartford. 

Those who remember the valley of the Connecticut, and the noble river running 
through Vermont and New Hampshire, navigable for nearly 300 miles, need not be 
told that this valley is one of the most charming m all New' England The story of 
Connecticut is one of the most honorable and useful in history. Bancroft says that 
for 100 years Connecticut was the Acadia of the world. It was in Hartford, I think in 
11 V), that a model of a constitution was drawn, that largely contained the principal 
points covered by the Constitution of the United States 150 years thereafter. In 1S18, 
the venerable Benjamin Trumbull writes: " The planters of Connecticut were among 
the illustrious characters who first settled in New England. In an age when the light 
o^ freedom was just dawning, the}' by a voluntary compact formed one of the most 
free and happy Constitutions of Government which mankind has ever adopted. Con- 
necticut has been distinguished by the free spirit of its government, the mildness of 
its laws, and the general diffusion of knowledge among all classes of its inhabitants. 
They have been no less distinguished by their industry, economy, purity of manner, 
population and spirit of enterprise. For more than 150 years they have had no rival in 
the steadiness of their government, their internal peace and harmony, their love and 
high enjoyment of domestic, civil and religious order and happiness. They have ever 
stood among the most illuminated, first, and boldest defenders of the civil and reli- 
gious rights of mankind." This is very high praise but it is eminently well deserved. 

Of her illustrious sons of a century ago, we recall the names of Oliver Wolcott, 
< Hiver Ellsworth, Roger Sherman, Israel Putnam, Jonathan Trumbull, William Will- 
iams, Samuel Holden Parsons, Samuel Worthington, Silas Deane, and others, whose 
names are held in grateful recollection by the people of that State. 



I46 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

But for Connecticut the war of the Revolution could not have been maintained. 
Governor Trumbull was the right hand of Washington. The dear old commonwealth 
gave her sons, her money, and devoted prayers, that freedom might conquer. Of the 
233.77 1 soldiers sent by the thirteen colonies to the war, 101,846 were furnished by Con- 
necticut and Massachusetts. 

Perhaps the highest tribute that can be paid to the morality and purity of the peo- 
ple of Connecticut, may be found in the fact that during 100 years of her existence it is 
said no divorce case was known in her history. No wonder that we, the people of the 
Western Reserve, the loving descendants of the ' ' little mother, ' ' pay to her memory 
this day our tribute of affectionate pride and admiration. 

But what shall we say for Cleveland, our own beautiful, thriving city, whose cen- 
tennial anniversary we this day celebrate. For the city is known far and wide for its 
wealth, its commerce, its manufactures, its shipbuilding, its fleet of stately steam ves- 
sels, its newspapers, its schools, colleges, churches, the education and high character 
of its people, its influence upon the State and nation, and splendid promise for greater 
and wider fields of usefulness. One hundred years ago and Cleveland had three in- 
habitants. To-day 350,000 souls. Law, order, are respected and honored. It is the 
home of as patriotic, generous and elevated a people as any of its size in the Union. The 
waters of Lake Erie wash its entire borders, and its fleet of noble vessels carry a com- 
merce upon the great chain of lakes, richer by far than that of Tyre and Sidon in their 
days of loftiest supremacy. The history of our city has been honorable in the past, and 
we all earnestly unite in the hope that her future will be still richer in benefits to the 
human race, and greater and grander in all the elements of the loftiest civilization. 

My friends of the Early Settlers' Association, I shall to-day speak for the last time 
as your president. When the centennial celebration of the city is concluded, I shall 
place my resignation in the hands of your trustees. But since I have known so many 
of you, studied your sturdy characters, become acquainted with the history of your 
lives, your patriotic love of country, your early struggles with poverty and the wilder- 
ness, your industry and economy, and the shining example of virtue you have placed 
before your children, I wish to pay you the homage of my sincere regard. So long as 
your descendants shall follow your example, the State shall be rich in faithful, devoted 
sons and useful citizens. 

During the last five years our society has lost by death, -a large number of its most 
prominent members, some of them the very patriarchs of the association. During the 
last few weeks Mr. Darius Adams, one of our trustees, and Cleveland's foremost and 
most valuable citizen, died at the age of 86 years, honored and beloved for a long use- 
ful, stainless life. Rev. John T. Avery, another of our members, died a brief time 
ago at the same age. For years he had' been confined to his house as an invalid, and 
he lived only in the memory of the past. He loved to talk of the days gone by, when 
he was a moving power in the State. In the prime of his life he was an evangelist 
widely known for his eloquent gifts of speech and religious influence. Thousands of 
men and women were converted under his preaching, and he was a mighty power in 
Cleveland for good. The great revival led by him in the Stone Church laid the foun- 
dation largely for its splendid career of benevolence and usefulness. The last time I 
saw him his mind was vigorous and clear, but he knew his work was done, and he was 
only waiting the summons to depart. 

Let us thank God so many of us have lived to see this day. and behold the pros- 
perity and glory of our city, State and native land. We have lived in the choicest era 
in the history of the world, and the blessings of liberty and free institutions have been 
our lot. My earnest hope for each of you is that your years may be lengthened, so 
long as the power of enjoyment is given, and that at last, like a shock of corn fully 
ripe, crowned with the recollection of a well spent life, and in humble confidence of «a 
happy immortality, you may be gathered to your fathers, leaving to your children and 
children's children the memory of your labors and sacrifices. 

For the dead of our society, we this day specially mourn their absence, but praise 
or censure is alike now to them. We shall see their faces and hear their voices no 
more. Let them rest in peace. 

" Can storied urn, or animated bust 

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ; 
Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust, 
Or Flatt'ry soothe the dull, cold ear of death? 
No farther seek their merits to disclose, 
Or draw their frailties from their dread abode, 
(There they alike in trembling hope repose,) 
The bosom of their father and their God. ' ' 



EARLY SETTLERS DAY. 147 

At the conclusion of President Parsons's address the quartette sang 
"Auld Lang- Syne," the audience joining in the chorus. Colonel Par- 
sons then said : 

"As the Hon. John C. Covert was the pioneer in drafting a resolution that the 
Early Settlers should celebrate the centennial of this city, out of which, under the pro- 
tecting care of Director Day, these magnificent displays of the last few days have taken 
place, I have asked Mr. Covert to tell you what he knows about it this morning." 

Mr. Covert, being thus introduced, spoke in part as follows : 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: 

It sounds a little odd, and somewhat pleasant withal, to hear myself called a 
pioneer by Colonel Parsons, but when he went on to explain that he meant by that that 
I was the author of the resolution which caused this centennial celebration, I under- 
stood, and was happy to learn, that he did not mean that I was one of the pioneers 
who came here with Moses Cleaveland a hundred years ago. (Laughter.) 

There is no class of persons anywhere in the world to-day so interesting to us 
Clevelanders as those pioneers, and although I cannot be classed among them, yet I 
have a great pleasure in meeting with the Old Settlers' Association, and I hope that 
the pleasure will be continued for years to come, until I may be looked upon as one of 
the early pioneers. 

When the first settlers came here they thought the proximity of river and lake a 
good location, but they soon found the land poor, and as they wanted a good farming 
land, they scattered about over the country in search of better soil. Many of them 
went to Newburgh, which was comparatively populous in 1798. A guide to the West- 
ern country, written early in this century, described Cleveland as a place on the 
south shore of Lake Erie, between five and six miles northwest of Newburg. 

Most of the people who came here were farmers, some had been Revolutionary 
soldiers, two, Lorenzo Carter and Seth Stiles, were agents of John Jacob Astor, whose 
fur trade extended far into the west, and who was then planning the magnificent 
scheme described in Irving's "Astoria," to have a line of trading posts stretching 
over the Alleghenies and the Rocky Mountains, with ships all along the Pacific coast 
and a great central depot and offices in New York. People have told me in my boy- 
hood that Carter was a genuine trapper. Some imaginative writers have ascribed to 
him a mysterious influence over the Indians. The only mystery about it was that he 
won them by selling whiskey for their furs, and severely whipped or frightened them 
when they became disorderly. 

The early settlers of this country came from the seashore, and some of them 
moved to the western wilderness just to keep their boys from embarking in whaling 
expeditions or voyages to the Indies. They were wide-awake, venturesome, and bound 
to go somewhere. While still young Seth Doan had made several distant voyages, 
and his family moved from Haddam to Herkimer, N. Y., just to get him away from 
the sea. When his brother, Nathaniel Doan, was sent by the Connecticut Land Com- 
pany as one of the surveyors to the Western Reserve, Seth accompanied him, coming 
with Moses Cleaveland and his party. 

They went by boat down the Connecticut River, across the sound up the Hudson, 
then up the Mohawk River, whence they carried their outfit seven miles to Black River, 
which took them to Lake Ontario, and then sailed or rowed the rest of the way to the 
Cuyahoga, portaging their boats and luggage around the great falls. An old lady 
who is present here, Mrs. Harriet Doan Sprague, whose grandmother was in one of the 
first parties coming to this wilderness, has often described this wild journey to me, 
as told her by her ancestors. When the wind was fair the\ sailed swiftly upon the 
lake, a few men attending to the vessel, under the direction of a captain who had 
learned his business on the high seas. The men entertained each other with stories of 
their experience on the sea and their trials during the Revolution. The young men 
looked off over the blue lake and thought of the wild adventures of the whaling voy- 
ages they had missed by coming west ; but tne disappointed whalers were to found an 
empire. During two days the lake was as smooth as glass and nearly all the passen- 
gers went ashore, walking along the beach, the men pulling the boats with ropes. The 
children kept close to the water's edge for fear of wild beasts, the hunters made in- 
cursions into the woods and came back loaded with game. At night all the party re- 
tired to their boats to sleep, the children telling with much amusement in after years of 
their fear of being attacked by the immense serpents supposed to be coiled upon the 
wild flowers upon the shore. 



148 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

The country around this body of water was infested with animals, especially wild 
cats, the lake being originally called Cat Lake, and the Indians living near it being 
dominated the Cats on account of the presence of these animals. 

The central portions of Cleveland, where we are holding this meeting, were not 
prized by the pioneers. As late as 1825 land on Water street went begging at $5 per 
acre. While the farmers moved out to Newburg, Doan's Corners, Brecksviile, Royal- 
ton, and other points, a few men who had an eye to business remained down town. 
Nathan Perry's store was established corner of Water and Superior streets, in 1S15. 
Mr. Horace Weddell, now living, assures me that his father's store was built on the 
corner of Superior and Bank streets as early as 1817, and not in 1S20, as has been re- 
cently stated. Both of these merchants traded tobacco and blankets with the Indians 
for furs, while Lorenzo Carter satisfied the savage appetite for whiskey. Weddell's 
store was a brick building, with four white fluted columns in front of it, sustaining the 
upper front rooms. There was also a town pump, on the corner and down Bank street 
a little way stood a butcher shop. 

Nathaniel Doan built a home on Superior street immediately opposite Bank street, 
where the Leader office now stands, but his whole family was so afflicted with fever 
and ague that he moved eastward to what is now known as Doan's Corners. He built 
and kept a hotel on the northwest corner of Euclid avenue and Fairmount street, and 
opposite, on the southwest corner, he built a small store. 

The Doan's were a very influential people, all of them well educated. I am in- 
formed by John Doan's grandchildren, of whom there are now two in this room, that 
their grandfather, Nathaniel, was not a blacksmith, as has been recorded by some of 
our centennial historians. He built a blacksmith shop, a hotel, a saleratus factory, 
and a store because they were needed, the second especially, as there was no baking 
powder in those days. Nathaniel Doan was postmaster and justice of the peace for 
many years, and religious services were conducted by him in his house. When he 
died his mantle fell upon his son Job. Dillie Doan, daughter of Nathaniel, started the 
first school in Euclid. 

The Doan tavern, built about 1817, now stands on Cedar avenue, Nos. 1543, 1545 
and 1547, being used as three tenement houses. It is on the east side of the street, 
immediately east of Streator avenue. The store is now a part of Wood's grocery, No. 
22S1, on Euclid near Doan. 

Immediately east of this hotel was Doan brook, and just beyond that " the flats," 
where the movers always halted a day or two to rest and wash up. Sometimes as 
many as fifteen wagons were seen here, camped on what is now the college campus. 
They borrowed kettles and tableware from the hotel. One mover forgot to return a 
borrowed silver spoon and sent it back a year later from the west, whither he had jour- 
neyed. This was a valuable article, " for," said the lady who related it to me, " it took 
twenty-seven silver dollars to make half a dozen silver spoons." After the movers 
had rested a few days, they crossed Doan lane to Newburg, thence to Wooster, where 
they struck the State road. 

The following given me by Mr. George Watkins, are the names of a few settlers 
who occupied log cabins on Euclid avenue about 1S1S: John Norton, John Gould, John 
(). Willard, Samuel Spangler, John Bunce, Timothy Watkins, Ahial Triscott, Amos 
Holoday, Nathaniel Trisket, Joseph Clark, Joseph Bidwell, Thomas Night, Cardy. 
Parker. 

Back near the Shaker mills were quite extensive quarries, worked mostly by Penn- 
sylvania Dutchmen. A railroad was built by General Ahaz Merchant from the quar- 
ries running down the hill over a high bridge which spanned the hollow at Blue Rock 
springs, crossing orchards, and striking Euclid avenue at the corner of " Doan lane," 
and continuing down Euclid avenue to the depot or barn, which was just north of 
where the Forest City House now stands. 

The cars were drawn by one horse ; a passenger car was run once in a while, and 
several old ladies have assured me that they frequently long for these old cars while 
riding in the present electrical conveyance. It was the first railroad ever built in Ohio. 
It began running in 1834. It crossed deep ravines or gullies at Blue Rock springs, 
Brookfield street, and Bolton avenue. Mr. Silas Merchant, a man who has given 
many years of invaluable services to this city, and whose worthy father built this primi- 
tive railroad, well remembers everything connected with it, and it is worth while to 
record his recollections, as they may be of use in building railroads some time between 
now and the next centennial. ( Laughter. ) The ties were three feet apart. Rails were 
set dovetailed into the ties, wedged into an aperture made for them. Then a strip or 
ribbon, of maple or beech, was fastened to the top of the rail, where bridges were 
built. At Willson avenue the track deflected northward to avoid a large cranberry 



EARLY SETTLERS DAY. 149 

swamp that was infested by wild cats. Mr. George Watkins, who is with us here to- 
day, I believe, says the rails of this pioneer road were of wood, one inch thick and 
three wide. It transported wood and stone to the city. Its stock was heavily watered, 
troughs being located at convenient distances along what is now Euclid avenue for 
that purpose. 

In 1846, Martin Gale, whose widow is with us to-day, purchased 112 57-100 acres 
of this quarry land of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, for $1,685. 55. Mrs. 
Gale still has the deed of this sale in her possession. 

The first settlers had plenty of enjoyments, books, churches, and good, wholesome 
food. When the Erie canal was opened, barrels of shell oysters were brought to 
Buffalo, thence to Cleveland by vessel, and kept fresh all winter by pouring salted 
water upon them. 

These early settlers were, as a rule, men of sturdy patriotism and broad intelli- 
gence. Their principles, like some of their houses, survive them. When all material 
objects associated with them shall have passed away, their principles will still live and 
their names and examples be cherished during centuries yet to come. 

Mr. T. P. Handy, active and alert, though nearly ninety years of 
age, was next introduced. He was received with applause and spoke 
briefly, saying: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : 

It is a great pleasure to me, my friends, to be able to be with you on this occasion. 
I have been a member of this association for many years, but it so happened that every 
July I made a tour to the old New England country to the seashore to gain new vigor 
and strength. So to-day I am very glad to see so many that I have often thought of, 
heard of and read about, and to listen to the stirring addresses of your president, and 
the more stirring reminiscences just uttered by our friend Mr. Covert. 

It is a great thing to have such a celebration as this. It is a great thing to live in 
this age. It is a blessed thing to recount the memories of those who had a part in this 
great work, and some of those are still among us, nearing the century of life. 

I came here sixty-four years ago, and I will tell you how I got here. It was in the 
winter and the hills were covered with ice, and the stage drivers had to ask the pas- 
sengers to get out and walk up and down the hills because they would slide off into the 
ravine. I came on a bridal trip, and we had to walk a great deal up hill and down ; 
but it was a pretty good introduction to the western world, because I learned some- 
thing about it. We arrived here safely after four days' journey by stage from Buffalo, 
where we had stopped on a visit for three days and two nights, and I have been here, 
thank God, ever since. I am glad that I have grown up with the splendid growth of 
the city. 

Mr. Bancroft, the historian, who advised me to come here to take charge of a bank- 
ing institution, said to me that he thought Cleveland would be something of a town 
after a few years, and I as a young man had better go there and grow up with it, 
although I had a pleasant situation and fine salary in a bank in New York State. So I 
have had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Bancroft's predictions fulfilled. Cleveland has 
grown to be something of a place, far beyond his expectations, and far beyond our 
own. I think one of the main things that has added to our growth, and the 
growth of this whole Reserve, has been the character of the people, who brought with 
them the school house and the church. These two forces, more than any others, ac- 
count for the moral growth and material development of our community. 

I greet you all to-day, my friends, and fellow members of this society. I rejoice 
with you in hearing the splendid address of our president and also that of Mr. Covert. 
Let us go on and do our work. One and another of us are passing away to the better 
land. Let these lives of ours be filled with glorious deeds for our country and for our 
God. (Applause. ) 

The Arions sang again, and being recalled started the patriotic 
hymn " America," in which the veterans readily joined. Colonel Par- 
sons presented Miss Belle Hamlin, the great-granddaughter of Lorenzo 
Carter, who was received with applause. General J. J. El well was then 
called upon, and in response said : 

' My friend Mr. Handy has referred to the time he came here. A little while before 
that I was a mail boy carrying the mail from Warren to Twinsburg. That was the 



150 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

great town out in that direction, just over the hills ten or fifteen miles. The mail from 
Cleveland came on an old horse with a little boy on his back and stopped at Twins- 
burg. It was not necessary to go any farther. The mail was pretty much distributed 
by the time I got there, which was thirty-eight miles. I would go out on Friday and 
return to Warren on Saturday, and you could put the mail from Cleveland going to 
Warren and that part of the Western Reserve in your hat. I carried it in one end of 
the portmanteau on my horse. A little while before that — but I am afraid I am expos- 
ing my age — the end of the route was at Ravenna. In 1833, I carried the mail from 
Warren to Ravenna, twenty-five miles, half the way through the woods, and there we 
tapped the stage route from Cleveland to Pittsburg, and took the little handful of 
Cleveland mail at that point instead of coming up to Twinsburg. 

I am somewhat crankish, my friends, upon the Ordinance of 1787, to which our 
worthy president referred. All this wonderful civilization, in addition to the geograph- 
ical position and in addition to these natural advantages that have existed, de- 
pends upon that great God-given Ordinance. I referred to it when we were talking 
about the cabin on the Square the other day ; and to me it ranks with Magna Charta, 
with the compacts on the Mayflower, with the Declaration of Independence, with the 
adoption of the Constitution, and with the Emancipation Proclamation. That Ordin- 
ance is the secret of our great prosperity here upon the Western Reserve. (Applause. ) 
That Magna Charta which made everybody free and kept them free is the secret of out- 
remarkable progress. 

I was glad to hear the president refer to the mothers of the Western Reserve. God 
bless their memory, and may their descendants »cherish their memory. My mother 
came over the mountains from the east to Warren when she was sixteen. It is the 
mothers — those grand women — who have made this land what it is. They raised the 
Presidents. Talk about presidents ! Talk about the Western Reserve having fur- 
nished two or three presidents, and this great northwest territory over a half dozen 
Presidents! Talk about the mothers, why don't you? It is the mothers who make the 
presidents. It is the mother that raises the boys. (Applause.) The father seems to 
think if he comes home and kisses the children and fondles and plays with them he has 
done his part, but it is the mother that is with them from morning until night. God 
bless the memory of the pioneer mothers of the Western Reserve. They were intelli- 
gent women. My first knowledge of Lowell and Holmes and other noble writers of 
world-wide fame was from mothers in the log cabins, where they had gathered up the 
earl}- productions of the poets and read them to the children. 

Why, if it had not been for the women, Mrs. Ingham and her assistants, we could 
not be having this great celebration. Then the million of dollars that was raised for 
the soldiers during the war by the women of the Western Reserve, that our president 
referred to. They were patriotic. They went into every hamlet on the Western Re- 
serve and one good mother lamented that she had been able to send but six sons to 
the war. Why, she said that if she had known about the war coming on she would 
have got married ten years earlier. (Laughter.) These are the kind of mothers, and 
these are the nobler men who have made this country what it is. 

Mr. S. D. Dodge, United States District Attorney, who had reeently 
become a member of the society, addressed the audience as follows : 

Mr, Chairman and Fellow-Members of the Early Settlers' Association : 

It has been my pleasure to-day to join this association, and I have been requested 
by Mr. Williams and Mr. Parsons to say just a single word. 

Well, my eye, Mr. Chairman, is not dim nor my natural force abated, yet I realize 
that I am growing old when I find myself possessing the qualifications necessary to 
become a member of the Early Settlers' Association. I believe it is not necessary, Mr. 
Chairman, to have gray hairs or be bald headed to be a member of this association, 
and while I did discover the other day a few silver threads in my hair, I want it un- 
derstood that the proportion of silver threads is very much less than sixteen to one. 
(Laughter.) I am glad, Mr. Chairman, to be able to be present upon such an occasion as 
this for the first time as one of you. I remember well as a young man, just out of college, 
when this association was organized, and how much interest my good father took in its or- 
ganization. I remember at that time, when you elected your first vice-president and wom- 
an suffrage was recognized in this association, how he told you that Sairey Gamp had 
been vindicated and Betsy Prig squelched — that there was a' Mrs. Harris. (Laughter.) 

When I consider the fact that my father helped organize this association, that he 
was born in Collamer, and that uncle John Doan was his mother's brother, I feel that 
something besides my age entitles me to be an early settler. 



EARLY SETTLERS DAY. 151 

To me, Mr. Chairman, the most interesting occasion of this whole centennial is 
the occasion that brings together those who can look back furthest in the century which 
has closed ; those whose eyes have seen both the old log cabin in the forest and the 
towering buildings on our avenues ; those of you whose ears have heard both the strains 
of High Betty Martin on a cracked violin and have also paid five cents to hear in the 
phonograph the Marine Band of Washington playing in the Arcade in Cleveland (ap- 
plause); those of you who have sent a message to a friend in a letter that was blotted 
with sand from a sand-box, and those of you who have talked that message over a 
wire to a friend in a distant city. 

I have no doubt some of you have seen your fathers and mothers struggling for 
illumination <vith a flint and tinder, and yet these same persons heard the shouts of 
thousands in our Public Square when electricity produced illumination by a button 
touched at Buzzard's Bay. 

While all this material progress, Mr. Chairman, has added much to the comfort 
and convenience of us all, while many things are not as they ought to be, or not as we 
desire, while municipal governments are not conducted as they ought to be, while 
there are bad laws on our statute books and good laws that are not enforced, while too 
many men are exempt from jury duty, and while as yet there seems to be no law to 
compel men to attend the primary election of his party — in spite of all these difficul- 
ties, it is a source of congratulation that we are to-day living under a national govern- 
ment whose credit, stability and honor are recognized by every nation, from the Aurora 
Borealis to the south pole. 

To some of us who come after many of you who have lived four-score years under 
a government of unimpaired credit, there devolves the duty to see to it that at the end 
of another century itmay be said that the United States has never violated an agree- 
ment or broken a promise. (Applause. ) I believe that the ship of state will sail on for 
another hundred years unharmed by the storms of repudiation and anarchy. (Ap- 
plause. ) When w'e have done our duty in the selection of those who shall control the 
ship of state, there will be nothing left for us but to say, with Longfellow: — 

" God bless her; speed her; 
Keep her while she steers 
Amid breakers of unsounded years. 
. Guide her in danger's path with even keel, 
And bless whosever hand may hold the wheel. ' ' 

At the conclusion of the speech-making Mr. Williams introduced 
the following resolution, 'which was unanimously adopted: 

Resolved, That the cordial thanks of this association be given to Bolivar Butts, 
Esq., Chairman, and Hon. R. R. Herrick, John Walworth, Joseph Poe, Mrs. Mary B. 
Ingham, and H. M. Addison, members of the committee on building the log cabin in 
the Square, for their self-sacrificing and painstaking labors. They gave to the object 
the most careful attention, and we desire to place on the records of this association 
1 >ur appreciation of their most successful efforts. 

The following resolution, presented by Mr. Covert, was also unani- 
mously adopted: 

Resolved, That the president be and he is hereby requested to appoint a commit 
tee consisting of one member from each county of the Western Reserve (though not 
members of this association), to consider the question of forming a Western Reserve 
Pioneer Association, and that he designate the chairman thereof. 

Pursuant to this resolution, President Parsons appointed the follow- 
ing persons as members of such committee: Trumbull County, Hon. 
H. B. Perkins, of Warren, O., chairman; Portage County, Henry W. 
Riddle, Ravenna, O. ; Lake County, C. T. Morley, Painesville, O. ; 
Geauga County, Hon. J. E. Stephenson, Chardon, O. ; Ashland County, 
R. M. Campbell, Ashland, O. ; Huron County, Hon. C. H. Gallup, 
Norwalk, O. ; Medina County, Hon. S. G. Barnard, Medina, O. ; Erie 
County, Judge John Mackey, Sandusky, O. ; Ashtabula County, E. L. 
Hills, Jefferson, O. ; Summit County, Aaron Wagoner, Akron, O. ; 
Lorain County, Hon. Davis C. Baldwin, Elyria, O. ; Cuyahoga County, 



152 • CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Hon. Henry C. White, Cleveland, O. ; Mahoning County, Colonel C. B. 
Wick, Youngstown, O. 

Prior to adjournment the vice-president of the association, Mrs. J. 
A. Harris, was introduced. Jt was then announced that dinner would 
be served upstairs and the members repaired thither. A delightful hour 
was passed in the dining room, two hundred persons being seated at the 
tables and most pleasantly passing the time. 

Early in the afternoon a procession was formed and the pioneers 
marched down Superior street four abreast, headed by "Father' ' Addison, 
the founder of the Society, President Parsons and Hon. A. J. Williams, 
who carried an old-fashioned spinning wheel, decorated with flowers. 
It was a venerable yet sturdy company, each member of which thor- 
oughly enjoyed the march. A halt was made in front of the cabin where 
the party was photographed. Although the heat was oppressive, many 
of the aged people remained for a visit in the cabin. " Father ' ' Addison 
tuned his fiddle and played familiar airs, while those so inclined re- 
peated some of the dances of the early days on the Western Reserve. A 
few of the persons who thus amused themselves were over seventy 
years of age. Finally the company dispersed and this day, one of the 
happiest of the Centennial, was done. 



CHAPTER XII. 



WESTERN RESERVE DAY 



July 30, iSg6. 

There was a great inpouring of people on Western Reserve Day, 
another of the fete days of the Centennial. The morning trains enter- 
ing the city were loaded with passengers, many of whom took advantage 
of excursion rates to visit the stores on shopping expeditions, thereby 
" killing two birds with one stone. " The city was in gala attire, flags 
and banners being flung to the breeze and a fresh touch given to the 
permanent decorations of the public buildings. The scenes of the morn- 
ing were similar "to those of Founder's Day, except that rain did not in- 
terfere with the comfort of the visitors. 

It was originally intended to have 
a public meeting in the Central Ar- 
mory, but this part of the programme 
was abandoned at the last moment, 
owing to the inability of the principal 
speakers to be present. As planned, 
the meeting was to have been held at 
9:30 o'clock, and addresses were to 
have been delivered by Mayor McKis- 
son, introducing Hon. Henry B. Per- 
kins, of Warren, as President of the 
day ; Senator John Sherman ; Senator 
Calvin S. Brice, Major William McKin- 
ley and others. Although the exer- 
cises were given up, there still re- 
mained the afternoon parade and the 
Centennial Concert in the evening. 
During the forenoon the people busied 
themselves in various ways according 
to their pleasure. Many repaired to 
the parks, others enjoyed rides on the 
lake, and still others boarded the trol- 
ley cars for observation tours about the 

city. Before noon the Public Square "■ ''■• hannum. 

began to fill up, and soon the available 

space on Superior street, Euclid avenue and other thoroughfares along 
which the parade was to pass was as well taken as on the preceding pa- 
rade days. 

The parade formed on the West Side, the divisions assembling 
on the streets intersecting Franklin avenue near Gordon avenue. The 
line of march was on Franklin avenue to Pearl street, to the Viaduct, 
to Superior street, to the Public Square, under the Centennial Arch, 
to Euclid avenue, to Dodge street, to Superior street, passing reviewing 




154 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

stand in front of the City Hall, and disbanding at the Public Square. It 
was estimated that there were five thousand participants in the parade, 
and that it was viewed by fully 100,000 people. The primary 
object of the procession was to emphasize the development of the 
Reserve. In order to do this contrasts were shown between the methods 
in vogue at the opening - of the century and those in vogue at its close. 
It was a historical panorama intensely interesting, instructive and im- 
pressive, having besides its military and civic features special features 
suggestive of pioneer life — aborigines, ox-teams, prairie schooners, stage- 
coaches, hayseed bands and numerous other attractions. 

The evening shadows were gathering when the head of the column 
passed the reviewing stand in front of the City Hall. Twenty mounted 
policemen cleared the way The Great Western Band followed, dis- 
coursing patriotic airs. Grand Marshal H. B. Hannum, seated on a 
spirited horse, then appeared. Immediately behind him and his aids 
came Governor Bushnell and his staff. Enthusiastic cheers greeted 
him along the line, compelling him to bow his acknowledgments 
continually. Adjutant General Axline and staff headed a line of car- 
riages containing members of the Centennial Commission and guests, 
and companies of militia followed in order. The column halted at the 
City Hall, while the governor, the mayor, the director-general and other 
officials repaired to the stand to review the parade. Following is the 
corrected list of the formation of the parade : 

Platoon of Mounted Police, 

Great Western Band, 

Chief Marshal H. B. Hannum and staff consisting of: 

Capt. J. C. Roland, Chief of Staff, 

Capt. Henry R. Adams, Adjutant General, 

Dr. F. L. Thompson, Surgeon General, 

Capt. Frank Wilson, Chief of Artillery, 

Capt. B. F. Phinney, Chief of Engineers. 

Aides : 

Major W. J. Gleason, Capt. H. W. S. Wood, Henry Schaefer, 

Col. Clarence E. Burke, John Meckes, Fred P. Thomas, 

Col. Robert J. Kegg, Dr. F. W. Waltz,' Julius C. Dorn, 

Col. E. R. Walker/ J. V. McGorry, Charles F. Leach, 

Capt. M. B. Garv, "Herbert S. Gray, Edward Batt, 

Capt. A. B. Foster, I >avid Lucas, Al. Davis, 

Capt. W. T. Robbins, Hon. Milan Gallagher, Dr. H. C. Eyman, 

Capt. Horace C. Hutchins, Dr. James A. Ingram, Hon. M. F. Bramlev, 

Capt. J. B. Perkins, William Truscott, U. B. Hird, 

Capt. T. W. Hill, S. A. Muhlhauser, S. A. Smith. 

Capt. D. O. Caswell, J. C. Lower, 

Troop A. First Cavalry, < '. N. G. , Capt. R. E. Burdick, Commanding. 

Governor Asa S. Bushnell and Staff, mounted. 

Carriages containing President and officers of the day and other distinguished guests. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Kirk's Band. 

Col. John S. Poland, 17th U. S. Infantry, Commanding, and Staff. 

Major Lacey, 17th U. S. Infantry, Commanding. 

Light Battery E, 1st Regiment U. S. Artillery, Capt. Allyn Capron, Commanding. 

Troop A, Third U. S. Cavalry, Capt. James O. Mackay, Commanding. 

Regimental Band. 

8th Infantry, O. N. G., Col. G. R. Gyger, Commanding. 

Regimental Band. 

17th Infantry, O. N. G., Col. A. L. Hamilton, Commanding. 



WESTERN RESERVE DAY 



155 



SECOND DIVISION. 

Meyer's Band, 

Veteran Volunteer Firemen, Chief M. M. Spangler, Commanding. 

Assistant Chief, John P. McMahon. 

THIRD DIVISION. 
Fay's Band. 
George J. "Record, Marshal, 
George W. Kinney, 1st Assistant, 
Mdes Dorman, 2nd Assistant, 
S. A. Muhlhauser, 3d Assistant. 
Aides: 
Walter F. Findlev, J. A. Smith, Edward Batt, 

F. L. Bliss, J. Albers, Al. Davis, 

U. B. Hird, Julius C. Dorn, Hon. M. F. Bramlev. 

Charles Bliss, 

I- IK ST SECTION. 

Pioneer Life in Early History. 

Aborigines: Indians, Squaws, families, etc. 

Banner 1796 to 1896. 

Float, open boat containing Moses Cleaveland, surveyors and part v. 

Float, Cleveland 1796. 

Float, Pioneer Home, representing early settlers. 

Ox team, Sawtell family, eleven children, cow, dog and cat. 

Ox team, covered moving wagon, etc. 

Banner 1S06 to 1816. 

Float, horse team, representing the first school house on the Western Reserve. 

Ox team, representing the early settlers moving in. 

Placard, War of 1S12. 

Continental Drum Corps. 

Float representing flag ship Lawrence and Perry's victory. 

Lake Marine Band. 

Banner, 1816 to i82f>. 

Itinerant minister, son of Father Badger. 

Float representing the early methods of spinning and weaving. 

Banner, 1826 to 1S36. 

( >ld ox cart showing visiting party — the newspaper of the day. 

Float, country dance with " Father" Addison, fiddler, and Professor Ballon, as director. 

Banner, [836 to 1846. 

Float, Log-Cabin, Tippecanoe and Tyler too. 

Banner, 1846 to 1856. 

SKC< IND SEC'] ION. 

Pioneer and modern transportation. 

Ox team attached to Dugout. 

( )x team attached to prairie schooner. 

Old stage coach with man and bugle. 

Prime of Wales and Lafayette coaches. 

I HIRD SECTK >N. 

War Period. 
Banner, 1856 to 1866. 
Goddess of Liberty. # 

Abraham Lincoln. 

Light Artillery Band. 

Cleveland City Guards, Capt. W. A. Hare, Commanding. 

( irand Army Corps. 

Country Firemen. 

FOURTH SECTION. 

Pioneer and Modern Agriculture. 

Hayseed Band. 

Sorrel Hill Fire Company. 

Banner, [866 to [876. 

An agricultural division, showing the progress of agriculture, 



156 CENTENNIA] CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

FIFTH SECTION. 

Under Superintendent S. A. Hart. 

Early and Modern Mail Service. 

Banner, [796 to 1890. Development of U. S. Mail. 

Uncle Sam on Horseback. ("U. S. Mail Service.") 

Continental mad carrier with mail bag over shoiilder. 

Mail Route, 1796; letter postage 25 cents. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 

Great Eastern Rand, Fred Kaufhaulz, commanding, and staff. 
Civic Organizations. 

In the evening a concert was given on the Public square by Faetken- 
heuer's Centennial Band and was enjoyed by a large audience. 



CHAPTER XIII 




CENTENNIAL YACHT [REGATTA. 

August 11-13. 

A notable event in the exercises of the 
city's anniversary was the Centennial Yacht 
Regatta, held on August nth, 12th and 13th. 
To the lovers of yachting this was the star 
attraction of the summer. The regatta was 
conducted under the auspices of the Centen- 
nial Commission and the Cleveland Yacht 
Club. Owing to the Inter- Lake Regatta at 
Put-in-Bay and the approaching International 
Regatta at Toledo, no difficulty was expe- 
rienced in getting a large number of entries 
and in bringing off several interesting if not 
exciting contests of speed. No more popular 
pastime than yachting existed in the cities on 
the iak.es, and nowhere was it in higher favor than in Cleveland. The re- 
gatta accordingly attracted many patrons of the sport from other cities 
and brought an admirable fleet of white-winged racers to the Cleveland 
course. They came from the East and the West — cup defenders, veteran 
sailors and novices, and dropped anchor within the harbor as Cleveland's 
guests,. Upon their arrival many of the parties on board left their vessels 
to view the sights of the city, youths and maidens in natty sailor outfits be- 
ing frequently seen upon the streets. Some of the yachts were delayed 
in arriving on account of the bad weather, but nearly all were at an- 
chor on the morning of August 10th. A review had been announced 
for that morning, and a good-sized crowd lined the banks at Lake View 
Park, anxious to witness the yachts on dress parade. The conditions, 
however, were not favorable and the review was not held. A few of 
the vessels sailed over the course, nevertheless, during the afternoon and 
were inspected by those on shore with marine and opera glasses. The 
cup defender / 'encedor executed numerous practice movements, doing 
some novel work outside of the breakwater. ( )ne of the smaller yachts, 
the Corsair, showing all her flags, cavorted near the shore, making sev- 
eral quick and sharp turns, eliciting hearty applause. The Say When, a 
Cleveland yacht, steamed up to the club house at the foot of Erie street 
and was met by a salute by her owner, Hon. W. J. White. She responded 
immediately, sending a volley out over the water. ( )ther vessels were 
likewise saluted and promptly responded. Photographers were on hand 
to take pictures of the yachts, among others being representatives of sev- 
eral New York weekly publications, which produced illustrated articles 
on the regatta. 

The visiting yachtsmen were pleasantly entertained at the head- 
quarters of the Cleveland Yacht Club, where the yachts were registered 



i=;8 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



and preparations made for the races. Among the visitors were a 
number from Canada, whose companionship the Clevelanders greatly 
enjoyed. 

The morning of August nth promised well for the first day's racing. 
The sky was clear and a brisk wind blew from the west. In a few 
hours, however, the breeze diminished to a zephyr insufficient to take 
the yachts over the course in the time allowed. The day was therefore 
spent by the yachtsmen in social enjoyment. Open house was kept 
at the club house in the evening. It was estimated that a thousand 
people called to pay their respects to the yachtsmen. The members of 
the Centennial Commission were present by special invitation. Refresh- 
ments were served and orchestral music enlivened the occasion. 

Wednesday was a better day for speed and brought out large 
crowds of spectators. An exciting feature of the programme was a race 



dr 





ENTK.NMAl. REGATTA. 



between the steam yacht Say When and the Enquirer, of Buffalo, from 
F airport to Cleveland. It was a close contest, but was finally won by 
the Enquirer. Thursday was also a fair day. The various classes of 
the regatta raced as follows: 

August 12, 25, 40 and 36-foot classes. 

August 13, 30, 35, 55-foot and first classes. 

The entries and winners in the regatta, according to official returns, 
were as follows: 

2 5 Foot Class.— Sybil, of Buffalo, first, time 2:38:37; Whim, of Cleveland, second; 
Volant, of Toledo, 'third; Sprite, of Toledo, fourth; Pearl, of Toledo; Test, of 
Sandusky. 

Thirty Toot Class.— Hiawatha, of Hamilton, 
Hamilton, second; No.v, of Rochester, third; Viking. 

Thirty-five Foot Class. — Eva, of Hamilton, first, time, 3:48:43; Shamrock, of 
Cleveland', second; Mo n a, of Cleveland, third; Nadia, of Hamilton, fourth ; A I bora/;. 
of Windsor; Corsair, of Cleveland ; Cynthia, of Sandusky; Dawn, of Sandusky ; Alert, 
of Cleveland ; Meteor, of Cleveland ; Miriam, of Erie. 



first, time 2:48:41; 
of Toledo, fourth. 



Mvrna, of 



CENTENNIAL YACHT REGATTA. 159 

Forty Foot Class. — Vivia, of Toronto, first; time, 2:40:02; Dinah, of Hamilton, 
second; Sultana, of Toledo, third; Puritana, of Toledo (carried away her topmast). 

Forty-six Foot Class. — Canada, of Toronto, first; time, 2:35:0; Zelma, of Hamil- 
ton, second; Surprise, of Detroit, third; Czarina, of Toledo. 

Fifty-five Foot Class. — Veneedor, of Chicago, first: time, 2:48:09; Vreda, of 
Toronto, second; Vanenna, of Chicago; Neva, of Cleveland. 

First Class. — Priscilla, of Cleveland, first; time, 2:45:28; Crusader, of Chicago, 
second. 

The following - committees and officers performed the honors for the 
Cleveland Yacht Club during the regatta: 

Reception Committee. — W. R. Huntington, Chairman. George W. Gardner, W. 
S. Root, R. S. Huntington, Luther Allen, Horace Foote, William L. Otis, P. W. Rice, 

E. W. Radder, B. L. Rouse, P. P. Wright, J. R. Miller, George J. Johnson, A. C. 
Hord, John Barth, F. A. Beckwith, G. H. Gardner, F. G. Overbeke, Burton D. Mun- 
hall. 

Finance Committee. — E. W. Radder, Chairman. Captain George F. McConnell, 
George W. Cleveland, Captain D. H. Pond, Charles H. Ault, Richard Carleton, F. A. 
Brobst, Dr. C. C. Arms, J. J. Mayer, J. S. Dickie, T. F. Newman. 

Fleet Captain. — W. R. Huntington. 

Centennial Regatta Committee. — Commodore George H. Worthington, Chair- 
man. George W. Gardner, E. E. Beeman, P. W. Rice, E. W. Radder, John Barth, E. 
A. Overbeke, J. N. Richardson, B. D. Munhall, W. R. Huntington, Thomas Robinson, 
R. S. Aikenhead, W. P. Francis, G. W. Luetkemeyer, G. H. Gardner, Phil. P. Wright. 

Commodore. — George H. Worthing'ton. 

Race Committee.— Phil. P. Wright, Chairman; G. H. Gardner, E. A. Overbeke, 
W. R. Huntington, J. N. Richardson, John Barth. 

Executive Comi//itlee.—P. W. Rice, Chairman; Phil. P. Wright, R. S. Aikenhead, 
W. R. Huntington, E. W. Radder, E. E. Beeman. 

Refreshment Committee. — R. S. Aikenhead, Chairman; W. J. Akers, Wm. Meyer, 

F. A. Beckwith, George W. Cady. 

Entertaitiment Committee. — E. E. Beeman, Chairman; John A. Zangerle, L. A. 
Cobb, H. W. White, Thomas Robinson, James T. Sargent, W. H. Becker, Com. F. B. 
Hower, J. A. Beidler, F. B. Skeels, G. W. Luetkemever, H. H. Burgess, A. Odell, 
( ). D. Myer, R. D. Bokum, \V. P. Rice, Frederick Green, John M. Mulrooney, C. E. 
Cowan, A. Van Tuyl, R. C. Moody, M. A. Bradley, C. W. Pratt. Jr., James Corrigan, 
H. M. Clarlen. M. Rohrheimer, Horace Foote, P. W. Ditto, Charles Wesley. C. E. 
Burke, D. F. Revnolds, Jr., John C. Hutchins, Eugene Grasselli. 

The regular officers of the club for 1896 were George H. Worthing- 
ton, commodore; Percy W. Rice, vice-commodore; P. P. Wright, rear 
commodore, and Burton I). Munhall, secretary and treasurer. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

CENTENNIAL FLOWER SHOW. 
August 1S-21. 

An excellent opportunity for the study of the beautiful was afforded 
to Centennial visitors by the grand Floral Exposition held during 
" Floral Week," in connection with the twelfth annual convention of the 
Society of American Florists. This exhibition was opened on Tuesday 
afternoon, August 18th, in the Central Armory. An extensive and varied 
botanical display was set forth in the main auditorium, plants and flow- 
ers having been brought from all parts of the country to compete for 
prizes. It was the largest exhibition ever given in Cleveland. The 
Armory was transformed into a conservatory in which floral beauties 
from the North, East, South and West, vied with each other for honors. 
There were palms and ferns and mosses and shrubs in terraces and 
groups, lilies in cluster, roses, violets — flowers of ever}- class and kind. 
The exhibition was divided into two departments, one being the main 
display under the auspicies of the Cleveland Floral Society, and the 
other being a trade exhibit for which a large section of the hall was 
reserved. The convention headquarters were in Army and Navy Hall, 
in front of which was displayed the national flag of the society. ' The 
hall was elaborately decorated. Garlands of evergreen hung from the 
ceiling, banks of palms arose in the corners and windows, and the plat- 
form was almost hidden in a profusion of plants and cttt flowers. 

The first session of the convention was held at 10 o'clock on August 
18th. Delegates and their families to the number of 500 filled the hall, 
nearly all the neighboring States being represented. Mayor McKisson 
welcomed the visitors in a brief speech, saying in part : 

The people of Cleveland have been anticipating with great interest and delight the 
opening of this convention, and as their spokesman, I take pleasure in extending to 
you, on behalf of the city, a most hearty and cordial welcome. 

You have all heard, I presume, that Cleveland is now a hundred years old, and it 
is natural that, being florists, you should want to come and see our century plant. 
Since the seed of this plant was sown by General Moses Cleaveland, on the edge of 
Lake Erie, it has grown and spread, until now it covers thirty-two square miles, and 
is one of the biggest century plants, I imagine, that is to be found anywhere m the 
land. You can see it in full bloom ; we want you to examine it while you are here, 
and to tell us it you do not think it deserves the first premium for its beauty and its 
general merit. 

Those who have seen it before have joined with us in saving that — in the language 
of the flowers — it is certainly a daisy. 

We are glad to welcome you to Cleveland because you bring with you so much of 
the beautiful. Many of you have brought your wives, perhaps, but what 1 meant more 
especially was your flowers. The city is fortunate in having this attraction for its 
centennial year. Your exhibition promises to be one of the best features of the whole 
celebration. 

In response to the mayor's address, a speech was made by J. D. 
Carmody, of Evansville, Inch, who in the course of his remarks said: 



CENTENNIAL Kl o\VKR 



161 



The fame of the Forest city has spread to the furthermost parts of the earth. The 
products of your industry and genius find greedy purchasers among all the leading na- 
tions of the earth. Your oil products light the globe and lubricate her bearings. One 
of your citizens informed me that the pivot on which the world turns is greased with 
Cleveland Standard Oil. 

Where is excelled your grand lake front, into which flow the placid, clear, crystal 
waters of Cuyahoga river, ever laden with the multitudinous perfumes of the Standard 
( hi works and kindred industries. 

In claims for antiquity florists antedate all competitors. In fact we can prove' by 
history that goes back to creation itself that we were in at the beginning of human ex- 
istence- In that story we read that (rod created man in his own image and placed hi- 
in a garden. 

Praises to the florist's work have been sung from creation's earliest morn by in- 
sects, birds and bards, and as long as the world stands his labors will be in dem.' 
At the crack of doom the florist will be on hand to twine a garland of forgetmeno:- 
around Gabriel's trumpet and after decorating Peter's pearly gates with emblem*- 




VIEW AT CENTENNIA] FLOWER SHOW 



immortality, we trust he will enter into the reward of those who love their fellow 
and have helped to make life worth living. 

The president of the society. William Scott, of Buffalo, next deliv- 
ered his annual address, lie recommended that young men. entering 
the business of florists, study geology, botany and chemistry, and read 
books on floriculture. He hoped the society would soon be incorporated 
under the national charter. He said that florists should always be able 
to give instruction to their customers. He recommended a close affilia- 
tion with all the auxiliary societies in the various States. Mr. Scott 
paid a compliment to the wide and beautiful streets of Cleveland and t i 
other attractive features of the Forest City. The various award com- 
mittees were appointed, and the sessions then adjourned. 

The formal opening of the floral exposition at the Central Armory 
occurred at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of the 18th. It marked the com- 
mencement of a series of orchestral concerts which were continued each 



\Gl CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

afternoon and evening thereafter. Speeches were made by Mayor 
McKisson, President Cowles, of the Chamber of Commerce, Director- 
General Day, and by President Graham, of the Cleveland Society. 

Late in the afternoon of the first day the delegates, accompanied 
by their wives, set out for a trolley ride. There were five hundred 
in the party for which a specially chartered train of eight cars was pro- 
vided. The ears were gorgeously decorated with flowers and were 
freely admired as they passed through the streets. The destination was 
Woodcliff, the home of Mr. J. M. Gasser, on Lake avenue, where the 
president's reception was held. The guests, about five hundred in all, 
were cordially received by Mr. and Mrs. Gasser on their lawn — a floral 
park of great beauty — and the company was later photographed. 
Refreshments were served under a canopy on the lake front, and 
after this came dancing and other amusements. Fairy lamps and 
Japanese lanterns were hung over the grounds, making the effect after 
nightfall very pretty. 

A public meeting at which prominent horticulturalists delivered ad- 
dresses on the general subject of plant culture, was held in Army and 
Navy Hall on Wednesday evening, August 19th. The speakers and their 
subjects were as follows: Robert Craig, Philadelphia, "Foliage Plants 
for Home Adornment;" Edwin Lonsdale, Philadelphia, "Flowering 
Plants for Windows;" E. G. Hill, Richmond, Ind., "Roses for Out- 
doors;" Professor J. F. Cowell, Buffalo, "Cannas;" J. C. Vaughan, 
Chicago, " Pansies From Seed; " G. P. Rawson, Elmyra, " How Not to 
Do It;" }. M. Jordan, St. Louis, "The Care of Cut Flowers in the 
Home. " 

Coincident with the convention of the Society of American Florists 
were held the annual sessions of the American Carnation Society, the 
Chrysanthemum Society, and the Florists' Hall Association. 

On the closing day a carriage drive, or floral parade, was tendered the 
visitors by the Cleveland Society, the route traversed being Euclid 
avenue, Wade Park, the Boulevard and Gordon Park. Between forty 
and fifty vehicles decorated with gladiolas, carnations, hydrangeas and 
evergreen, were occupied by members of the party. On the return trip 
the delegates amused themselves by throwing flowers to crowds of street 
urchins who thronged about the carriages and engaged in vigorous 
scrambles for each handsome prize. 



CHAPTER XV. 



KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS ENCAMPMENT. 



August 22-29. 

Near the middle of August a tented village similar to that on the 
west side of the river rapidl) r took form in the vacant pasture fields on 
Payne avenue east of Hazard street. A little later in the month this 
village became the home of 8,000 Knights, representing 50,000 mem- 
bers of the Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias of the World, an army 
almost twice as large as the standing army of the United States. Camp 
Perry-Payne, as it was called, at once became the Mecca of thousands 
of citizens and Centennial visitors. The 
location was an ideal one, easy of access 
and admirably adapted for camp life. 
Upwards of 2,000 tents were erected, 
covering about thirty acres of territory 
on either side of the street. 

"Pythian Week" was observed 
from August 23d to August 29th, the 
city being favored during that period 
with the biennial encampment of the 
Uniform Rank, and the convention of 
the Supreme Lodge of the order. 
These important assemblies were first 
awarded to Minneapolis, but owing to 
unfavorable transportation rates were 
transferred to Cleveland. The task of 
preparing for them, on account of the 
lateness of the transfer, was a heavy 
one, but the local committee proved 
fully equal to it, taking hold with com- 
mendable vigor. Headquarters were 
established by the committee in the Ar- 
cade, and in a very short time the sum 
of $16,700 was raised to defray the ex- 
penses. Of this amount the subordin- 
ate lodges contributed $3,335 and the 

Centennial Commission $5,000, the remainder being secured by in- 
dividual subscriptions and the sale of privileges at the camp grounds. 

The camp was laid out on the plan of a modern town with streets, 
dining-halls, newspaper offices, telegraph and telephone offices, a post- 
office, and other facilities and conveniences rendering it almost indepen- 
dent of the city except for supplies. It was provided with electric- 
lights and favored with an abundance of water from the city mains. The 
Ohio Brigade occupied 734 tents, while Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michi- 
gan, Illinois, 'New York, Virginia, West Virginia and other States com- 




MAJ. '.IN. JAMES R. CARNAHAN. 



164 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

prising- the great Pythian sisterhood, with 500,000 adherents, were well 
represented. Cleveland, the banner Pythian city of the Union, estab- 
lished headquarters near the entrance to the camp, where a hearty wel- 
come was extended to all. The divisions began to arrive on the 
21st. They were met at the depots by details of the Second Regi- 
ment, composed mostly of Cleveland men, with bands of music, and 
were escorted to the camp grounds. Major-General James R. Carna- 
han, head of the Uniform Rank in the United States, and Brigadier- 
General J. C. Howe, of the Ohio Brigade, were among the early arrivals. 
Others came rapidly, and on the evening of August 23d the city was in 
full possession of the plumed host. This was Sunday, and throughout 
the day the camp was thronged with visitors, the total number for the day 
being estimated at 50,000. Late in the afternoon a dress parade was 
given, and in the evening special services were conducted by Rev. E. G. 
Sanderson, Chaplain-in-Chief of the order, at Epworth Memorial Church. 
Strict discipline was enforced daily at the camp, the following routine 
being observed: Reveille, 6 A. M. ; breakfast, 7 A. M. ; dinner. 12 A. M. ; 
regimental parade, 5 P. M. ; supper, 6 P. M. ; retreat, 6:30 P. M. ; to 
quarters, 10:30 P. M. 

At 4 o'clock on the afternoon of August 24th the camp was dedi- 
cated with impressive ceremonies. Shortly before that hour a battalion 
of the Second Ohio Regiment marched to the City Hall and accompa- 
nied Mayor McKisson and members of the Centennial Commissibn to 
the parade grounds, where the exercises were held. The officers and 
members of the various staffs, resplendent in their uniforms, assembled 
at the headquarters of the major-generaland proceeded in a body to the 
grounds. Sir Knights, to the number of several thousand, followed in 
divisions and formed an open square around the flag-staff. A large 
American flag and a streamer bearing the words, "Camp Perry-Payne," 
were then unfurled amid lusty cheers, and the rendition of "The Star 
Spangled Banner" by the band. Chaplain Sanderson offered prayer, at 
the conclusion of which Chairman Dunn took charge of the programme. 
In a few remarks he presented Director-General Day, who spoke on be- 
half of the Centennial Commission. Mr. Day attributed great credit 
to the Committee of Arrangements for the success of the encampment. 
He said: 

The attitude of the Centennial Commission towards the Knights of Pythias is one 
of cordial appreciation and hearty welcome, but back of that we have a feeling of re- 
spect and regard for the Knights of Pythias, because there are few orders or great 
bodies of men who would have inspired us to such enthusiasm as did the prospect of 
having the Knights of Pythias encamped in our city during the Centennial year of 
Cleveland. The heaven's arch is wide, but it is no wider than our welcome for you. 

In the name of the Centennial Commission of Cleveland I bid you welcome — a 
welcome as deep as Cleveland can give. We feel assured that your part in the Centen- 
nial celebration will go down in history as one of the most beautiful and appropriate 
events of the year. 

Mayor McKisson, himself a member of the order, then welcomed 
the Knights on behalf of the city, and formally christened the camp. In 
the course of his address he said: 

It is appropriate that this camp should be christened Perry-Payne, and that it 
should be dedicated on this day. The opening of your pleasant encampment, though 
not generally known, is almost coincident with the birthday anniversary of Perry, the 
gallant commodore, whose battle on Lake Erie stands forth illustrious in our naval 



KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS ENCAMPMENT. 165 

history. Cleveland is soon to engage in a fitting celebration of that notable and signif- 
icant victory. The family name of Payne has always been closely identified with that 
of Perry. Through the kindness of Mr. Payne, these grounds were obtained, and it is 
but natural that his name should be associated with the camp. 

One of the chief characteristics of your order is patriotism and devotion to country. 
This element is strongly exemplified in the uniform rank, where is to be found an 
army of men ever ready to assist in any righteous cause, and ever willing to co-operate 
in the maintenance of peace and good government. 1 like the military feature of the 
order. Its discipline and drill are conducive to sturdy manhood, to health, and above 
all to that regard for order and right which should possess the heart of every true citi- 
zen. One of the best means of fostering this life is the encampment, where oppor- 
tunities are afforded, nowhere else to be found. I wish to congratulate your commit- 
tee upon the very successful outcome of their efforts to make this camp a success. Be- 
ginning late, in comparison with other cities which have entertained the encampment, 
they have labored steadily and hard to have everything in readiness when the opening 
day arrived. General Carnahan, I notice, now says that this is the most complete 
camp he ever saw, and General Carnahan has seen quite a few. 

This will be a gala week for Cleveland. This city is the Pythian star in Ohio. A large 
number of her citizens know that you come not as strangers to her gates, but as broth- 
ers, bound by the strongest ties and tried in the crucible and exacting lines of friend- 
ship, charity, and benevolence. Then should we not all feel proud and rejoice in the 
dedication of this camp because of the beaut)- and sublimity of the principles taught 
and carried out in your order? Pythian knighthood means much to the true citizen. 
Its past has been glorious ; its future, I believe, is assured. On behalf of the great 
order of Pythian Brotherhood, on behalf of the city of Cleveland, and on behalf of the 
brother Knights of this city, I present this beautiful camp, and christen it Perry-Payne, 
and dedicate it on this day to you all in Pythian fellowship and patriotism. 

In receiving the camp, Brigadier-General Howe said: 

I accept this camp, Mayor McKisson, on behalf of the loyal Sir Knights of Ohio, 
knowing full well their appreciation, and feeling positive that the results of this en- 
campment will be beneficial to all those who participate, both as members of the order 
of the Knights of Pythias, and as good citizens of our commonwealth. 

To the second regiment of the uniform rank, located in this beautiful city, a great 
share of the splendid success which we believe will attend this encampment belongs. 
No less interested has been the great body of the subordinate lodges of the order of 
this city, of whom there are more loyal, devoted, enthusiastic, and earnest Knights 
than in any city of our beloved country, numbering as they do, almost, if not quite, 
five thousand men. 

To you, Supreme Chancellor Richie, it is my duty to formally tender this great 
Pythian home, this camp Perry-Payne, to you as commander-in-chief of the order uni- 
versal. In your hands and under your guidance nothing but success will attend it, and 
the officers and Sir Knights of the Ohio brigade know that you can in words most 
expressive make each Sir Knight in this camp feel perfectly at home, knowing that 
the welcome extended is from the heart, and is in fact the welcome extended of 
one Sir Knight to that of another. 

General Carnahan, the major-general commanding the uniform rank, every officer 
and Sir Knight of this great body is personally acquainted with, and every order issued 
from this source I know will be fully and carefully carried out in its full meaning and 
intent. 

A stirring- speech was delivered by Supreme Chancellor Richie, to 
whom the camp was presented by General Howe, and who in turn 
handed it over to General Carnahan. Mr. Richie playfully addressed his 
fellow Knights as "boys," following this with the following statement: 

I said "boys," because I am one of you, and am with you in everything that tends 
to'uplift mankind. I am proud of the fact that I am one of the boys, because there 
I find men with hearts and souls of honor. It is for just such men that this beautiful 
camp has been arranged, and as I look over it and see its wide pastures and green 
>ward I am proud of the fact that the boys have found that their lines are cast in 
pleasant places. I deem it an especial honor to have this great gift in my possession, 
and as gifts become the absolute property of the donee, so camp Perry- Payne is mine to 
do with it as I please. I am proud as a Pythian to receive it: I am proud as an Ohioan 



l66 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

that it is located within the State. Ohio, the greatest State in the Pythian domain, in 
this camp receives all the brother Knights of the world. I am also proud to receive 
the camp in the city of Cleveland, the greatest city in the Pythian world. 

Turning to the Mayor and the executive committee of the Centennial Commission, 
Mr. Richie said: " How the boys cheered that flag as it was drawn heavenward! We 
teach loyalty to country, and in this country we teach loyalty to that nag, Old Glory. 
If there are any boys here to-day from across the border, we expect them to be loyal 
to their country, as we are to ours. 

You see before you a representative number of 50,000 Sir Knights, an army of the 
greatest and best men in the whole world. This is my gift. To whom should I bestow 
it? There is but one answer. It must be given to the boys, but it should be placed 
in trust in the hands of that one man who is here, and who has given his best years to 
Pythianism, and to him the camp shall be turned over. 

To you, General Carnahan, I transfer what I consider the greatest gift I ever had 
the pleasure of making, feeling sure that no stain or dishonor shall ever come to camp 
Perry-Payne. 

As General Carnahan advanced to respond, he was given a hearty 
cheer. His address was replete with eloquent passages. 

He began by thanking the Centennial Commission and the city for 
the camp, and said that he spoke the sentiments of every one of the vis- 
iting Sir Knights within the city. Touching upon the wonderful growth 
of the uniform rank, he said: 

It was here in this city of Cleveland, nineteen years ago, that we sought the first 
legislation for the establishment of the uniform rank. Now there are 50,000 men who 
stand as ready supporters and defenders of the flag at the top of that staff. The men 
who fought, bled, and worshiped that flag in the dark days that have gone by still 
worship it in the uniform rank as the one great and brilliant star in American liberty 
and free institutions. They who wore the gray love the flag as we do. It is the nag 
and emblem of one common country, and we as Knights of Pythias revere it. 

To you who have reposed your trust in me for twelve years, I want to say that I 
am one of you and my life shall be devoted to you because I find in the uniform rank 
hearts that are true and men that earnestly work day and night for the betterment of 
their fellowmen. Into your hands this camp is entrusted, with the full belief that by 
your actions no taint shall come upon the order. In the name of all the honor and 
purity you profess, each one of you, remember that you are responsible for the outcome 
of camp Perry-Payne. 

This concluded the exercises of the afternoon. A general reception 
of visitors was held at the camp in the evening, a large crowd being in 
attendance. 

Tuesday morning the Supreme Lodge convened in the Pythian 
Temple. The representation was very satisfactory, only a few vacan- 
cies being reported. Supreme Chancellor Walter B. Richie, of Lima, 
called the meeting to order and introduced Mayor McKisson, who in 
a brief speech extended the greeting of the city. Mr. Richie happily 
responded, saying that Cleveland was the greatest Pythian city in the 
world in comparison with its population. The routine business of the 
convention was continued through this and subsequent sessions. 

The event of greatest public interest during the encampment was 
the parade on Tuesday afternoon, August 25th, which was one of the 
most brilliant displays of trie summer. It brought out great crowds of 
spectators, only the parts of the streets reserved for the marchers re- 
maining unoccupied. Pythian flags and banners were freely exhibited, 
and the Centennial Arch was appropriately decorated for the day. The 
officers of the supreme lodge, together with their families and friends, 
occupied official reviewing stands on Superior street, of which on this 
occasion there were two. 



KNIGHTS Of PYTHIAS ENCAMPMENT. 167 

At a few minutes past 4 o'clock the head of the procession entered 
Superior street from Payne avenne. Quietly the column moved like 
the flowing of a river, the plumes of red on helmets of white mak- 
ing- a surface billowy and beautiful in the light of the declining sun. 
The line was gay with banners and floats, while many bands of music 
marked the time for the divisions. It was a demonstration such as 
only an order of this kind could present in a great modern city on a gala 
day. There were, according to estimate, 12,000 men in line. 

First came a platoon of police, followed by the Cleveland Grays as 
escort to Major-General Carnahan and staff. Then in order came the 
Indiana brigade, in charge of Brigadier-General James R. Ross; the 
Michigan brigade, with Brigadier-General William G. Gage; the New 
York brigade and District of Columbia brigade, with Brigadier Charles 
A. Lutton ; the Virginia brigade and West Virginia brigade, with 
Brigadier-General William H. Starbird; the Ohio brigade, with Briga- 
dier-General James C. Howe, and various other brigades from different 
parts of the United States. The Ohio brigade was viewed with special 
interest and pride by Clevelanders. 

The First Ohio Regiment in line was the Eighth, under command of 
Colonel A. J. Criss, of Canton. The following divisions marched in this 
section: Canton, No. 3S, with an ax brigade; Enterprise, No. 73, of 
Massillon; Yellow Cross, No. 85, of Alliance; Trumbull, No. 18; Buck- 
eye, No. 97; Western Reserve, No. 103, of Warren. 

The Second Regiment, under command of Colonel Albert Petzke, 
of Cleveland, was escorted by the Sixth Regiment Band, of Tiffin. The 
divisions in line were Garfield, No. 13, of Sandusky; L. W. Ward, No. 
87, of Fremont; Norwalk, No. in; Elmore, No. 184; Toledo, No. 35; 
William Tell, No. 16, of Toledo; Kenneth, No. 90, of Bowling Green ; 
Kenton, No. 25. Thayer's Military Band led the second battalion of 
the regiment, which consisted of the following divisions: Akron, No. 
21; Argonaut, No. 42, of Cleveland; Golden Rod, No. 113; Standard, 
No. 41, Preux Chevalier, No. 3, of Cleveland, with the " Big Five " ax 
brigade and drum corps; Oak, No. 20, of Cleveland; Red Cross, No. 27, 
of Cleveland; Cleveland, No. 8; Loyal, No. 117, of Elyria; Columbia, 
No. 4, of Painesville; Cceur de Lion, No. 31, of Akron; Conneaut. 
No. 114. 

The Third Regiment, from the southern part of the State, followed. 
Colonel John Goetz, Jr., of Cincinnati, was in command of the following 
divisions: Douglass, No. 2, of Cincinnati; Golden, No. 53, of Cincinnati; 
Springfield, No. 44; Ironton, No. 23; Wellston, No. 58, and Ben Hur, 
No. 55, of Gallipolis. 

Colonel Loechner, of Columbus, was in comand of Eastwood division, 
No. 101, of Columbus, which was followed by the Ninth Regiment, 
Colonel W. H. Black, of Findlay, being in command, in which were: 
Marion, No. 15; Fostoria, No. 59; Cardington, No. 77; Crawford, No. 
S9; Damon, No. 104, of Shelby; Lester, No. 116, of Zanesville; Pan- 
handle, No. 67, of Uhrichsville ; Star, No. 100, of Canal Dover. 

The Cleveland City Guards brought up the rear of the military pro- 
cession and introduced to the spectators the members of the subordinate 
lodges, which formed a greater feature of the Cleveland parade than in 
any previous parade ever given by the order. Washington Lodge, No. 
10, furnished sixty men mounted on horse-back, representing the cavalrv 



i68 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



arm of the Knights of Pythias, wearing helmets from which waved the 
bine, yellow and red of the order. Lake Shore Lodge, No. 6, had 150 
men in line, all of whom were attired in white duck trousers, black 
coats and white hats. The officers and veteran members rode in car- 
riages. 

Seventy members of Cleveland Lodge, No. 61, followed in white 
duck trousers and white duck caps surrounded by blue, yellow and red 
bands. Owatonna Lodge, No. 62, had 180 men in line, all of whom 
were attired similar to the members of Cleveland Lodge. 

The Lake Shore Band headed Pearl Lodge, No. 163, which had two 
hundred men in line. They wore white duck uniforms and carried white 
umbrellas. Sixty men were in line with Riverside Lodge, No. 269, and 

about eighty men in Hesperian Lodge, 
No. 281. Next came Palacky Lodge, 
No. 317, with 150 men. They wore 
black coats and white duck trousers. 

Criterion Lodge, No. 68, made a 
fine showing with 300 men. They wore 
white duck suits and carried white um- 
brellas. Mayor McKisson marched 
with this lodge. Next came Oak Lodge, 
No. 77. with 220 men in line. They 
wore white flannel shirts, duck caps, 
and carried canes. They were fol- 
lowed by Forest City Lodge, No. 78, 
with 48 men in white duck suits. Next 
came Red Cross Lodge, No. 89, with 
200 men in white duck suits and caps. 
They were followed by Deak Lodge, 
No. 334, with 124 men in line, headed 
by the Citizens' Band. They wore 
light brown linen suits. Cuyahoga 
Lodge, No. 460, had 75 men in line in 
white duck suits and caps. Halcyon 
Lodge, No. 488, had 75 men in line in 
citizens' clothes. The marchers carried 
red, blue and yellow umbrellas. 
Next came Pythian Star Lodge, which had 100 men in line, followed 
by Americus Lodge, No. 586, also with 100 men in line. National 
Lodge, No. 626, headed by a band, came next with 148 members. They 
wore red, white and blue uniforms. Erie Lodge, No. 124, brought up 
the rear of the procession in carriages. The members carried red, blue 
and yellow umbrellas. The line of march of the parade was from Camp 
Perry-Payne, on Payne avenue, to Superior street, to Ontario street, to 
St. Clair street, to Water street, to Superior street, to the west side of 
the Public Square, to the south side of the Public Square, to Euclid 
avenue, to Sterling avenue, to Payne avenue, to the camp grounds. 
The parade was a great success and added much to the interest of the 
public in Pythian Knighthood. 

On the evening of Friday, August 28th, the members of the Centen- 
nial Commission were entertained at a reception and dinner given in 
their honor by Brigadier-General Howe at Camp Perry-Payne. The 




WALTER B. RICHIE. 



KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS ENCAMPMENT. 1 69 

officers of the order were present in uniform, and many ladies joined in 
the festivities of the evening. Three large tables were spread under 
canvas, beautifully decorated with flowers and Pythian colors. After 
the feast, the following persons responded to toasts: Mayor Robert E. 
McKisson, Major-General James R. Carnahan, Supreme Chancellor 
Walter B. Richie, James H. Hoyt, Esq., James M. Richardson. J. G. 
W. Cowles, Director-General Day and Rev. E. G. Sanderson. 

The last days of the encampment were devoted by the Knights to 
drilling, viewing the sights of the city, enjoying lake rides and other 
entertainment provided by the local committee. Before Sunday many 
of the divisions had departed, and on Monday, August 31st, camp was 
broken. 

Coincident with the convention of the Knights of Pythias occurred 
the convention of the Knights of Khorassan, the sessions of which 
were held in Memorial Hall, and were attended by about 150 delegates. 
Hon. John A. Hinsey, of Chicago, the Imperial Prince of the order, 
presided. A parade was given on Thursday evening, August 27th. 
Although rain fell almost to the hour of starting, the members bravely 
carried out their plans, providing one of the most unique spectacles of 
the summer's programme. They wore their Arabic costumes and car- 
ried torches with lights of various hues. Many temples from the sur- 
rounding States participated, the rear of the procession being taken by 
Jan Ben Jan Temple, of Cleveland. 

The Rathbone Sisters also held their convention during Pythian 
Week, being their fourth biennial session. General headquarters for 
the delegates were located at the Weddell House. On Tuesday evening, 
August 25th, a reception was tendered the members at Camp Perry- 
Payne. On Wednesday morning the business session opened in Army 
and Navy Hall. On Thursday evening the supreme body and members 
enjoyed a trolley r ride. The number of visiting sisters in the city was 

I 5°- 

The General Committee, upon which the responsibility for the suc- 
cess of the general encampment largely 7 fell, consisted of the following 
well-known Knights of Pythias: James Dunn, chairman; Colonel Albert 
Petzke, first vice-chairman; A. B. Beach, second vice-chairman: Dr. J. 
C. Simon, secretary; C. M. Spicer, assistant secretary; Colonel Thomas 
Boutall, treasurer. The sub-committees were as follows : 

Executive. — James Dunn, Chairman; Albert Petzke, A. B. Beach, J. C. Simon, 
Thomas Boutall, T. W. Minshull, A. B. Schellentrager, George Kieffer, C. G. Thomsen. 

Finance. — James Dunn, Chairman; Thomas Lewins, Ben B. Baldwin. 

Transportation. — William Craston, Chairman; A. B. Beach, T. W. Minshull. 

Reception of Supreme Lodge. — A. B. Schellentrager, Chairman; George Macey. 

Reception of Supreme Council. — Captain George Kieffer, C. P. Smith, 1. A. 
Walker. 

Reception of I r niform Rank. — Col. Albert Petzke. John E. Vorell, Major Charles 
Bittschofsky. 

Reception of Subordinate Lodges. — Grand Master of Exchequer, Edmund Hitch- 
ens, C. G. Thomsen, Philip Graff. 

Badges. — C. G. Thomsen, Chairman; C. J. Downs, W. J. Holly. 

Public Comfort. — John McFarland, Chairman; Captain H. Schanbacher. A. B. 
Beach. 

Decorations. — Frank Grove, Chairman; Thomas Lewins, A. G. Wilsey. 

Board of Information. — G. W. Jones, Chairman; B. B. Baldwin, F. Schnabtl. 

Hall of Supreme Lodge and Council. — O. D. Parkin, Chairman; James Dunn, 
Fred Gunzenhauser. 



IjC CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Camp and Camp Grounds. — Col. T. W. Minshull, Chairman; Captain Fred Gun- 
zenhauser, Lieut. H. D. Wright. 

Entertainment of Supreme Lodges. — Schlesinger, Chairman; Charles G. Thorn - 
sen, Frank Grove. 

Entertainment of Supreme Council. — Captain Schanbacher, Chairman; Col. 
Thomas Boutall, Edmund Hitchens. 

Entertainment of Subordinate Lodges. — Philip Graff, Chairman: Fred Aurand. 
J. J. Irwin. 

Auditing.—]. J. Irwin, Chairman; James Dunn, J. C. Simon. 

Music. — H. Prochaska, Chairman; John E. Vorell, Captain A. B. Schellentrager. 

Printing and Stationery. — Captain L. H. Prescott, Chairman; Major Bittschof- 
skv, William Craston. 

Horses and Carriages. — Major!). S. Diesner, Chairman; J. A. Blass, Fred Sch- 
nabel. 

Press. — Captain J. S. Cockett, Chairman; L. H. Prescott, W. H. Woodman. 

Hotels. — A. B. Honecker, Chairman; G. W. Jones, Captain H. Schanbacher. 

Prize Drills. — Col. Samuel Kaestlan, Chairman; Col. T. W. Minshull, C. G. 
Thomsen. 

Privileges. — A. B. Beach, Chairman; Captain George Kieffer, Philip Graff. 

Entertainment of i'uiform Rank. — Captain A. Beckenbach, Chairman; Col. Al- 
bert Petzke, James Dunn. 

Reception of Board of t 'antral of Endowment Rank. — Col. Thomas Boutall, Chair- 
man; Col. Thomas W. Minshull, Captain George Kieffer. 

Official Souvenir Program.—]. S. Cockett, Chairman; Captain L. H. Prescott, 
Albert Petzke. 

Program of the Week.— Col. J. L. Athey, Chairman; B. B. Baldwin, Fred Glueck, 
Hon. W. T. Clark, George Davis, Lieutenant R. Fischer, W T . H. Bratten. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 
September 7-9. 

While the brilliant displays of the Centennial all had their places, it 
was essential that other and more enduring features should be intro- 
duced if full benefit was to be derived from the opportunities afforded 
by the anniversary. Such features might have been multiplied almost 
without number, so rich was the period in suggestions. One line of 
these, and one only, was followed out — that of holding a series of his- 
torical conferences, treating separately the topics of Education, Religion 
and Philanthropy. The record of the past was examined in this three- 
fold light and deductions of value to present and future generations 
were made. Some of the foremost men and women of the day took 
part in the discussions, presenting elaborate papers and willingly con- 
tributing to the success of this department of the celebration. 

The opening session was held in the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation Building on Monday afternoon, September 7th, under the au- 
spices of the Section of Education. A solo by Miss Josephine K. Dorland 
opened the programme. Director-General Day then delivered a 
brief address. It was proper, he said, that education should be consid- 
ered first in the conference, as the school-house preceded the church. Mr. 
Day called upon President Charles F. Thwing, of Western Reserve 
University, one of the most prominent educators and literary men of the 
day, to preside over the session. Dr. Thwing accepted the position, in- 
troducing Rev. Dr. S. P. Sprecher, of the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian 
Church, who offered prayer. Miss L. T. Guilford, whose fund of knowl- 
edge of Cleveland schools was perhaps unsurpassed by any other person 
of the period, then presented a highly valuable treatise on " Early 
Schools and Teachers of Cleveland." Many requests have been made 
by teachers and others that this address be printed in full, and it is here- 
with given entire : 

SOME EARLY SCHOOL-TEACHERS OF CLEVELAND. 

Nobody conversant with the men and women on the stage of action in this city 
frora 1820 to 1870 will deny that an exceptional number of them were cast in nature's 
grand style. Leonard Case, Sr., Alfred Kelly, Daniel Cleveland, John W. Allen, 
Sherlock Andrews. Samuel Williamson, Richard Hilliard, Ashbel Walworth, and many 
others, threw the gold of their personality into the crucible where our civic state was 
being fused, and strong, womanly women set jewels to sparkle at its very beginning. 
To whom did these men and their fellow townsmen commit the education of their 
children? Who moulded, in their plastic youth, the boys and girls of that second gen- 
eration now fast passing away? We propose to lift for awhile the veil of oblivion 
which has almost covered them, for a fragmentary glimpse of some early schools and 
teachers in Cleveland. Records there are almost none. Not one of the first school 
trustees remains. The first Judge Williamson, Dr. David Long, Judge Samuel Cowles, 
and Noble H. Merwin sleep with the fathers. These who could have told much are 
gone and very few have left any account of their education. Early papers took schools 
for granted as they did washing days, and school advertisements were long ripening. 
The stinted columns were filled with more important matters ; the arrival of cargoes 



172 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CUV OF CLEVELAND. 




of salt; sheriff's sales and, in the midst, we meet with the burning question, " Will the- 
United States permit the British to take and hold Cuba ? " 

Two women teachers were imported with the first settlers. Not unlikely Sarah 
Doan and Squire Spafford's Clara walked a part of the way from the East to be school 
madams in log rooms, one near the Kingsbury's on the Ridge Road, the other in the front 
room of Alonzo Carter's cabin in the midst of the fever and ague. They had two 
dozen scholars between them. Not until 1813 do we catch a glimpse of another school 
in the village. It is given by Mr. James W. Wallace 111 a letter to Hon. Samuel Will- 
iamson, dated February 21st, 1876. He was himself a college man and a teacher, says 
one authority. " I obtained my first schooling," says Mr. Wallace, " in Euclid, under 
the instruction of Harman Bronson, boarding in Deacon Doan's family. I recollect 
the Rev. Barr's children attending the same school. Next Brother Geo. T. and self 
boarded in the family of old Mr. Gunn, on the property now known as the Whitman 
farm in Newburg, and attended school one or two terms taught by a lady whose name 
I do not remember. After this self and, may be, George went to school in Parkman, 
Geauga County, to one Dustan. In June, 1S13, father took me and George to Warren, 
Trumbull County, where we attended school taught by a lady (I think her name was 
Jerusha Guile) till January, 1S14. There were no schools in Cleveland till after the 

beginning of that year. Then I attended one 
taught by a Mr. Chapman. They used a small 
frame building standing on the Case lot, after- 
wards used as a shelter for the old white horse. 
" The pupils were all small. I can almost 
see them sitting round on three sides of the 
room, and I recollect a little incident that hap- 
pened in the school which caused Mr. Chap- 
man's dismissal." So mysteriously does the 
first Cleveland school master disappear from 
the eyes of posterity. During the winter of 
1814-15, the Rev. Stephen Feet ruled over the 
children in the then Newburg, and at the end of 
the term, according to the fine New England 
custom, gave an exhibition. This was in the 
spacious upper room of Samuel Dille's log 
house situated on the present Broadway where 
you first get a view of the river. All Cleveland 
and Newburg crowded to the performance of 
"The Conjurer," "The Dissipated Oxford 
Student," " Brutus and Cassius," and several 
other pieces critically selected from the Colum- 
bian Orator and American Preceptor. From 
Mr. Wallace we learn the brilliant termination 
of another school taught two terms by a Mr. 
Foote, in the winter of 1815-16. "This," he re- 
building. lates, "was held in the building where Almon 

Kingsbury afterwards kept store, south side of 
Superior street, nearly opposite Miller's block. " Chauncey Warner and my brother 
acted the parts of David and Goliath. I don't remember Warner's being a pupil, but 
he was a fine, portly looking fellow, wearing his hair standing up on his forehead. 
George, on the other hand, was small and rather modest in appearance. The slaying 
of Goliath produced a sensation and made the teacher proud of the performance. 
This school was one of the best we had." 

From the mists of antiquity now emerges the six- windowed school cabin erected 
in 1 ->n> after the strict forefathers' pattern, on the east end of the site now occupied by 
the Kennard House. It was sixteen feet by twenty-eight, with stone chimney at one end, 
the windows so high no child could look out, seats with no backs, and so high from the 
floor that little legs were dangling. In that first Cleveland school house the boy 
James Wallace went the summer of 1816 to a lady, but, of course, he does not remem- 
ber her name. During the winter of 16-17 Luther M. Parsons was the teacher, and the 
inhabitants paid him one hundred and ninety dollars and board for six months' service. 
These last two schools were well filled with pupils of pretty good size. The young men 
among the 250 population of the place were assessed to pay the levied share of expense for 
those too poor to pay it themselves, a fact showing there was a class of very poor.and society 
had a conscience in regard to them. That same year the village council voted to re- 
imburse the twenty-five persons who had built the school house in the sum of $198. 




HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 173 

The experience of another small boy of these years was related by the father of 
the present Judge Williamson. That little Samuel Williamson trotted to a school in a 
barn which stood back of the American House. Between the rough logs and through 
knot holes beat the storms so that the school was broken up. Then he went to a Mr. 
Benjamin Carter in a small building on Water street. Then to a school kept in the 
family room of the janitor at the old Red Court House till that first building of 1816 
was put up. Of none of these realities to that child have we discovered any other 
trace. A few long-honored citizens remember that as very little boys they went to 
a Mrs. Colwell, who lived in a low frame house on Superior street, nearly opposite the 
present City Hall, but they were too little to appreciate that she was doing them good 
and so have forgotten all but her name. If she was the same Mrs. Colwell 
who taught two generations of children in ambitious Ohio City, the tribute of grati- 
tude to her should have been more widely published. 

Our city had from the first a tough element. Its whiskey still started in 1800. 
Not until years after did a few of the citizens meet to worship God on Sundav when 
Judge Kelley offered prayer and some one read a sermon. If the bad were aggressive 
and reckless, the good were staunch and enlightened, and love of order and righteous- 
ness at length turned the scale. It was no ordinary community of seventy persons 
which formed a Library Association of sixteen men, the root of the great Case Library. 
So it was with just pride in 1K22 that settlement of 400 in the malaria-plagued village 
at the mouth of the Cuyahoga pointed to the 45 x 25 two-story brick building that rose 
with its tower and swinging bell opposite the primitive temple of science on St. Clair 
street. For many years it was the educational center of the town, occupied by a long 
succession of teachers for a time, certainly, engaged by the trustees but seemingly run- 
ning the schools at their own pecuniary risk, until the city bought it in 1839 for $6,000 
for a public school. Its successor is now the headquarters of the fire department. 
New England ideas had asserted themselves in other places not far away. Paines- 
ville Female Seminary (no relation of the present one) announced in 1821 that on ac- 
count of the "' hard times " the tuition would be reduced. The academy at Burton was 
nourishing the vigorous germ of Western Reserve College, and a flourishing boarding 
school at Tallmadge was gaining a long sustained reputation. This last set itself up 
on the extraordinary facilities of a " Set of Globes, Three large Maps, and an extensive 
Atlas. One young son of the Reserve sold a cow and traveled more, than a hundred 
miles to find a Latin dictionary. He passed through Cleveland, but there was no such 
book in the new Academy, and he went on to Tallmadge to find both dictionary and 
instructor. Scattered about in the woods, wherever there were families enough to 
hire a teacher, the larger boys and girls were gathered under a man, three months in 
the winter, in the log school house with seats of unplained slabs; the smaller children 
wrnt as long in the summer under a woman. Old men remember the scenes of the 
winter opening when the master appeared, and after a few moments of intense mutual 
scrutiny shouted to the turbulent crowd huddled around the fire place, "Come to order, " 
and " Take your seats," and school was begun. Most frequently the master wished to 
make a little money to study law, or medicine, or to enter the ministry. Little enough 
it was. Wyllis Terrill taught fifty scholars at Ridgeville for twelve dollars a month, 
and boarded himself, and an after eminent judge was schoolmaster at Burton for eight 
d< >llars a month and boarded himself. In the schools never were there books enough to go 
around: many must borrow or " look over. " The Testament, the English Reader, 
with the occasional well-preserved "Orator." or " Preceptor, " Dillworth's spelling 
hook or none, a slate, highly prized possession handed down; Woodbridge's Geog- 
raphy. Daboll's Arithmetic — these were the tools of these boys and girls of pioneer 
days, and with them they learned to read and write and spell and memorize 
excelently well. Classes in arithmetic, there were none, each worked his way 
alone as best he could, going to the teacher for help, which he did not always 
.yet. "Besides," says one of these gray-haired "boys," "every new teacher put 
us back to the beginning of the book. I thought I should never get to the Rule of 
Three." With the sound of the Academy bell the dim, remote forms came out more 
visibly, but they are faint still. Shall we record that in the first frame school house there 
was a teacher by the name of Seeley and little Mary Long to earn a set of toy china 
dishes, knit him a pair of socks, that seemed large .to her, and that is the only measure 
of his understanding that has come down to us. Among the first teachers in the Acade- 
my was a Rev. Mr. McLane, from Meadville, Pa., a friend of the first Judge Williamson, 
who secured him the position. Distinctly now the " elect lady" of our city remembers 
how when the rumbling of an approaching thunder storm was heard, the master raised 
his hands and said with awful solemnity, " Silence! This is the voice of God!" and 
there was silence that could be felt. A Mr. Cogswell, from Connecticut, a graduate of 



174 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Yale, followed. He was a tine teacher. Both of these men set a scholarly standard, 
but neither remained more than a year or two. Very clearly stands out the next 
figure, the tall young man who shouldered his trunk up Union lane one morning in 
September, 1824, and the next day became Principal of the Academy. His realm was 
the upper room ; the two lower rooms were occupied by the lady teachers, his assis- 
tants. What Harvey Rice did for Ohio schools, we all know. His first service was 
hearing recitations and keeping in order the young swarm his successors found so 
hard to manage. In a year and a half, the spring of 1826, he resigned to pursue his 
law studies, but the character which made him for half a century one of the leading 
men on the Reserve began to be felt in that school room. His pupils looked back to 
him with affectionate reverence, and this, when to whip the schoolmaster spurred the am- 
bition of every spirited boy, and to put bent pins in his chair was a right he stuck to. 
Names of some of Mr. Rice's pupils: Jesse Pease, Albert Kingsbury, Woolcot Bliss, 
Samuel Williamson, Louis Dibble, Don. Mcintosh, Addison Kelly, Thomas and Sam 
Colahan, Diana Kingsbury, Fanny Rice, Loretta Wood, Catherine Spangler, Martha 
Pease. It is permitted to record here a quotation from an old journal: " Sept. 12th, 1826, 
Began teaching school in the Academy at Cleveland, with twenty-four very bad scholars 
of both sexes." 

"Sept. 19th, ceased being a teacher in the Academy, having taught one week, for 
which service I made no charge. My reasons for declining were the low price of tui- 
tion and the total want of subordination in the scholars." The diarist held official po- 
sition of trust and honor to his eightieth year, but he never taught school again. Tui- 
tion bills were, indeed, "low." They were for a long time on the scale of Mr. Mc- 
Lane's Reading, Spelling, Writing, per quarter of twelve weeks, $1.75; Grammar and 
Geography, $2.75; Greek, Latin and mathematics, $4.00. Some allowance was made 
from public money for pupils 111 the winter. It is the recollection of one teacher in the 
20's that it was a dollar a pupil, a term. One teacher is known to us conspicuously by 
name through the years from 1816 to 1S20, and the young lady, afterwards Mrs. Elijah 
Burton, may be counted in. She rode to her charge in an ox cart over a road laid with 
logs. One of her pupils was a stalwart young man, and she used to be amused by 
watching him from the window crushing chestnut burrs with his heel, unshod we sup- 
pose. Two young fellows afterwards constituted themselves School Superintendents 
by flipping a penny to decide who should have the place of instructor in the district. 
So Frogville escaped much croaking and at length changed its name to Collinwood. 
In the outlying precincts of the First Ward there must have been patient dames hold- 
ing the spelling book before the little ones, soon multiplying in the village. Eliza 
Baird alone can be here traced. She was the daughter of a Scotch Irish Presbyterian, 
unbending as the Grampian Hills. He once arose and marched out of church at the 
sound of a bass viol. That " bull fiddle " should have no countenance from him, and 
the equally conscientious mother remarked in some weariness that one must keep their 
bonnet on all the time to do her Christian duty in visiting an invalid neighbor. But 
we have pleasant glimpses of Miss Baird in the first school house where Philo Sco- 
ville's three-year-old Caroline was knitting yarn into strips under her tuition and when 
the little girls used to play keeping house among the stumps, putting their pieces of 
broken crockery on some and making riding ponies of others. Among them was Mrs. 
George Merwin, and she called Miss Baird her first cultured teacher. That lady 
taught afterwards in the Academy for some years, marrying John McLane in 1827, 
and, the story goes, running away to do it. The run could not have been far. Betsy 
Belden, the sister of the well-known Silas Belden, was also a teacher in the early 
Academy. The little eyes that looked up to her used to see her keep the names of her 
scholars on small slips of paper in a book that looked like Pollock's Course of Time. 
Why the simpletons remembered this and nothing more, it is hard to tell. She did 
them no harm. Miss Belden married a brother of Mr. Charles Hicox, long prominent 
in our business world. The Knights of the Ferule have chronicles more full. After the 
six days' work, for which no charge was made. Rev. Silas C. Freeman essayed it next 
with the "insubordinate" of both sexes in the Academy. In December, 1826, he be- 
gan a school of twelve weeks in a term, and we have the first intimation there would be 
no school Saturday. The number was limited to thirty, and a small charge for fuel 
would be made. By the next term, in March, we have the ominous announcement that 
Mr. Freeman proposes to confine his school in the future to females and to be under 
the necessity of receiving very few boys. That summer, by resolution of Trinity par- 
ish, he was sent East to endeavor to raise funds with which to erect a church in the 
village. He was successful, and thus arose Old Trinity. Two years afterwards, he 
was carrying on a boarding and day school in Chagrin, and produce was taken in pay. 
In July he had the pleasure of conducting divine service in the church he had so 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. I 7 5 

largely contributed to build, and it was dedicated two weeks after. We have great re- 
spect for the Rev. Mr. Freeman, though he was bothered by young Lewis Dibble's 
mathematical diagrams. But the Man-not-afraid-of-Boys had now appeared. The 
successor of Mr. Freeman was Dewey B. Cook, who left striking impressions on the 
minds and bodies of the youthful Cleveland masculines. Sounds of flagellation and 
outcries of the victims drew often dear Mother Blair to listen in dread at her gate. It 
must have been on evil doers that the strokes descended, for he was flourishing two 
years, if not longer, to the satisfaction of the well-behaved. A sinister clause in his 
prospectus reads that no pains would be spared for the advancement of the scholars. 
The boys resolved that they would whip him when they grew up, but thought better 
of it. His instruction ran all the way from reading and spelling to mathematics and 
astronomy, and navigation, so he was no ignoramus. 

Zophar Case, the uncle of Leonard and William, was his assistant and writing 
master, which meant making an unlimited number of quill pens every day. One rebel- 
lion broke out. It was a rule that the boys were to sweep the room in turns. The 
older ones, of aristocratic breeding, pressed a girl into that service, to the indignation 
of the master, who took up arms for the rights of labor or his own. Around the stove 
was a fight with poker and broom, which ended in the small boys sweeping. It was a 
small boy who told this tale of a successful strike. 

There were Williamsons, Weddells, Perkinses, Spanglers, Colahans, Johnsons, 
Cases. Burgesses, in that school, and big girls too, and thereby a grievance. When the 
boys were racing at high speed to come to a finish in arithmetic, and fever to be first 
ran high, a girl was just behind them. Their disgust as they had to stand and wait 
while the master did her sums for her and she beat ! But for expiation, she was finally 
married to a Swedenborgian minister. 

At no great interval came Mr. Foote, who was also a practitioner in the science of 
physical government. He hung up the boys by the Academy bell rope and made use 
of other stringent correctives, but most of all, beat into one boy — who declares that 
he was the "whipping post," — the conviction that the master was partial, in short 
that this autocrat was in the " favorite son " business. Horace Weddell ran away, and 
Foote did not kill him, and another did not get his deserts though he was punished 
several times before he became governor of Ohio. But Mr. Foote taught French, 
which gave him literary distinction. Across the stage now pass in succession a Mr. 
Fuller, who must have been a healing salve to wounded sensibilities — a good man — then 
a Mr. Bearup, who did not stand up at all, and the boys jumped over the desks and even 
sat with the girls, then came the wiry, quick-moving McCullom, who averred the ram 
drops could not touch him, for he dodged them. Under his rule it was the girls went 
off to play at recess, and did not come back till late, then had their choice between 
switch and ferule and took their punishment like little women. Through these years 
of the later 20's the smaller ones in the room below were standing up to say their 
reading and spelling and multiplication table to Miss Belden or Mrs. Pelton, or others 
lost in obscurity. It was possible to weave back and forth on the seats in the excite- 
ment of study till the bright chestnut locks were thrown on forehead and neck and 
so they had " physical culture." 

When they were good they took home with pride the pretty certificates of good be- 
havior, painted with the juice of the poke-berry. When they were naughty they had 
to stand in a kind of recess and be gazed at by the whole school. But one master had 
made two of the very tallest boys with fools'caps on stand high on a stove. This was 
worse, though there was no fire in the stove. It was an era in the education of girls 
here, when it was announced, May 15th, 1827, " Miss Irene Hicox will open a school in 
this village. Reading and writing $2.00; grammar, geography, arithmetic, and his- 
tory, S2. 50: rhetoric, natural and moral philosophy and chymistry, $3.00; drawing, 
needle work and composition." No location was given; it was easily found in a place 
of 700 people. This young lady, born with a thirst of knowledge, had gone from Ohio 
to the famous school at Litchfield, Conn., and brought thence some of the newer ideas 
on the training of character as well as mind. At first the school was in the building 
next west of the Phoenix, afterwards nearer the Square, on Superior street. Her 
pupils were from the best families. Mary Long, Mary and Sophia Perry, Jane Short, 
Mary Williamson, Harriet Johnson (Sackett), Henrietta Hine (Baldwin), being among 
them. Her strong good sense, cultivation, and sweetness of disposition made every 
-one of these young girls her ardent admirers. Undoubtedly she was the first in the 
royal line of Cleveland women educators, for her influence stamped the first leaders of 
the social world. Swayed by her in girlhood, crowned with perfect womanhood, they 
gave her their lasting, grateful love. June, 1S29, she became the wife of Joel Scran- 
ton, and her daughter has kept green her memory. A few years before this, we might 



Ijf> * ENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

have peeped in at a private house, corner of St. Clair and Bank streets, and seen a 
bevy of these patrician daughters as very little tots under the care of Miss Newton, of 
whom we know nothing more. Maybe Irene Hicox reaped where Miss Newton sowed 
for many were in both schools. Two years later the village was growing to number 
scarce a thousand, yet we learn that Mrs. Smith, in Oviatt's brick building, had a 
school in which was taught the fundamentals, grammar, arithemetic, rhetoric, elegant 
needle work and painting on velvet; that in March, Mr. J. Mills was teaching all 
branches of a college preparatory on Ontario street, south of the court house, $2.50 to 
s;.5o a term. Greek and Latin. §5.00 (terms are coming up); that Oct., 29, Noah D. 
Haskell, on second floor of the Academy, would devote himself with assiduity to the 
instruction of such children as should be committed to him ; that Mrs. Grieve would 
have a school in the room formerly occupied by Miss Hicox, in the house of Mr. Clark. 
But Mrs. Grieve does not venture to teach the higher branches. In the last of '20, Mr. 
J. C. Hall had a school in the lower room of the Academy, to be succeeded soon in the 
same place by Mr. W. H. Bump, both of whom advertised like Mr. Cook above them, 
" No deduction for absence, except on account of illness." This was new. 

Hudson College was opened in '27. Mr. Bissel came to Ohio in '28. Of the many 
Cleveland schools in the next decade, a number had a powerful molding influence. 
Among the short-lived we notice that in February, '32, Miss Bennet desired some 
pupils to educate with her sisters, she herself having received a superior education 
in England. She would give lessons 'rin various studies," whatever that meant. 
Her father, an Englishman, ran the only brewery in the place, and naturally she 
( 'wned the only piano. The beautiful black-eyed girls used to play on it, and the 
voung Edwin Cowles listened with wonder. More prominent in the profession was 
Miss Frances C. Fuller, who, in November, 1833, opened a school for young ladies on 
Superior street, near where Hudson's store now stands. For some years it was con- 
tinued in various places, two terms it was in Farmer's block, corner of Prospect and 
< )ntario streets, v and she was at some time in the Academy. Miss Fuller's school con- 
tinued long enough to have a distinctive character, and very many young ladies of the 
place attended it. She is the first known user of blackboards in a private school, and 
greatlv interested her pupils in botany. The flats were then covered with wild flow- 
ers, and expeditions after them were the girls' gala times. One herbarium of the 
epoch is in existence, and perhaps Miss Blair's lovely garden all these years owes some- 
thing to her. She was strong in discipline, monitors were a part of her system, and 
whispering scholars were sometimes sent home. Order, however, was disturbed one 
day. when a man's leg was seen descending through the plastered ceiling. Young- 
Bond, walking overhead, had broken through. He pulled himself out with alacrity, but 
that Descent of Man made a stir in the little world. At an uncertain date Miss Fuller 
gave up her school here, and had for a time a small boarding school in Bedford, but 
returned to Cleveland in 1844, to re-open her teaching career. She is described as hav- 
ing "black eyes, with black cork-screw curls waving about them," and as being general- 
ly "brisk and snappy." We are pained to say there was on the part of many lady 
teachers moral obliquity as to examinations. " They used to tell us what questions 
they were going to ask us," is the testimony, "and make us learn the answers." This 
last would seem unnecessary. " We studied mineralogy," is the remembrance of one, 
"and on examination day we stood up by a small table covered with specimens. The 
spectators were ranged along one side of the room, the scholars at one end, and the 
teacher, in great dignity, at another. We named the stones to the admiration of all 
present — Miss Fuller had told us beforehand just what to say." 

A certain Eastern lady, teacher at the Academy in those years, lives in the heart of 
her pupils as one to whom they owed much. Miss Abigail Billings came in '32 or '33 
to cast into the fountainhead of youthful thought and feeling those purifying motives 
that were to sweeten and brighten all their course. The secret is given in a letter 
from her dated March, '93. " I attended Mary Lyon's school four winters in Ashfield 
and Buckland, and, under her inspiring influence, I was led to feel that to do good 
was the great object of life. I may say that the school you refer to was characterized 
by something of Miss Lyon's spirit. Around it cluster many fond memories. The 
Bible was made a text-book as it had been in Buckland, Colburn's Arithmetic had its 
daily drill, recitation by topics in Miss Lyon's way wakened every power. " "Miss 
Billings was the first one who taught me to think," said the life-long president of the 
Woman's Christian Association. So a beam from the great founder of Mt. Holyoke 
was struck so far away to be reflected in the character of Sarah Elizabeth Fitch. While 
Miss Billings was at the Academy two other persons were linking a story of Christian 
devotion to these annals. In November, '31, Newton Adams was teaching over Mr. 
Stebbms' store a classical school, "being," according to the papers, "well acquainted 




OFFICIAL CKXTF.XXIAL BADGE. 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 177 

with the most approved methods of education." At some time lie became acquainted 
with a young lady who was practicing them as a preparation for her life work. Down 
by the river there gathered very early in the city's history a mass of degraded humanity 
we now call a slum. Ragged, neglected children were growing up as criminals. Be- 
nevolent hearts were stirred, and in some squalid cellar a Sabbath school was started 
by Sarah Van Tyne, out of which grew a day school. 

When the Bethel church was built in '33, on the corner of Diamond and Superior 
Street Hill, this school was transferred to that edifice. Funds for its support were 
supplied by generous citizens, none but the poorest attended; it was the first free 
school, and in it Miss Van Tyne labored with cheerful zeal the induction to years of 
missionary work among the Zulus of South Africa. In November, '34, she married 
Dr. Adams. They were a year making their transit to their field of labor, four months 
of it traveling by ox cart, but privation, loneliness and danger were borne with steady 
courage and sweet submission. In that far land she toiled for twenty years till hus- 
band was taken, then health failed, and she came back to Cleveland (in 1870) to die. 
That Bethel Ragged School was the pattern for one, two decades later. Between '30 
and '40, the number of schools in this small town was astonishing. 

In 1631, Mr. George Brewster having, as he said, purchased the Academy build- 
ing, was to do great things, and opened an institution on the extended plan of all well 
regulated academies, affording instruction in English, French and Spanish (only men- 
tioned here), Latin, Greek, giving honorable induction to any college in the coun- 
try. Tuition was high beyond precedent: $i$.oo a term. Though Mr. Brewster had 
prayers in the morning, he did not rely on religious motives to order the untamed 
spirits of his pupils. "He was," said one of them who brought up in a feeling manner 
the corrections undergone, " both active and despotic and could whip a boy easy." If 
the corrections had anything to do with making the man who has had that career, both 
military and civic, they were blessings indeed. Mr. Brewster, in his own opinion, had 
no small share in the progress of learning here till 1835. He even wrote a book on the 
subjest of education, a pioneer author among Cleveland teachers. 

Then there were the Roscoes, from the Emerald Isle, conspicuous and not to be 
classified. Two sisters, the younger, the teacher, a tall woman wearing a green calash, 
like a small chaise top, under which her face was lost, a dressmaker, the elder, and still 
taller, and a stout florid brother, the head educator. Their advent in 1832 was not un- 
assuming. Their Cleveland High School would give a commercial, mathematical, clas- 
sical, French and English education in four departments; preparatory, junior, senior, 
and collegiate. It included application of mathematics to mensuration, surveying, and 
navigation, instruction in Latin, French, Belles Lettres, intellectual and moral phil- 
osophy, with weekly lectures on Saturday morning in the hall of the institute and 
monthly ones to which the public were invited. The government was to be paternal. 
" The grand desideratum will be to deliver students from the severity and useless labor 
of former plans of education to reject from courses of study whatever has not a direct 
tendency to improve the mind, to meliorate the heart, and to dignify the manners, that 
the student may be subjected to no greater task than that of learning only literal truth 
and useful knowledge." So ran the circular. The location of this" all-sufficient high 
school was probably in the Academy, though the boys under the brother were at one 
time near the present entrance to the viaduct. What with nourishes and festivities on all 
days that could be celebrated and learning only " literal truth," the girls seem to have 
had fine times, and also to have made great progress in their studies. One little miss 
finished Blake's Natural Philosophy, and nearly finished Chemistry and Astronomy at 
the age of seven. But she is an exceptionally bright woman now. " As to the lectures, 
public or otherwise, nobody heard any more of them. Be sure there was a little 
sniffing when the brother came to teach them map drawing and his person was redo- 
lent of whiskey, for Mr. Roscoe had an infirmity. In the forenoon he was tolerable, 
in the afternoon, savage. A participant in the suffering said recently: " I wonder he 
did not kill us shutting us up for punishment six or eight at a time in a room as many 
feet square till we were faint. I have seen him pick a boy up and throw him into the 
street, and his desk after him, but that boy probably deserved it." The legend is cur- 
rent that when Miss Roscoe's school was having an examination in a house on Super- 
ior street, a pig ranging the walk carried off a visitor's bonnet. There were street 
pigs in those days. At the last public notice of the Roscoes, they were in the second 
story of the Farmer's Block, in '39, having flourished seven years — a fact more inex- 
plicable when we consider what educators were at work here "during that time. They 
must have " met a want." 

Mr. John Angell began in '32 a mathematical and English school in the building 
east of Snangler's tavern. He taught all the sciences, composition, and elocution, and 



i 7 8 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



particularly shorthand, for a dollar extra; prices ranging from two dollars to. rive. In 
'33, Mr. J. H. Breck was in the upper room of the Academy, Mr. Brewster's purchase 
of the building having fallen through, apparently, as he reopened his school in another 
place. Mr. Breck intended to devote his personal and exclusive attention to the pro- 
fession of teaching, but in this city must have been thwarted, for, before long, he was 
up two nights of stairs just this side of the Merchant's Bank, and then we hear of him 
no more. Other teachers were still finding patrons, Mr. Fry, so conspicuous after- 
wards in the public schools, taught a private one before '36 on the corner of Superior 
and Seneca streets. In '36, Mr. A. Wheeler began in the new brick block corner of 
Prospect and Ontario streets, long the Farmer's Block, and now the Prospect House, a 
Cleveland seminary for young ladies on an elaborate plan, proposing three regular 
classes. All will observe the pliability of the next regulation. " The seniors can attend 
to any study of the middle class and higher branches, or to any or all of the studies 
taught in any female seminary in the United States. Moral, amiable, and graceful cul- 
ture will be considered highly important. Greek, Latin, and French, tuition, each, $5.00 
ateTm. Sacred music, $3.00; piano, $1.00, embroidery, gratis." Ear-marks of this pro- 
spectus suggest a change in the standard of female education. Mr. Wheeler intended 
to employ four female teachers. He refers to Dr. Aiken and Mayor Willey. Unfortu- 
nately nothing more is 
heard of his seminary. 
Perhaps pupils were all 
seniors and graduated 
the first year. These 
gentlemen by no means 
covered the ground. 

Into the annals of 
the Academy in 1835 
and 1836 there stepped 
an interesting personal- 
ity who beams back in 
the memory of one ven- 
erable survivor as an 
almost perfect charac- 
ter. Mr. Faxen was 
from the East, a culti- 
vated gentleman in his 
very dress. The boys 
remembered that quiet 
manner in which he 
knew how to draw them 
to himself. " We 
obeyed him," said his 
old pupil, " without a 
word of severity. He 
used to take us with him 
on excursions into the 
woods and to the lake. He had a good rifle and taught us to shoot. When we did 
what was wrong he would just talk to us kindly and we would be sorry. We thought 
him rather sad. He wrote poetry. 1 had some of it for a long while. He influenced 
me more than any other teacher I ever had." Was there some story that lay in Mr. 
Flaxen's past ? Who knows? But there must have been something out of the ordinary. 
In that same year of 1835, Mr. William Strong, one of the County Examiners, 
located in the second story of the Farmer's Block, would fit pupils for any college. 
The round-faced, genial Englishman, John Stair, had a popular school on Academy 
Lane till he left the pedagogue's chair for the merchant's desk, and we may owe to him 
something of what his famous scholars made of themselves — the Jones boys. Gov. Fair- 
child, and Lester Taylor. He evidently sowed as good seed in them as he dealt in 
afterward. He, or somebody about then, boxed a boy's ears for boldly intimating that 
the' text-book might be wrong. 

While the population was creeping up from 1,500 to 6,000, between '32 and '41, no 
less than sixteen different schools were carried on for longer or shorter periods and all 
found patronage. In 1837, Mrs. Gold, from New York, began the fashionable board- 
ing and day school of the time in the building next north of the Farmer's Block. She 
was a dainty little lady, accomplished and brave, who supported with the help of her 
three young daughters, herself and them, and Mr. Gold." She presented distinguished 




IF I'ARAI'E O.N KU'I.III WE.Nl'E WESTERN RESERVE DAY 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 179 

recommendations from Bishop < hiderdonk. Rev. F. H. Tappan, of New York Univer- 
sity, Major L. Larned, in Detroit, and others in Buffalo, which letters Dr. Aiken testi- 
fied he had perused with satisfaction. The eclat of the establishment was great; 
board and tuition was S250 a year. French and music. S10.00 a quarter. Washing for 
bed, towels, etc.. $6.00. It was- expensive. She invented the school year of forty-four 
weeks, since improved to thirty-eight. The young ladies studied what they pleased, 
the literary standard was flexible and the}- learned by precept and example beautiful 
manners. According to the prospectus, the principles of the Christian religion would 
be taught without sectarian influence. One day of the week was devoted to sewing and 
silk and worsted embroidery, the results appearing in lovely pincvishions and commend- 
ably fine shirts. Each was expected to own her own implements. This order of studies 
made a singular jumble. Grammar, ancient history, modern history, natural and moral 
philosophy, chemistry, botany, arithmetic, geography of the Heavens, and bookkeeping. 
A lady whose high position has been well filled remembers the little line in the diction- 
ary daily committed, the geography lesson repeated by rote, the singing of the hymn 
" Star of Bethlehem," the Lord's Prayer said together in the morning, and Mrs. ("mid 
sitting with her tiny feet on a small foot stove in the school room. The institution was 
flourishing some ways into the '40's, and was a considerable factor in the schooling of 
Cleveland girls. But at the very time when New York educational ideas were being 
infiltrated among us, two remarkable women were exemplifying foreign female culture 
at the Academy: Mrs. Hewison and Mrs. E. Johnstone. Irish ladies, polished in the 
schools regarded best in England, had somehow drifted to the New World and the 
Wild West, and the}' referred to Bishop Mcllvain as sponsor. They too had three de- 
partments and not to be behind, those in the senior class could pursue any or all of the 
higher branches among them, ancient mythology, and the middle or jjinior classes 
could do the same if their advancement allowed, which indeed was a saving clause. 
Board and washing, $150 a year. They must have had a house on St. Clair street. 
Mathematics would be extra, and Latin would be taught if desired. Both were ele- 
gant women, one an artist and the other an accomplished musician. If sometimo 
there were fits of abstraction when recitations were being heard, the girls rightlv 
guessed the thoughts of their teachers were far away in the ( )ld Country, and the hour 
of music lesson was shortened by the interesting talk which fascinated the little 
learner. At least one cultured lady of our city owes to Mrs. Johnstone the artistic 
ability which has enriched her life. Text-books were antiquated, in history, Tytler and 
Rollin, but besides subjects of the usual curriculum these ladies attempted the infant 
sciences of physiology and geology, — new then in the world, — as well as political 
economy and the use of the globes, which was considered a very high astronomical at- 
tainment. They promised the utmost attention to morals, manners and general deport- 
ment, and kept their promise. (Solicitude on this point seems to have been confined to 
girls' schools.) Mr. S. H. Wood, at the Academy in '33, was careful to say that be- 
sides teaching the round of sciences she would pay the greatest attention to moral and 
intellectual development as something extra on her part. In that same vear Miss 
Susie Sloane in Academy street, corner of St. Clair and Bank, in a lovely orchard, 
gathered some of the future leaders of society and taught them their alphabet by big 
pasteboard letters on the wall, and how to add and subtract by white and red balls 
strung on wires in a frame. They were afterwards shining pupils of Miss Gold. Miss 
Sloane must have done her duty. Two other notable contributions were made to our 
educational advancement from the mother country. Mr. Thomas Sutherland, from 
Edinburg, Scotland, advertised in November, '36, that he was wishing to instruct not 
only the English but the German citizens and all desirous of learning German. This. 
his familiar acquaintance with the language enabled him to do. So Mr. Sutherland 
anticipated his age. Far more conspicuous was the work of Elder Phillips who had a 
marked career. Born and reared in England in the Baptist faith, and thoroughly edu- 
cated, he had taught an advanced school in London, and, in 1829, was sent as a mis- 
sionary to the Chippewa Indians in Canada. Resigning this he moved to Hamilton 
and taught a high school there. Two of his old London graduates, then in Cincinnati. 
persuaded him to try Ohio, but his family got no further than Cleveland, the Cincin- 
nati river water not being to his taste, and in 1835 he opened a school where the Haw- 
ley House now stands, corner of ( )ntario and St. Clair streets. Not long and a house 
erected for it on Middle High street was occupied, and there for five years he with his 
daughters conducted a boarding and day school named the High Street Classical and 
Commercial Academy, which averaged fifty pupils. Judge Cleveland has described 
him as " a grave and reverend Seigneur, wearing a long camlet cloak, a conspicuous 
figure." His portrait hanging in the parlor of his daughter now living, shows a com- 
manding head with a flowing white beard and he must have been a man of more than 



l8o i ENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

ordinary attainments, for Hebrew was one of his specialties. He issued perhaps the 
first circular ever printed here, certainly the earliest one in existence — an address to 
his pupils full of good sense and without cant. It is good now. " Be not desirous to 
run over long lessons and to pass hastily from one book to another. A little business 
done well will turn out to unspeakably greater advantage in the end than a good deal 
hurried over in a careless manner.'" If you are late without excuse, there will be a 
fine of one cent; if not paid, thirty minutes of study after school. One item of advice 
is purely English. " Wash yourself twice a day, face, hands and neck, and behind 
your ears. " A tabulated form for marking all studies and department on the scale 
from nought to six, sent to parents every term, was a forerunner of mountains more. 
Elder Phillips, in 1840, went to Warrensville, and taught there, preaching in various 
adjoining towns till his death in 1861. That school roll held the names of many after 
prominent and useful citizens. Willey, Abbey, Kerruish, Whipple, Earle, Adams, 
Townsend, Curtis, Reeves, Marshall, Seelover, Childs, Stair, Bronson and many others 
equally important among us heard good advice in that High Street Academy, shouted 
on that play-ground and most of them have kept themselves clean ever since. John 
Stair's pupils came there in a body when he left the profession, and Elder Phillips was 
the only one ever invited to the examination of Cleveland's most distinguished private 
educator. While these future pillars of our business world were under his training 
the important line in the civic history was drawn. The village became a city of. 5,000 
inhabitants, and one of the first acts of the new-fledged city council was to provide 
for the support of public schools. Previous to this no direct tax had been levied for 
the purpose, though a small sum had been available from the State. At the same 
time the city adopted all of the private schools willing to come into the arrangement plac- 
ing themselves under the city's control. The very first was the ragged school under 
the Bethel which Miss Van Tyne had started, two others were in the Academy build- 
ing. Samuel L. Sawyer, a graduate of Dartmouth, was teaching the boys in the upper 
room, Mrs. Pelton and Miss Caroline Belden, the larger and smaller girls in the first 
story. There was no classification of the boys, and Sawyer had them from A, B, C, 
up, though none much advanced, as the private schools had the better scholars. He 
resigned at the end of the first term and succeeded Mr. Pratt as principal of a boy's 
school in the Phoenix, third story next west of the American House. In '38 he went 
to Missouri, and became Judge of the State Court for the Western District, holding 
court at Kansas City. 

Mrs. Pelton, .Mrs. Armstrong, and Miss Johnson were teachers, whose schools 
were adopted by the city and they were continued for some time in public employ. 
Text-books and all came in with the private schools and there was a bewildering 
variety the first few years. These facts were stated b}r Mr. Samuel H. Mather, one of 
the first and most active members of the school board. Among the private schools 
which became public was one in a small chapel in the rear of the present Southworth's 
store taught by Miss Maria Blackmar, who soon became Mrs. Worthington. Before 
1840, eighteen of the twenty-seven teachers were women; among them are names once 
dear to a vanished generation. Said Abby Fitch Babbit, a short time before her death, 
of Elizabeth Armstrong Gillespie and Louisa Snow Millett, "( )h, they were lovely." 
The enthusiasm of that bright-eyed, crippled woman over the companions of her 
teaching days was beautiful to see and she herself was not the least remarkable 
among them. Mrs. Pelton filled a large space both physically and professionally for 
many years before and after '37. She followed the custom of never allowing her pupils 
to be taken unawares on examination day, but prepared them beforehand, the infalli- 
ble way. The Roscoes were wont to celebrate May day in fine English style with gar- 
lands, Maypole and queen. Mrs. Pelton once made a sensation by marshalling through 
the streets her pupils, dressed in white, singing and each carrying two wax candles to 
illuminate the old Baptist church where exercises were to be held, she herself marching 
and singing at their head. In '38 she was the assistant of J. W. Grey, and must have 
been a woman of some ability. Julia Butler, Eliza Johnson, Melinda Slater, Sophia Con- 
verse, Louisa Kingsbury, Sarah Thayer, so long the teachers of little ones in a private 
school; Maria Underhill, honored wife and mother among us, Maria Stanley, who mar- 
ried Rev. Mr. Burton, of Kalamazoo ; Amanda Beal, second wife of Charles Dean, all 
were women of strong character who left abiding influence for good. Well-to-do 
people did not generally patronize the public schools and in the last half of the decade 
a number of private ones sprung up whose fame has reached to our days in living 
representatives. In '37, Mr. D. D. Corcoran was teaching in the city buildings, third 
story on Superior street. He also opened an evening school and would instruct fe- 
males in writing and arithmetic from 3: to 5:, Wednesdays, and Saturdays. Before 
'36, Rev. Colly Foster had a classical school, corner of Ontario and St. Clair streets. 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. l8l 

But by far the most important of them was opened in the summer of '36, in the Com- 
mercial building over the Council Hall, on Superior street, by a young Yale graduate 
named Franklin T. Backus. He came with high recommendations from Professors 
Olmsted and Silliman and President Day, and time was to prove they were not mis- 
taken in their man. The number was limited to fifteen ; many of them had been previ- 
ously with Mr. Foster but the list comprises most of the names foremost in our annals. 
Cases, Williamsons, Winslows, Kelley, Hoadley, Gushing, Cleveland, Bartlett, Whita- 
ker, Gaylord, Coon, Burgess, such were the boys growing out of childhood who were 
committed to this rare master of mind. It is impossible to estimate the influence of 
such a character on the circle who were to make the Cleveland of '50 to '70. In the 
enthusiastic tribute to him from the pen of Judge Cleveland, in the Leader, of Febru- 
ary, iS95, we learn much of what he was. Whoever enters the law office of that jurist 
will see "hanging the portrait of that beloved teacher whose name is now linked to the 
law department of the Western Reserve University. Among the strong educators of 
Cleveland, he must be set in the first rank. But the small boy of those days, any more 
than now, had no more than a small boy's mental perspective. From the windows of that 
room on Superior street, he had a commanding view of the lake. He could sit with 
open book and watch the boats as they sailed up and down so free ; he knew them every 
one, and gazed after them with longing eyes when he should have been studying his 
lesson. Nor were the older ones forgetful of former feats, for the master looked up 
one day to see a future Superior Judge whittling his desk to pieces, and he continued 
the said whittling when informed by the court that his case would come to trial after 
school. Immediately following Mr. Backus another somewhat kindred spirit brought 
his acquirements and gifts of teaching to the youth of our city. In July, '39, was 
opened at number three Mechanic's block, opposite the present Prospect House, a 
school for both sexes whose master was a thoroughly educated man of high character. 
William D. Beattie. It was, so far as appears, the first which proposed to give girls as 
well as boys a thorough classical education, though for a time but few young women 
availed themselves of the privilege. There was no jumble of sciences and no embroid- 
ery. The master would provide desks, a separate room for the girls and a stage for 
declamation. Mr. Beattie had the cultivation of a scholar and a love for teaching and 
knew how to fan a desire for knowledge when any sparks existed. His own dignified 
courtesy was the index of a symmetrical character and though he wasted no power in 
keeping order, his discipline had so much force that he secured the sincere respect of 
all his pupils and of the community at large. For seven or eight years, first in Me- 
chanic's block, and then to classes in his own house on Euclid near Erie, he drew the 
patronage of a select number of the best citizens till he went into the real estate and 
banking business. Among his pupils were Hugh Thompson, Bishop of Mississippi, 
and Rev. Joel F. Bingham. Yet another quite different person had been contributing 
his quota to the general variety. In '38, a year before the coming of Mr. Beattie, ap- 
peared the announcement by Rev. C. J. Abbott, of a boarding and day school which 
might allure the most fastiduous. "We can promise no valuable knowledge, " so it 
ran, ' ' which does not result from a slow, painstaking process on the part of the pupil. ' ' 
After developments gave peculiar meaning to the closing sentence: " The govern- 
ment is such in its effect as exists in every well-regulated family, immediately calcu- 
lated to restrain vice and remove every vicious habit." Mr. Abbott's curriculum in 
extent was not a bit behind that with which the Cleveland public must have grown famil- 
iar, a thorough classical and English education with ornamental branches and French, 
and this time Mr. Abbott was equal to it. He had secured, after considerable difficulty, 
the assistance of a young lady from the east which would render the advantage equal 
to any institution there. No greater could mortals desire, and it was all true. The 
school was at first on Superior street, opposite Bond and the Square, but was soon 
removed to a house out in the woods near the corner of Brownell and Prospect streets, 
a place, according to Mr. Abbott, not more than eight or ten minutes' walk from any 
part of the city. In a big wagon the whole body of students were conveyed to the 
new location, and as each furnished his own desk, there must have been a baggage 
truck behind. There girls and boys had separate play grounds, each pupil a little 
garden plot and in the large pleasant yard was an immense, curiously constructed 
swing, besides a pole for gymnastic exercises. All this was very fine and the school 
was soon filled with the sons and daughters of the most intelligent citizens. For term 
after term he received their patronage, and at the end of a year a high commendation 
of the institute and its methods was published over the signatures of such men as An- 
drews, Walworth, Williams, Otis, Sterling, and Hicox. Did they know about that 
family government of his, or did not the children dare to tell? It was unique. A 
corner of each schoolroom was cut out by a semi-circular petition separating them 



182 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

from the recitation room. All along this were curtained windows just above the heads 
of the scholars. Pulling up the curtain, Mr. Abbott could see all that was going on 
without being seen. There he kept his instruments of torture. Failure in lessons. 
whispering, any schoolroom trick stimulated by the knowledge that those eyes might 
be watching, brought down on the discovered culprit, boy or girl, a chastisement of se- 
vere pain. The methods " immediately calculated to restrain and remove " such vici- 
ous habits were: beating with rawhide and ferrule; boxing both ears as giving blows 
on a punching bag; hanging up by the thumbs four or five at a time; tying the 
hands together and hanging them by hooks to the ceiling, with other freaks of pas- 
sion. Her recollection fully justified the verdict pronounced by a lady fifty years after: 
" He was the most cruel man I ever saw."' On special occasions of disobedience, cor- 
rections, incredible now, like keeping a scholar all night from home, flogging with a 
rawhide until it broke in his hand, which in our days would have brought the master 
before a police court and into jail, were administered in that high class Seminary, and 
in the one pitched battle the victory remained, not, Oh! writer of boy's story books, 
with the boy, but with the master. ' What a revolution for the better has taken place 
since these methods inherited from English schools and in vogue there long after 1838, 
were endured here in Cleveland. That the institution contributed to our literary ad- 
vancement, is undeniable. Instances of fine scholarship and literary culture came out 
of that discipline, yet it is a little surprising that this was the leading institution here 
for three or four years. It is certain that with a grown up son Mr. Abbott came back 
here and attempted to re-establish himself with no great success. A throng of differ- 
ently marked personages crowded the stage in the last years of the decade. Two 
brothers, A. N. and J. W. Gray, with a third came here from Lawrence County, X. Y. 
Both entered the ranks of educators. A. X. had first a private school a little east of 
where the Crocker block now stands, then went into the Rockwell Street public school. 
J. W. also first taught a private school on St. Clair street, then in a public one, then 
studied law, but before he began to practice found by intuitive genius his true vocation, 
bought out the Clevela nd . Idvertzser, changed its' name to the Plain Dealer, and 
wrote his whole self in capital letters m the front of our history. September second, 
1839, A. N. announces to the public that he will "review' ' in the presence of such as are 
disposed to meet his pupils at the buildings on a certain day. It is hard to believe 
that J. W. ever enforced a rule against laughing among these young folks. But like 
all wits he had a great undercurrent of sadness. Both brothers are kindly remembered 
now by more than one of the good citizens they helped to make. 

" Miss Hines had a room full of nice boys and girls at the Academy," says one of 
them, who was once the May queen and looks it now. The standard of education for 
girls was not yet very high. In the spring of 1S41 began an enterprise that was to 
continue longer with' a marked character. Miss Elizabeth Alien, from Troy Female 
Seminary, opened a school for young ladies first in a house just west of the Stone 
Church, then in a room over Mr. Camp's store, Superior street, eventually in a small 
white building west side of the Square. In Xovember, 1842, Miss Allen became the 
wife of Rev. Wm. Day, Chaplain of the Bethel, and that seminary was long known as 
Mrs. Day's School. Her long continued patronage was probably due to her extreme 
conscientiousness and very strict ideas as to proper behavior and religious duties. 
She had after two years a talented associate. Kind women were always gathering 
the little ones to take the first steps in learning unentangled by any red tape, like the 
tots under Miss Whitman and Mrs. A. G. Parker, on St. Clair and Lake streets, in '38, 
and those under Miss Stoddard and Miss McCarg behind the Stone Church. In the fall 
of 1840, appeared from way down in Maine that small bundle of energy and enthusi- 
asm named Andrew Freese ; with him came in embryo the High School ; the scientific 
manual training; the organization of public instruction. This same year in the same 
months, the 7,000 inhabitants of Cleveland were informed of two distinct opportunities 
for higher education. Mr. Wm. W. Robinson, from Xew Jersey, and Mr. Wm. Mur- 
phy, from Philadelphia, felt the laudable ambition to found "here a permanent institu- 
tion of learning. Both had the best qualifications and the correct ideals. The Cleve- 
land Classical and English Academy, Hancock block, corner of Seneca and Superior 
streets, should have lived. Yielding to necessity, it moved first to a Music Hall, and 
then to the Phoenix. There were separate rooms for young ladies, thorough teaching 
in both classics and English, and vocal music gratis, the first appearance of that ac- 
complishment anywhere. Their assistant was Miss Lucy Gray, a beloved teacher, 
now Mrs. Simmons. Quite likely the five or six competitors were too many and the 
" Cleveland Classical and English Academv." having at least done something toward 
the making of General Barnett, was crowded from the field. Mr. Robinson moved to 
a not distant town, married an Ohio girl and was happy ever after. One of their 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 183 

rivals had a history belonging to the "penny dreadful." That same fall of '40 it 
was announced in large type that Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton would begin their third 
term on January fourth, at number five Miller's block. Mrs. Hamilton would instruct 
pupils at their residence opposite that of Mrs. Mdler, where boarders would be re- 
ceived, number limited to twenty-five. Mr. Hamilton was fortunate enough to engage as 
assistants Mr. Arey, afterwards Rev. Charles, of Boston, and succeeding him his broth- 
er Oliver, whose distinguished career as an educator here, in Buffalo, and in Albany, 
is well known. Other helpers would have made this story much shorter. Mrs. Hamil- 
ton taught the smaller pupils. He was a tall handsome man with the important air of 
a stiff Irish Englishman, a churchman of a pronounced type. The curriculum varied 
somewhat from the common, including besides the everyday reading, writing, spel- 
ling, arithmetic, geography, practical logic and rhetoric, — no classics or mathematics. 
He was unable to teach them himself but kept the secret at first. The school drew 
largely. The English church service was read every day — a kind of distinction — and 
affairs went on till '46 when Mr. Hamilton resigned the school into Mr. Arev's hands 
and went to Akron as an officer in a bank. The real man then came out. He com- 
mitted a heavy forgery, left the country under cover of darkness, and escaped to 
England. Investigation showed that the Creole, Mrs. Hamilton, was not his lawful 
wife. A later gleam on his career lighted him up as the proprietor of a drinking 
place in London, and finally as hanging on the gallows for the crime of murder. Mrs. 
Hamilton had followed him in his flight. Mr. Arey united his school with that of Mr. 
Beattie for a year when he received a flattering offer from Buffalo which he accepted. 

Two schools for girls alone were successfully working in 1S40. To Mrs. Pelton in 
a private school, succeeded a Miss Smith; her first name has eluded us. Mr. Frees? 
who visited it, or her, often, says she was a fine teacher, of high cultivation and very 
popular. She had a brother in Wisconsin, an eminent lawyer, who persuaded her to 
give up teaching and go to him. This brother became a judge and took a high place 
on the bench. Soon after the Misses Ludlow had the privilege of numbering many 
of the bright girls of the town as pupils. They were, curiously, from Tennessee, 
were Episcopalians, and highly recommended by Bishop < Hay. The sisters held the 
ideal of their day on what young ladies ought to learn. Music and drawing, these 
were to be mastered accomplishments; two or three works in French were to be trans- 
lated, certainly Telemachus, and as many books on science to be learned and recited 
through as time allowed. This school was on the east side of Ontario street, north of 
the Square. Miss Christina taught painting. Crayon pictures and oil paintings were 
produced. Lectures on art were a part of the regular exercises. Instruction in chords 
on the piano was a singular novelty and advantage. An antiquated, though lady-like 
dress, a portrait hanging in the parlor of their uncle, a British general, threw around 
them the atmosphere of appropriate English superiority. They were here only two 
years, but left a good reputation as teachers. 

Other light bearers to Cleveland ignorance clustered around '41. In May, Mr. Al- 
fred Muzzy made known that he would open a course of lessons on the science of 
grammar (apparently a favorite one with our predecessors), on a new and improved 
system, by lecturing, parsing, and, above all, by reference to His Tree, showing the 
roots of language. He could pass in review 1,500 scholars. This Tree, etc., would 
be over Ross's store, corner Seneca and Superior streets, third story; terms 83 
for 36 lessons. Three weeks after, June 5th, an examination was held which seems 
to have been assisted at by all leading men of the town, and three columns of testi- 
monials to the wonderful success of the system . appeared in the paper, signed by 
Charles Bradburn, Mayor Willey, Robinson, Murphy, Rev. Tucker and others of like 
authority. Improbable that Mr. Muzzy paid for it. A week before two artists, Mr. 
and Mrs. Wood, made promises, brilliant and so far without precedent. Any person, 
though previously unacquainted with drawing, could under their tuition acquire the 
ability to paint landscapes, flowers, buildings and all natural objects. The course- 
might be taken in four or five days, so that persons having only that time to spend in 
the city could avail themselves of this instruction, though it appeared eight or nine 
days would be preferable. Week after week these courses were renewed, the happy 
and grateful artists, thanking their numerous patrons for the encouragement they 
had received, till probably every reputable inhabitant though previously unacquainted 
with drawing could both draw and paint. So Cleveland patronized art. We turn 
again to an early schoolroom. In August, 1S46, began in a small frame building, 
which stood in what was an open piece of native forest, on the southeast corner of 
Euclid and Erie, a school for children. There for four years a group of little ones 
were gathered, mothered and taught to read and write and sew and do sums in Cel- 
burn's arithmetic as well as learn lessons in some higher 'branches, like Parley's His- 



184 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



tory and a Child's Book of Nature. Fortunate children ! for their teacher was Sarah 
Fitch, and no kindergartener was ever more skillful long before the name was invented. 
The first set outgrew their primary grade, and the school ceased, to re-open in 1850 in 
a little structure on the site afterwards occupied by the Cleveland Brick Academy. 
The influence of this unpretentious child's school was altogether out of proportion to 
its numbers. These little boys and girls in pinafores, sitting still while the Testament 
was read, and with folded hands and eyes shut in prayer time — the Woolseys, Head- 
leys, Handys, Gilletts, Severances, Hewitts, Andrews, Williams, Gardners, Willeys 
of the second generation were the lawyers mayors, bankers, manufacturers, philan- 
thropists and strong business men of this and other cities, and they carried through 
life the uplifting, wholesome influence of this strong, beloved woman. Among them 
played Susan Coolidge, who has given a little picture of the school and teacher in the 
story of Eyebright. 

After 1840 school books were rapidly changed. Daboll had long disappeared be- 
hind Adams, and this with Kirkham's Grammar was ousted by Smith's Arithmetic and 
Smith's Grammar, both on the productive system, whatever that was. Mrs. Nettleton, 
who taught school in Academy lane, had " Watt's On the Mind" in her course, which 
showed her bringing up. As to the teachers, public and private, they no longer prom- 
ised to look after the 
morals and manners of 
their pupils. Between 
'40 and '50 10,000 people 
were added to the pop- 
ulation ; the great revo- 
lution in education be- 
gan to be apparent. Mr. 
Freese had his own views 
as to the character of the 
teachers, and urged them 
on the Board of Educa- 
tion. In filling vacancies 
he was consulted, and in 
this manner he served 
the city well. To quote 
his own words, "When 
appointed superintendent 
I visited all parts of New 
England in search of 
teachers. I found them 
at Mt. Holyoke, Brad- 
ford, Amherst, Hartford; 
up at Hanover, N. H., 
down m Maine and in 
Vermont. In the first 
place, I looked always to 
see what they were out- 
side of arithmetic, to see if they had souls in their bodies, and knew what all this fuss 
of living here amounts to. Splendid girls, nearly all of them, capable of teaching in 
any grade of school. Quite a number of them after a while accepted responsible posi- 
tions in Ladies' Seminaries or other high schools. But what could I have done without 
them. They were so intelligent, so sensible, so good, so ready to do anything I 
wanted them to do. They graded high as to character. ' ' Little could be added to 
this. These teachers, up to 1850, taught six hours a day, half day Saturday, full forty- 
four weeks in a year; the men for $10 a week, the women for §5. Tuition in private 
schools ranged generally from three to five dollars a quarter. It is a pity so few per- 
sonal details of those early teachers have been preserved. We would know more about 
the Maria Sheldon, who was in that Bethel school under the hill ; the Maria Kingsbury 
and the Miss West, who stood by Mr. Fry in the days when the boys used to ask each 
other, "Are you going to Freese or to Fry this winter? " and thought they were smart. 
What a wonderful person Julia Hamm must have been to uphold that bundle of dis- 
cipline, W. S. Lawrence, whose desks in the Champlain street school bore no spot or 
scratch after years of use. To chronicle the array of talent which found a sphere in 
the public schools of that decade is the task of a more competent pen. Between '40 
and '50, however, there were two graduates of Oberlin whose lives and gifts do not be- 
long exclusively to public schools. Mrs. Harriet E. Grannis Arey, in a recent letter gives 




VIEW OF PARADE < >N EITT.II> AVENUE — WESTERN RESERVE DAY. 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 1S5 

a lively account of her experience. "I became a resident of Cleveland in 1844. hav- 
ing been appointed to take charge of one of the primary schools, and was introduced to a 
phase of the human infant hitherto undreamed of by me. The room was crowded 
with German and Irish children, well educated in back lane and alley lore. ( )n a fine 
day it was impossible to seat them. I had not been trained as a pugilist, and the 
place was the fairest representation of purgatory 1 have ever yet seen. My attention 
was constantly called off by some unhappy four-year-old tumbling from the ends of the 
benches, or squeezed out between two others whose crushing capacity was greater 
than his own, and when I had picked him up and comforted him and tried to find him 
a seat, there was none, unless I put him in the lap of some one already too crowded to 
dispose of his limbs. When I found I could devise no means of remedy, I applied to 
the masculine head of the school for some suggestion to relieve the discomfort. Be- 
fore I had time to state the case, he threw back his head with a loud guffaw and ex- 
claimed, 'Can't manage those little tots ? Well, well!' Surprised and indignant, I 
turned my back and never troubled him again, but when the term closed I resigned 
my position and graduated permanently from the public schools. I had never 
been a good fighter. About the time I left, Miss Frances Fuller came back from 
Painesville to commence again the work as a teacher which she had begun eleven 
years before, and intermitted for some time. Mrs. Day's school on the west side of 
the Square was in full operation. A building next to hers was secured by Miss Fuller, 
and I was engaged as assistant. Here I spent some very happy years among a group 
of girls bright, enthusiastic and diligent. In the small rear yard in the rear of this build- 
ing, on a clear night, the older classes would gather while we expounded to each other 
the stars in the constellations. Prominent in my memory are the daughters of my 
cousin, C. J. Woolson, Georgina, the mother of Samuel Mather, and her sisters Emma 
and Constance. Georgina was brilliant, of a joyous disposition and much too witty 
for the dignity of a grave recitation. Constance was quiet and silent, standing behind 
my chair while the others were asking the final questions of the day, saying nothing 
but taking everything in, noting the heights and depths — for there were heights and 
depths — in their review of the day's occurrences, and gathering for her future work. 
Georgina was often wishing to inject in her history recitation some rhyme or squib or 
curious reference she had picked up, and when I saw the fun brimming in her face 
I was obliged to give a sharp ' Next ' to preserve the gravity of the class. Mary and 
Kitty Hilliard, Harriet and Anna and Clara Stafford, Sarah Hayden, Henrietta Rice 
were among the pupils, and one other from out of town, the best mind I ever had, 
whose name I cannot now remember. After a year of this work my friend and class- 
mate, Catherine Jennings, was engaged as assistant by Mrs. Day, and we taught side 
by side for a year, when Mrs. Day gave up her school into our hands and our joint 
control continued till my marriage, in September, 1848. Miss Fuller's school had been 
taken by Mrs. Haddock, who died before the year was out, and her pupils were at her 
own request, in her short sudden illness, incorporated with ours in the last term of 
my teaching." 

This account by Mrs. Arey, who as poet, writer and woman won a high place both 
here and in New York State, gives not much idea of her own extraordinary accomplish- 
ments as a teacher. Concerning those two small white seminaries that stood in 44-45 
on the west side of the Square, one may read in the story "What Katy Did." Party 
spirit ran high. Episcopalians and Presbyterians would not speak to each other over 
the fence. They made faces at each other in the street. It was not on the same clear 
nights that the girls gathered in the rear to study stars. Mrs. Day's pupils had decla- 
mations of appropriate poetry to further the elevated sentiment of the occasion. That 
teacher, with unceasing vigilance, did watch over the morals and manners of her pu- 
pils. There were parents who appreciated it. Her school was re-opened on Erie 
street the years from '56 to '60. Catherine Jennings adorned the ranks of Cleveland 
educators in no common degree. At the close of her connection with Miss Grannis she 
was the assistant of Mr. Freese for a year in the high school when, on December, 1849, 
she was married to Rev. Justin W. Parsons, D.D. They went as missionaries to Sa- 
lonica, Turkey, and afterwards to Bardezog, where for thirty years they took a leading 
part in the operations of the American Board in that region. In 1880, Mr. Parsons 
was murdered, shot by robbers as he was sleeping in his tent. Mrs. Parsons, with the 
consecration which had marked her earlier life, remained at her work for eleven 
years, then turned her face toward her native land to look once more for a short time 
on her home and kindred. But her longing heart clung to the natives of the mountains 
of Nicomedia and she soon sailed back. There she still lives among them. In 1S56, the 
high school had been established in its far-reaching and beneficent activity. Twenty 
of the twenty-five teachers then employed in the schools were women of exceptional 



[•86 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

gifts, whose honors are yet undimmed. Jan. i, 1848, Mr. E. Hosmer, a thoroughly 
educated gentleman, with an equally well educated wife, opened a private boarding 
and day school, finally located on Superior street, east of the Army and Navy Hall. 
This institution, in which Doctors Delemater, Ackley, Cassels and St. John were en- 
gaged as scientific lecturers, was the first one in the city which met the advancing ideas 
( if education, and it drew at once a high-class of patronage. Helen Handy (Newberry), 
Mary Witt (Eells), Elizabeth Blair, Lizzie Sanborn (Fitch), Olive Thorne Miller are 
living testimonials of the value of that instruction; and there Mary Clark Brayton 
( Maynard) developed her extraordinary talents. Mrs. Hosmer was a lady most refined 
in mind and manner and peculiarly adapted to gain the love and respect of the young 
ladies she gathered about her in various places through several years. In '51 the 
school was removed to the Kendall mansion, which has since given place to the Ken- 
dall Block. Within a year Mr. Hosmer died suddenly, Mrs. Hosmer relinquished 
the enterprise and, with her sister, returned to New England. Her future work as an 
educator here belongs to the history of the next decade. In approaching the end of 
this, we may note a boys' classical school on the southwest corner of Euclid and Erie 
streets, where from time immemorial a slough had existed but was then disappearing. 
The principal, Mr. Henry Childs, a graduate of Amherst, had been in the Prospect 
street school for a short tune, but he made a successful teacher of boys till he went to 
Buffalo and engaged in iron manufacturing. His extraordinary wit made him delight- 
ful in the social circles ; his business ability and high principles won him an honorable 
position in the city of his adoption. Not far from Mr. Child's school, in a grove west 
of the now public librarv, a place sequestered and shady not now to be conceived, 
there was, in September', 1S49, in a long low white building, a girls' school under the 
care of Miss L. T. Guilford. It was the beginning of still another Cleveland Academy .- 
The middle of the century properly closes what we have been able to gather im- 
perfectly of the early school's and teachers of Cleveland. Without exception, the 
schools have passed and left no successors. The buildings where they were held have 
been demolished, the teachers, all but a little remnant, have passed to the Silent Land. 
By their results we can judge them. With all their shortcomings or misguided zeal, 
they trained an intelligent, law-abiding, God-fearing generation, whose fast disappear- 
ing' members we cherish with reverence. The young brains that were troubled over 
Smith's Arithmetic have created the commerce,' the manufactories, the institutions of 
a great city; little hearts, that swelled with vexation over schoolroom injustice, or 
vibrated with mischief over schoolroom pranks, have throbbed with noble patriotism 
and prompted great enterprises of benevolence ; and some little hands held out to the 
ferule have guided the ship of state. 

Mr. L. H. Jones, Superintendent of the Cleveland Public Schools, 
was the next speaker. He read an important paper on "Present Ideals 
and Future Prospects of Public Education in Cleveland." The purpose 
was not so much, he said, to recall the historical development of private 
and public education, that subject having been covered by others, but 
rather to suggest that if historical knowledge had any worth, it lay 
chiefly in the fact that it afforded light for guidance in the present and 
the future. Mr. Jones compared the ideals of education of the past 
with those of the "present. An abstract of his address follows: 

In listening to the recital of what has been, it is well to ponder carefully what 
shall be. It is worth while then to compare somewhat thoughtfully the ideals of edu- 
cation of the past, immediate and remote, with those of the present, to the end of a 
more helpful and hopeful outlook for the education of the. future. It is true that each 
age must prepare its youth for a succeeding one — for living in a period whose economi- 
cal, industrial and social problems differ more or less from those existing 111 their child- 
hood. It is impossible, therefore, with us, to prepare the child to live in a form of 
society which has remained in prescribed form for ages and will continue the same for 
ages more. We must rather educate tor power and adaptability than for prescribed 
action ; be governed by principle rather than by rule. 

It is but reasonable that we form ideals of education and strive for what we think 
ought to be, and that a comparison of ideals of education of the different ages becomes 
instructive to us. If we put into the education of to-day what ought to be in the social 
order of to-morrow, we shall in so doing take an important step toward making it 
become so. It is therefore true that any philosophical discussion of educational ideals 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 187 

will necessarily be along ethical lines ; since it is as a social being that man needs and 
develops his moral nature. 

The ideal of Greek education will always remain clear in the memory of man be- 
cause of the singleness of its purpose and the simplicity of its method. Over the door 
of the temple of Delphi was inscribed the motto of Greek education and the principle 
of Greek life, "Know thyself." It was the individual self whose perfection was sought 
as an individual. It was the individual real freeman alone amid a race of slaves to 
whom the individual grace and perfection and refinement, implied by a liberal educa- 
tion, applied. There is a phase of the education of every child in which the Greek ideal 
properly belongs ; a stage of individual development, of body and mind, in which all 
fullest capabilities of each should be wrought out by methods adapted to the pecul- 
iarities of the individual. But the complexity of modern life, the interpenetrations of 
interests, the idea of each for all and all for each, was unknown to the Greek. The 
first part — each for all, was fairly tvpified by the absolute subjection of the individual 
to the state, but the state lived for itself, too, and rarely returned to the individual the 
enlarged beneficence which institutions are fitted to give their members. The individ- 
ual Greek man was by no means the colossal man of modern institutions, who by ally- 
ing himself in helpful co-operation with the world makes of himself a world man, lay- 
ing under tribute through his more than a hundred hands the products of all climes, 
the thought of all minds, the hopes and aspirations of humanity. If I were allowed, 
therefore, to write the inscription appropriate to be placed over the modern temple of 
learning, I would not so much change its form as I would its meaning by an extended 
comprehension as to the possibilities of life which should be made manifest to every 
boy and every girl who enters a modern public school. It is the meaning of life rather 
than the meaning of the spelling-book that the child of to-day needs to enable him to 
enter into his inheritance. To "know thyself " in the Greek sense was a comparative- 
ly easy task ; to "know thyself" to-day is'a totally different matter. We are connected 
longitudinally with the past to remotest ages and laterally by numerous associations 
to many interests. The intimacy of our economic and social relations are such that to 
kr.ow ourselves fully we must know pretty well all that has occurred in the past and 
pretty much all that is now occurring in the world. That is the best education which 
makes us most aware of how we are all joined together as a whole humanity, for bet- 
ter, for worse, for richer or poorer, in sickness and in health to the end, and how the 
criminal is one who finds himself in a state of maladjustment to the social whole, fight- 
ing the hopeless fight against morally and ethically organized society. I do not be- 
lieve in neglecting the essential details of individual education. I believe in teaching 
the child to spell correctly, to read readily, to write legibly and to calculate accurate- 
lv. I believe in teaching the child the dignity of labor, through a well arranged course 
of manual training. But these are the mere beginnings of education, and by confining 
ourselves to these we are denying to our children their divine birthright — we are really 
denying them as vet the rights guaranteed them by the Declaration of Independence ; 
the right of life— which is not mere existence, to liberty — which is not mere freedom 
from physical bondage — the pursuit of happiness — which does not consist chiefly in 
the getting of money" or the gratifying of the animal propensities. I believe in prepar- 
ing the child by a very practical drill in the elements of an education to earn an honest 
living; but I believe also in teaching him to recognize what is honest, and pure, and 
sweet, and wholesome in life. I belieye in teaching him that work is honorable — that 
drudgery may even be divine, if inspired and controlled by sound principle. Indeed, 
to live up to a high standard of life in a civilization still holding many of the crudities 
and evils of savage life requires that each of us shall daily do many things which in 
themselves are not only not pleasurable but are positively distasteful. I believe in 
giving the voting ideals of life and character and human worth and human dignity, 
which will enable them to stand firm under all tribulations and drudge till the glorious 
end be achieved. In and of itself much of our daily work is necessarily drudgery, 
while much of it requires that we bear large responsibilities, to endure petty annoy- 
ances and to do disagreeable things. It is impossible that we shall feel any real inter- 
est in these things by reason of any gratification of any power of ours by any attribute 
ot theirs. There is, therefore, no motive to do these things unless one can be found 
elsewhere, so related to these acts as to constitute for the time being a valid and 
vicarious interest. The end not only justifies the means, but glorifies it as well. The 
continued contemplation of the ideal conditions to be achieved by work for the service 
of loved ones gives a pleasure akin to realization, gliding at last into the glory of act- 
ual achievement. Happy is he in life who can so live and think and feel that the ef- 
fulgent glory of his ideal life is thrown backward till it lights up all the pathway of 
his actual life. His ideal becomes the magnetic pole of his life and conduct. He will 



188 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

work and drudge ten hours per day, if need be, that he may found his ideal family 
life and keep it sweet and pure under the shadow of his own vine and fig tree. If 
properly educated he will march with steady step to the cannon's mouth at the call of 
his patriotic ideal, counting life and limb as mere incidents in the series of move- 
ments by which civil and religious liberty are established. He will counsel together 
with his neighbors, foregoing his personal preferences in order that the social whole 
may be unbroken. His interests are so set in the best things that he cannot unbend to 
the mean or the low, and the high sense of gratification coming from the realization 
within himself of a high grade of manhood compensates for laborious effort and fre- 
quent disappointments in external plans and purposes. The end of modern education 
requires that one become able to think clearly, to aspire nobly, to drudge cheerfully, 
to sympathize broadly, to decide righteously and to perform ably; in short, to be' a 
good citizen. 

But what is it to educate for citizenship in this day when civilization means so 
much? We who believe representative self-government the best form of human asso- 
ciation must needs have a high ideal of citizenship. To the Greek a liberal education 
was for the freeman as distinguished from the more numerous slaves. To us a 
liberal education is the means of making each man free and capable of preserving 
and using his freedom aright. The stupendous example of self-government now 
being displayed to the world on the western hemisphere never had its equal before 
anywhere on the globe. In a similar way the beneficent attempt to educate all the 
people was never before undertaken on so vast a scale. 

The rumblings of discontent and the threats of revolution now rife in our land 
have a foundation in the injustice of capital and employers; but it has a much more 
efficient cause in the half educated condition of masses of people whose corresponding 
classes in other lands have none at all. A little learning is a somewhat dangerous 
thing, but the danger line is passed when enlightenment has been reached. Truly, 
" we must educate," " we must educate; " rich and poor, high and low, all races and 
both sexes ; better all together, but at any rate and by some method we must educate 
for our own preservation. 

It has seemed that it is just possible for a great city like Cleveland to forget its 
privileges and neglect its duty in regard to the proper education of its youth. We 
have been busy and careful about many things. The first century of lusty young lift- 
has passed and its close finds us building boulevards, laying out park's, extending 
sewers and paving streets — all necessary and commendable things, whose beneficent 
results are so immediately apparent that there be almost none to object or attempt to 
stay our onward progress. But what shall it profit this city if it shall gain all these 
things and shall lose the children? Even in an economical sense, which is the least 
important of all, Cleveland cannot afford to raise up in her midst one single illiterate 
child, handicapped in the race of life by incapacity and doomed to a criminal life by rea- 
son of lack of ideals of life. I am told by competent authority that counting all the 
expenses attendant upon the clumsy administration of justice in our courts, it costs on 
an average $5,000 to send a man to the penitentiary and maintain him through his 
period of detention. Half this amount spent upon the education of the child in the 
formative period of his life would be cheaper and more effective. Herein lies the un- 
answerable argument for the kindergarten as a preparatory step in public education. 

The period between four and six is a very dangerous period morally to children 
that are not well cared for in their homes. Many of the evil habits learned during 
this period require for their correction the strength of the teacher for many years of 
school life. This reason in itself is sufficient proof of the wisdom of placing the child 
during this period where he will not only not form bad habits, but will form good ones. 

Recent studies of physiological psychology have fairly well established a definite 
relationship between certain conditions of the' brain and the adaptability of the mmd 
to certain classes of study, the main principle being that during periods of the great- 
est growth and most rapid development of the brain the mind is adapted to receive 
lasting impressions and to the forming of permanent habits; that during the later 
periods of slighter change the mind acquires less rapidly, but tends to reflect more 
upon its acquisitions. Now, early school life is chiefly acquisition, and life afterwards 
gives the opportunity for reflection. 

Physiologists agree that the brain has three marked periods of difference in rate 
of growth. From birth to seven years of age the growth is most rapid; from seven to 
fourteen slightly less so; from fourteen to twenty-one growth is very slow, while at 
the latter age, in most cases, the brain has reached its full weight. 

Physiologists, from their side of the subject, have long since determined by ob- 
servation the adaptation of the mind in these periods in quite different lines of acquisi- 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. I 89 

tion Within the first seven years environment is tyrannical, controlling, through the 
sense and emotions, the culture of the child. Memory and the fancy are at their flood 
tide. The tendency to form habit is at its greatest. Long continued attention is im- 
possible. Most work must come under the guise of play. During the second period 
memory is quite active, fancy changes to imagination, and some disposition is seen to 
seek for important relationship of facts learned. The third period includes the time 
devoted in grammar schools and high schools and colleges, to the serious mastery of 
the higher tools of culture. Now, it is well known that a large ratio of children do not 
complete the second period and that a very small ratio finish the three periods. It is 
manifest that all should complete the first and second periods, though, as has been 
said, the exigencies of life with the poor and the lack of discipline and aspiration in 
the families of the poor make it well-nigh impossible to keep their children in school to 
the age of fourteen. 

Now, seeing that in all probability children will leave school at an early age any- 
way, and in view of the physiological proof of the great value of the years from four 
to seven, morally and intellectually, it seems downright stupidity to lose the two most 
valuable years, from four to six. from our school curriculum. 

If no serious school work were done by the children in those years, but the time 
were chiefly taken in arranging, through play and voluntary activity on their part, the 
entire environment, so that distinct moral and esthetic impressions should be imper- 
ishably made upon the growing brain and through it upon the immortal spirit, the 
gain to the community would be incalculable. As an economical proposition, I claim 
that it is wiser to expend our money in reducing the probabilities of crime than wholly 
in punishing the perpetrator 'after the crime is committed. I believe that public 
kindergartens as a part of our general educational system would prove an economical 
investment for this city, aside from the increased happiness brought to all by the 
higher standard of living which would be brought about in the next generation. 

After the kindergarten shall have done its work for the children I hope to see 
them enter a sounder, more practicable and more hospitable primary school than has 
yet been developed. The primary school is the school of the people. It is the place 
to spend money generously that we may spend it economically. Higher education 
will in a manner take care of itself; but primary education must be fostered, since for 
the most part it is carried on for the benefit of those not yet old enough to appreciate 
to the full its advantages. 1 hope ere long to see a larger element of manual and tech- 
nical education brought into the primary school, both because it is adapted to the real 
education of the child and because it is one of the largest elements of fitting the 
young to their probable environment of work when they leave school and enter the 
life struggle. It has been a little difficult thus far to say the fitting word upon manual 
training in the school because of an unseemly strife between *a class of pedants on 
the one hand and a band of groveling materialists on the other — a struggle between 
those who believe in the disciplinary value only as contrasted with those who see 
value only in that kind of education which will return immediate value in dollars and 
cents. But there is now dawning upon us a higher view than either ; a conception that 
it is possible for spirit to live amidst matter, using it for nobler purposes of human 
life, shaping it into forms of beauty and utility through intelligent hard working 
in harmony with the guiding spirit. Manual labor is dignified and helpful when it is 
intelligent and efficient. The beautiful dream city by the lake, the noble city of the 
World's Fair, could not have been produced without the co-operation of hand, head 
and heart. The intelligent artisan stood helpfully beside the thinker. Manual train- 
ing well taught for a generation in the public schools would not only solve many of 
the labor problems incident to the large manufacturing centers, but it would enable 
the workingman to beautify his own home in a thousand ways, thus removing much of 
the ugliness which now meets our eyes at every turn in the poorer parts of our city. 
I long for the time when the man who must work with his hands shall receive in the 
schools the means of making his work interesting, intelligent and effective. 

But the workingman because he is a workingman must not be left with manual 
education alone. He has the same rights and needs as others for those institutional 
ideas which will help to elevate his ideals and make not only a workman but a helpful 
citizen. There is a vast amount of capital lying around unused in this wealthy city. 
Other means of education must be devised and encouraged to aid and in manv ways 
supplement the public schools. Public-spirited men must be encouraged to build 
more libraries, establish museums, open art galleries and found all those institutions 
which tend to make the life of a great city more sweet and wholesome and hopeful. 
I plead for a renaissance in education in the opening years of this, the second century 



190 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

of our citv's prosperous life, that shall keep our spiritual interests at least up with our 
marvelous material advances. 

This paper brought the afternoon meeting to a close. 

SECOND SESSION. 

The evening session was opened with a song by the Arion Quar- 
tette. Rev. A. B. Chalmers, of the Dunham Avenue Disciple Church, 
offered prayer. The chief address was delivered by Professor B. A. 
Hinsdale, of the University of Michigan, formerly superintendent of the 
Cleveland public schools. It was an elaborate and scholarly treatise of 
"The History of Popular Education on the Western Reserve." 

After speaking of the dedication, by the State of Connecticut, of the 
proceeds of the sale of the Reserve to common schools, Dr. Hinsdale 
gave a sketch of public school legislation in the State from the beginning 
down to 1853. He spoke of the prominence of the Reserve in the State 
forward movement, and then passed to the rise and progress of popular 
education on the Reserve itself. The following are the portions of the 
address in which the speaker dealt with the city of Cleveland: 

In dealing with the Reserve, I have been dealing with Cleveland. The majority 
of men are so little gifted with imagination, or are so poorly instructed in history, that 
they continually assume that all things continue as they were from the beginning. It 
is a* very great mistake. In this particular instance, Cleveland is in no way marked off 
from other towns and villages until quite recent times. The city merely repeats the 
history of Youngstown, Akron and other places, only it has come to do things on a 
much larger scale. We can therefore run over the Cleveland story somewhat hastily. 

Tradition tells of a school of five pupils when there were but three families on the 
ground. Who taught this school, as well as its exact date, cannot be told. We hear 
nothing more on the subject until 1S14, when a school taught by a Mr. Chapman is 
mentioned — / 'ox, et prccterea nihil. In 1S17, when the population had grown to 250, a 
school house was built on the lot now occupied by the Kennard House; just how it was 
built is hard to say. This was undoubtedly the first school house built on the site of 
Cleveland, unless there may have been an earlier one at Newburg, or some other of 
the numerous local centers that have been swallowed up by the growth of the city. In 
this school house children were taught on the payment of tuition fees. The Cleveland 
Academy, afterwards called " The Old Academy," was built on St. Clair street in 1821 
by subscription. There is no trace of a public school system until the granting of the 
city charter. The trustees of the town do not appear to have exercised the powers 
conferred by the acts of 1821 and 1825, and the only schools were private schools. 

The late S. H. Mather, in a published document, states that in 1833 or 1834 an at- 
tempt was made to organize a mission Sunday-school in the Bethel Church ; that the 
children were found so ignorant that proper Sunday-school teaching was out of the 
question ; and that, to make good this deficiency, a day school was established to teach 
the children to read, the teacher being paid by voluntary subscriptions. This school, 
says Mr. Mather, was continued on this basis until the city, in 1835, assumed the 
charge of it and made it a city free school. So far as existing records show, the first 
public expenditure ever made for education in Cleveland was the cost of maintaining 
this school one year, $131.12. Not a large educational budget, surely, for a city that 
has come to expend a million dollars annually on its schools ! 

In 1836 Cleveland became a chartered city. The population was then five thou- 
sand. Two sections of the charter related to schools. The Common Council was au- 
thorized to levy a tax of not more than one mill on the dollar for the purchase of school 
sites and building school houses, and an additional mill for the support of a school in 
each of the three wards into which the city was divided, which should be accessible 
to all white children not under four years of age ; the Council should fix, by ordi- 
nance, the beginning and end of the school year, and appoint every year a board called 
the Board of Managers of the Common Schools, in which the particular administration 
should vest. This board should make rules and regulations for the schools, examine 
and employ teachers, fix their salaries subject to the rules of the Council, make re- 
pairs of schoolhouses and furnish supplies, and certify to the Council all expenses in- 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 



I 9 I 



curred in the performance of its duties. On July 7, 1S37, the Common Council passed 
an ordinance in accordance with the charter, and this ordinance is the real beginning 
of public schools in Cleveland. The ordinance was drawn on the lines of the charter, 
only the school year was made four months instead of six. The schools were to pro- 
vide only elementary education. 

The Board of Education built its first public school houses, two in number, in 
1839-40. In 1S40 there were sixteen teachers and 1,040 pupils. The principal schools 
were divided into two departments, each department having a boys' school and a 
girls' school. An academical department, as it was called, or a high school, as we 
should say, was opened in 1846, with Andrew Freese as principal. This school was 
opposed by some heavy taxpayers, and it was never beyond danger until it was 
grounded on a special act of the Legislature, which came in 1848-49. The West Side 
High School, of which A. G. Hopkmson was the father, was opened in 1 S64. The 
Training School went into operation in 1S74. 

The first superintendence that the schools received was given by a duly elected 
member of the Board of Managers, called the 
Acting Manager of the Schools. This form of 
superintendence lasted from 1841 to 1853. In 
the latter year Mr. Freese was elected super- 
intendent, and Dr. E. E. White succeeded him 
as the head of the high school. Mr. Freese 
was followed as superintendent by Mr. L. M. 
Oviatt, he by Rev. Anson Smythe, and he 
again by Mr. A. J. Rickoff. These gentlemen 
all devoted themselves with singleness of mind 
to the work of the schools, and all were re- 
warded by seeing the fr\ut of their labors. 
The pressing school questions of those years 
all over the country related to organization and 
system. The Cleveland history supports this 
view. Mr. Rickoff came to the superintend- 
ency in 1S67 and held it until 1S82. An edu- 
cator of ripe experience and force of character, 
and the possessor of the confidence of a strong 
board of education for many years, he im- 
pressed himself deeply on the school system of 
the city. The existing organization is very 
largely his work. Under his direction, the 
schools came to attract attention from far and 
near, calling out some glowing encomiums 
from foreign visitors. 

Standing in the relation that it does to the 
Western Reserve, one would say that the city 
of Cleveland ought to lead in educational mat- 
ters; and I can hardly be mistaken in suppos- 
ing that the other towns and cities would gen- 
erally, if not universally, recognize the fact 
of such a leadership almost from the beginning of the Union School movement. 

At first the Board of Education was only a committee appointed by the City Council, 
but since 1S59 it has been elected by the people at the popular election. Once more 
the board was wholly dependent upon the Common Council for funds until 1865 ; in that 
year it became fully autonomous, levying and expending its own revenues, subject 
only to the law. 

For many years there has been a growing conviction in many American cities, if 
not indeed in a majority of them, that the business administration of the public school 
is getting, or rather has got, into a bad way. The trouble is thought to arise from the 
character of men who are often elected members of boards of education from a vicious 
method of doing business, and from the nature of the business organization of the schools. 
At least this was the view taken by a great number of citizens of this city ; for, in re- 
sponse to a popular demand, the Legislature passed, in 1892, the " Reorganization 
Act, ' ' under which the schools are now carried on. I refer to this with no purpose of 
discussing the provision, or of commenting on its operation. My aim is very different. 
The evils that this act was intended to correct have become widespread ; the act itself 
has attracted very general attention ; in a sense, it is now on trial before the public, 
not of the city alone, but of the country ; and if experience shall finalty prove that it 




RL'RGESS, CITY CLERK. 



I92 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

accomplishes the end for which it was devised, Cleveland will become the teacher of 
the country in the important matter of city school administration. 

One who attempts to write the educational history of a State or community is like- 
ly to commit the fault of confining himself too closely to professional educators. It is 
perfectly right that this class of persons should be emphatically recognized. But edu- 
cation has its business side as well as its pedagogical side. Teachers and superin- 
tendents alone, no matter how able and devoted, cannot make a school system. Edu- 
cational discussion too much tends to run on professional lines. Accordingly, I wish 
to recognize in the heartiest manner the educational services to the State of such men 
as Ephraim Cutler, Rufus King, Samuel Lewis, Harvey Rice, and others; also the 
service to particular communities of such men as Charles Bradburn and George Willey, 
of this city, who not only served as members of the School Board for years, but actu- 
ally did efficient duty as Acting Managers of the Schools. 

THIRD SESSION. 

Monsignor T. P. Thorpe opened the third session of the educational 
conference Tuesday morning, September 8th. An address was to have 
been delivered by Rt. Rev. Bishop Keane, rector of the Catholic Uni- 
versity at Washington, D. C. In the bishop's absence, Monsignor Thorpe 
spoke of the work of the parochial schools. He stated that the first paro- 
chial school in Cleveland was established in a barn on Bond street, in 185 1, 
with Mr. Wakefield as the first teacher. In 1896 there were 33 parochial 
schools in the city, five academies for young ladies, and one high school or 
college conducted by the Jesuit fathers for boys. In the United States 
there were 661 high schools or academies for young women, 187 for boys, 
nine colleges and one university at Washington, D. C. There were in the 
country 3,661 parochial schools, with an attendance of 797,648 pupils, 
according to the last year's church and school directory. Mgr. Thorpe 
complimented Superintendent Jones of the public schools on his address 
of Monday, and said he heartily agreed with many of the superintend- 
ent's views as to primary education. He said the parochial schools had 
no sinister purpose, nor were they menacing good government when they 
joined religion with education in the training of the pupils. 

An eloquent impromptu address was delivered by Rev. Dr. Levi 
Gilbert, of the First Methodist Episcopal Church, who dwelt upon the ne- 
cessity of high moral character in the direction of education of the young. 
He commented 0:1 the fact that out of 600 questions asked at a recent 
school examination, only two of them had to do with morals. He advo- 
cated a clean press and school boards devoid of political influence. 

FOURTH SESSION. 

In the afternoon, President Thwing delivered the principal address, 
his subject being, "The Development of the Higher Education." 

The speaker gave a condensed history of college development in 
the past 250 years, with graphic character delineations of the great col- 
lege presidents of the country. He said the American college had its 
greatest influence on the ministry. Fully one-half of the clergymen had 
been college graduates. Sixty-eight per cent, of Presbyterian and 70 
per cent, of Congregational ministers were college bred. He also said 
that the one-fifth of the American lawyers who were college graduates 
had a larger influence in the country than the four-fifths who were not. 
He stated that every member of the Supreme Court, except Judge Mar- 
shall, who left William and Mary's College to fight in the war of the Revo- 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 193 

lution, was college bred. Fifteen of the twenty-four presidents of the 
United States were college graduates. Two-thirds of the senators and 
fully one-half of the representatives were college men. The five 
greatest American historians and four of the greatest poets were also in 
the list. Dr. Thwing closed with a splendid argument in behalf of the 
support and further endowment of American colleges. 

FIFTH SESSION. 

A select audience attended the evening session. The feature of the 
programme was an address by Professor Jeremiah Smith, LL. D., of the 
Harvard University Law School. The speaker early explained that his 
object was not to unfold the path that led to extraordinary careers, 
but plainly to outline the requisites of success for the great army of the 
common class. 

k ' The special reqtiisites for the legal profession," said the speaker, 
" are to start with good, substantial preliminary education. While not 
absolutely necessary, a college education is desirable. Natural ability 
with education produces better results than does either in itself. An 
overwhelming majority of our judges are college graduates. I would 
also insist upon the prospective law student acquiring his degree of 
bachelor of arts,, as is done in Europe. ' ' 

The importance of office study was emphasized. Professor Smith 
believed this a good way to spend the long vacation season. Three 
months of practical work he deemed quite as beneficial as three years of 
theoretical study, but they should not be combined at the same time. 
The ordeal of regular examinations and review of decisions were highly 
commended. Comments were then made on the three periods of develop- 
ment in the profession in this country, the revolutionary period, the 
period from 1820 to 1870, and from 1870 to the present time. Better 
methods were being adopted and the requirements made more rigid, 
the speaker said. 

SIXTH SESSION. 

The Section of Religion began its work on Wednesday morning, 
when historical sketches of the various denominations in Cleveland were 
presented in Association Hall. The first paper was treated of " The 
Baptist Church." Owing to the absence of the author, Rev. Dr. H. C. 
Applegarth, of the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church, who was in Europe, 
the sketch was read by another member of the denomination. It was as 
follows : 

The denomination of Christians known as Baptists began their work in Cleveland 
ir. t8oo, when the Rev. Joseph Badger preached the first sermon ever delivered on the 
soil. He was the earliest missionary to the Western Reserve, was born in Wilbraham, 
Massachusetts, in 1757, and graduated at Yale College in 1786. He was a man of learn- 
ing and ability. He served in the war of the Revolution, and was ordained to the 
work of the ministry in the year 1787. Prior to the year 1800, the Western Reserve 
was a land where might gave right, and where every man was a law unto himself. 
The tone of public sentiment and morals was very low. Even in 18 16, when the 
population was about 150, there were only two professing Christians in the place. 
namely, Judge Daniel Kelly and Mrs. Noble H. Merwm. And Moses White, who 
afterward became a useful citizen, and who died in Cleveland at an advanced age, 



194 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

in September, 1881, long hesitated about settling here because the place was ^o god- 
less. The religious destitution was so great that he called it a "heathen land." 

But Judge Kelly prevailed upon him to bring his Christian wife and strive with 
them, by prayerful and godly living, to secure the town from the ascendency of sin. 
With the growth of the town, the influence of Christianity was more and more felt, 
and gradually church organizations were formed. The first was Trinity Episcopal, in 
1816; the First Presbyterian, in 1824; the First Methodist, in 1827, and the First Bap- 
tist, in 1833. At this latter date the population was about 1,300, but there were only 
six or seven Baptists among them, and not many of any other name. Deplorable 
darkness pervaded the settlement. In all the place there was but one meeting house, 
and that an inferior wooden structure. They were few in number and financially poor. 
But they were loyal to their distinctive beliefs, and they sought to practice them. And 
while it might seem to a superficial observer that, in the circumstances, the number 
of Christians of all names being so few, and all of them being poor in material sub- 
stance, all so-called minor differences in belief should be obliterated for the sake of 
union, these Baptists would have accommodated themselves essentially and absolutely 
dishonest before God had they failed to keep intact the faith once delivered to the 
Saints as they understood it. Like their brethren in all times and climes, they claimed 
for themselves a separate denominational existence, and they justified their claim by 
avowing beliefs which distinguished them from all other peoples. 

As the population of the village increased, a new Baptist family would now and 
then be found, and, of course, warmly welcomed. Finally, in the month of Novem- 
ber, 1832, a Baptist minister, named Richard Taggart, a lineal descendant of Rev. 
John Clark, D. D., who, with Roger Williams,, founded the State of Rhode Island, 
stopped at Cleveland on a journey from Lock port, N. Y., to what was then the "West." 
He was an entire stranger to every one in the village. But, making himself known 
to the Baptists as a minister in good standing, he was invited to hold a preaching ser- 
vice on the following Sunday, and an upper room in the Cleveland Academy was se- 
cured for the purpose. On the 19th day of the same month (November, 1832). a meet- 
ing of all Baptists was called for the purpose of forming a society, to be known as the 
First Baptist Society, of Cleveland. The organization was formed, and on the 4th day 
of December following they elected officers, and made a lease of the Cleveland Acad- 
emy for one vear, at a rental of $60, the building to be used twice on Sundays, and two 
evenings during the week. An invitation was given to Mr. Taggart, and accepted by 
him, to conduct these services, and from that day the present Baptists have been un- 
interruptedly working for the moral and religious upbuilding of the community. The 
divine approval rested upon the work from the beginning. Soon four persons, namely, 
Thomas Goodman, Caleb Wroton, Mrs. Eliza Taylor and Mrs. S. M. Cutler, all of 
whom afterwards became prominent in the community, and desiring to make public 
confession of their faith in the act of baptism, were baptized on Sunday, January 13th, 
1833. It was a memorable day. The ancient records preserve the following account 
of it: "The large room, in which we are accustomed to hold our services, was crowded 
to overflowing; and at the close of the service in the afternoon the congregation and 
many others from the village repaired to the bank of the lake, just where the old 
frame building stood in later years, known as the Pittsburgh and Wellsville depot. 
The old pier was adjacent on the left. An opening was cut in the ice. After singing 
an appropriate hymn, and a prayer by Elder Taggart, the candidates went down into 
the water and we're baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus." One week later, on Sun- 
day evening, January 20, 1833, preliminary steps toward the formation of a Baptist 
church were taken. A committee was appointed to draft a summary of scripture doc- 
trine to be adopted as a test of faith, and in the unity of which the new fellowship 
should consist. Their report was accepted on the 23d of the same month, and on the 
third Saturday in February, 1S33, an ecclesiastical council convened and reorganized 
the little body as the First Baptist Church, of Cleveland, < )hio. Eighteen persons signed 
the articles of Faith, namely, Moses White, Benjamin Rouse, Thomas Whelpley, 
Jeduthan Adams, John Seaman, Horatio Ranney, Leonard Stockwell, Thomas Good- 
man, John Malvin, Mrs. Rebecca E. Rouse, Mary Belden, Harriet P. Hickox, Letha 
Griffith, Sophia Stockwell, Harriet Malvin, Elizabeth Taylor, S. M. Cutler. 

At the same time a Sunday-school was organized, with Thomas Whelpley, 
a lawyer, as superintendent. The attendance at the first session was twenty-eight. 
The next April it had increased to forty; and the influence of the school must have 
been considerable, for soon after Mr. Benjamin Rouse writes: " We have now seven 
schools in and about the village, four connected with our churches and three mission 
schools. Our infidel friends are much alarmed, and are exerting themselves to bring 
our schools into disrepute. They are publishing tracts and giving the free distfibu- 




2. Darwin E. Wright, 

Director of Public Works. 
5. Geo. L. Hechler, 

Director of Fire. 



BOARD OF CONTROL IN 1896 . 

1. Miner G. Norton, Dir. of Law. 

4. Robert E. McKisson. Mayor. 

7. George r. warden, 

Dir. of Charities and Correction. 



3. E. A. Abbott, 

Dir. of Police. 
6. Horace L. Rossiter, 

Dir. ok Accounts, 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 



195 



tion in the village, but they cannot prevail. The truth of the matter is this: A spirit 
of religious inquiry has gotten hold on the hearts of the people, and infidelity majy 
well tremble." 

In April, 1834, the church felt the necessity of a meeting house adapted to their 
needs, and to the growing demands of the community. The population of the town 
had now increased to about 5,000. Congregations were crowding the audience room of 
the Court House, then on the Public Square, about opposite to the present Forest City 
House. The membership, financially poor, were consecrated and courageous. They 
prepared a subscription paper and set about soliciting pledges for a building. The 
people gave liberally and cheerfully. Many made great sacrifices in order to be able 
to help. Deacon Pelton, then living at Euclid, mortgaged his farm for $2,000 that he 
might contribute that amount to the project. His neighbors thought him to be de- 
mented, so completely astounded were they at his action. But in the end the Lord 
blessed him and restored the money many fold. Nor was he alone in his devotion to 
the work of the Lord. It was said of John Seaman that he gave more thought to the 
finances of the church than to his own business. One morning, coming into his store, 
he said to his partner, Mr. William T. Smith: "Smith, you go to the meeting to-night 
and put me down for a thousand, and you put down a thousand, and go to Sylvester 
Ranney and tell him to put down a thousand. " The thousands were put down and 
paid. Soon a suitable location was found, on the corner of Seneca and Champlain 
streets, and there, finally, was finished the meeting house of the First Baptist Church. 

The structure was 55 x So feet. It was built of brick, with spire and bell and town 
clock, and cost about $14,000. It was a remarkably fine building for the time, and 
was called by the people of the church and community " the splendid brick church." 
The old place of meeting was left after a series of meetings for humiliation and prayer. 
The spirit of the Lord was mightily manifest among them, the church was revived, 
and shortly after the occupancy of the new building nearly two hundred persons united 
with the church, amongst whom were some of the most prominent men of the place, 
and of noble women not a few. 

Then the beginning prosperity attended the work of the Baptists. The handful 
of 1833 have become 6,000 in 1896. In 1833 the total value of their church property 
was $14,000; in 1896 it is about $750,000. The one Sunday-school of 28 scholars in 
1 S33 has become 27 schools in 1896, with 5,700 scholars; and the number of churches 
has grown from one to 19, besides eight flourishing missions, and their contribution 
in 1895 for all purposes, so far as reported, was $118,000. 

The following is a list of Baptist churches, within the limits of Cleveland, giving 
the date of organization and present membership: 

Name. Dale. Membership. 

First 1833 554 

Euclid Ave 1S51 756 

Third 1S53 239 

Superior St., 1870 * . . 240 

Willson Ave. , 1S6S 302 

Shiloh (Colored) .... 1S02 2S0 

First German, 1866 230 

Welsh 1S6S 59 

Trinity, 1S73 423 

East End, 167 

Cedar Ave., 160 

Erin Ave., German, 117 

First, Swedish, 150 

Olivet 340 

Second, German, 154 

Antioch, Colored 1893 154 

West Cleveland, .... 1S94 40 

Calvary 1896 49 

Immanuel 1S96 49 

These churches form the constituency of a denominational City Mission Society, 
which was organized 28 years ago, and of which many of the younger churches are 
children. The object of the society is similar to that of all city mission societies, 
namely, to have the Gospel preached in destitute localities, and to help needy congre- 
gations in their endeavors to erect houses of worship. The society is well organized and 
is doing efficient work at an annual average cost of, say, $10,000, which is contributed 



Jo6 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

by the churches in proportion to their ability. In nothing pertaining to the well-being 
of the city have Baptists failed to be interested. Their time, talents and treasure have 
helped to make possible every public philanthropy. Distant places in our own land, 
and in other lands, have been blessed by the large benefactions of some of its mem- 
bers. Pronouncedly a missionary people, every separate church has its auxiliary socie- 
ties through which it holds affiliation with the denomination at large in prosecuting 
missions at home and abroad. 

The denomination in the city has given to the world many noble men and godly 
women. To record even their names would take more space than the limits of this 
sketch prescribe. Let it suffice to mention only a few: Alexander Sked, the good man; 
Benjamin Rouse, who organized 200 Sunday-schools in this vicinity before the Lord 
took him home; Stillman Witt, the humanitarian; J. M. Hoyt, the publicist; Henry 
Chisholm, the beloved industrial king; John Seaman, the cheerful giver; Sylvester 
Ranney, the exemplary Christian ; and John D. Rockefeller, the philanthropist. 

Rev. Chancellor George F. Houck gave an extended history of the 
•Catholic Church, which was printed in full in the Plain Dealer on the 
following Tuesday (September 13th). The main features of the sketch 
were as follows: 

Full thirty years elapsed after Moses Cleaveland landed on the bank of the Cuya- 
hoga before any Catholics set foot on the territory now covered by Ohio's metropolis. 
Their advent dates back to 1826, when many Catholic Irish were induced to come 
hither to work on the construction of the Ohio canal, ground for which had been 
broken amid much enthusiasm, on July 4, 1825, in Cleveland, then numbering a popu- 
lation of about 500. The influx "of Catholic laborers almost doubled this number 
within a year. 

The Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick, Bishop of Cincinnati, was informed that many of 
his flock were located at Cleveland and along the canal as far as Akron, and that they 
were without the 'ministrations of a priest. Accordingly he directed the Dominican 
Fathers, stationed in Perry County, O., to send a priest to Cleveland, whose duty it 
should be to visit them at stated times and attend to their spiritual wants. The Rev. 
Thomas Martin, a member of the Dominican order, was sent in compliance with the 
bishop's direction, his first visit being made during the autumn of 1826. Later on he 
was succeeded by the Very Rev. Stephen T. Badin (the first priest ordained in the 
United States), who came at irregular intervals. There is no record of any other 
priests having come to Cleveland until the advent of the Rev. John Dillon, who was 
sent here by Bishop Pureed in the early part of 1835, as the first resident pastor. He, 
as his predecessors, said mass in private houses, as there was no other place to be had 
then. However, shortly after his arrival, he succeeded in securing a large room, 30 x 
40 feet, known as Shakespeare Hall. It was in the upper story of the Merwin Build- 
ing, located at the foot of Superior street, near the present Atwater block. This hall 
he fitted up as a temporary place of worship, as best he could with the limited means 
at his disposal, and in it said mass for a short time. 

The next place in which Father Dillon held public service in Cleveland was in a 
one-story frame cottage, on the west side of Erie street, near Prospect. The building 
is still standing on the old site. In it there were several rooms, the largest serving as 
a "church," the others as the pastoral residence. A few months later Father Dillon 
secured Farmer's Hall in Mechanics' Block, at the corner of Prospect and Ontario 
streets, and transformed it into a temporary church. He continued, however, to 
reside in the house above mentioned till his death. September, 1837. 

The Rev. Patrick O'Dwyer, a recent arrival from Quebec, was sent as Father 
Dillon's successor. His pastoral residence was a small frame cottage, located at the 
■corner of Superior and Muirson streets. During his pastorate he said mass in the 
third storv of Farmer's Block, already mentioned. 

On October 24. 1S37, Messrs. fames S. Clark, Richard Hillard and Edmund 
Clarke conveyed by land contract to the Rt. Rev. John B. Pureed, Bishop of Cincin- 
nati, "in trust for the Roman Catholic Society of Our Lady of the Lake, of said Cleve- 
land, the following piece or parcel of land to wit: Lots numbered 218 and 219 (corner 
•Columbus and Girard streets), in the plat of Cleveland center." 

The church was dedicated to " < >ur Lady of the Lake." but by popular usage the 
name was soon changed to St. Mary's on 'the " flats," that part of the city being so 
called. The church served as a house of God for all the Catholics of Cleveland till 
1S52, and as the first cathedral of Bishop Rap'p from October, 1S47, till November, 
j 352, when the present cathedral on Erie street was opened for divine service. 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 197 

The second church (St. Procop's) for the Catholic Bohemians was built in 1875, 
on Burton street. Another English speaking parish was organized in 1880 in the ex- 
treme west end of the city. Its church, known as St. Colman's, is located on Gordon 
avenue. During the same year the Catholic Germans east of Willson avenue built a 
church for themselves under the title of Holy Trinity. In 1SS3 the Catholic Bohe- 
mians established two parishes — St. Adelbert's, on Lincoln avenue, and Our Lady of 
Lourdes, on Randolph street. The latter parish built its second, present and much 
larger church in 1S92. During the same year St. Michael's congregation was organ- 
ized, although attended as a "mission" since 1881. Their first church was a small 
wooden structure. They grew so rapidly in numbers that they were obliged to build 
a second and much larger edifice. It was finished in 1891, and is admitted by all who 
have seen it to be the finest church in Ohio, if not in the United States. 

In 1887 the old Turner Hall on Central avenue was bought by Bishop Gilmour 
and fitted up as a church for the Italians of the city, and still serves them as such. 
During the same year a new parish of Germans was established in the East End. 
Their church is dedicated to St. Francis, and is located at the corner of Superior street 
and Becker avenue. 

In 1888 the Catholic Slovaks of Cleveland were organized into a congregation and 
built a frame church on lots purchased on Corwin avenue, placing it under the pa- 
tronage of St. Ladislas. Two years later the Catholic Poles organized a second parish 
in Newburg, and built a frame church, dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The 
building is located on Marceline street. Their countrymen living in the northeastern 
part of the city built a brick church in 1S91, and had it dedicated to St. Casimir in the 
following year. 

The Germans living west of the river were formed in November, 1854, as a con- 
gregation under the title of St. Mary's of the Assumption, and were given the use of 
the church on the flats till the dedication of their present church, corner of Carroll and 
Jersey streets, in 1865. The Rev. Messrs. J. J. Kramer, F. X. Obermueller and J. 
Haraene had successively charge of St. Mary's congregation till last mentioned year. 
From 1865 to 1879. old St. Mary's was the cradle of the following congregations: St. 
Malachy's, 1865; St. Wenceslas' (Bohemian), 1867; Annunciation (French), 1870. 
The Catholic Poles of Cleveland were the last to occupy the venerable pruto-church of 
•Cleveland, viz., from 1872 to 1879, when they organized as St. Stanislas' congregation. 
In 1879 the old church was practically abandoned, as the Catholics residing in its 
neighborhood were not sufficient in number to warrant the organization or mainte- 
nance of a congregation. 

At present there are thirty-three Catholic parishes in this city, classified by lan- 
guages as follows: English, 10; German, 7; Bohemian, 4; Polish, 3; Slovaks, 2 ;" Ital- 
ian. 2; Lithuanian, 1; Krainer, 1; Greek, 1; French, 1; Hungarian, 1. 

According to the last diocesan census, taken at the end of the year 1895, there 
are nearly 100,000 Catholics in Cleveland. Of these, the vast majority belong to the 
laboring class, who cheerfully and generously support the cause of religion, as the 
many large, fine and even splendid church edifices attest. At least eight of the 
churches rank in size and beauty with the best in the country — in large measure the 
result of the laborer's pittance and the widow's mite. Catholic charity has not been 
idle in Cleveland. Under its auspices there are now three hospitals, with accommo- 
dations for about 200 patients; two orphan asylums with over 400 orphans; one found- 
ling asylum, one maternity home, one home for fallen women, one home for the 
aged poor, with nearly 200 inmates, and a home for young women. 

With the exception of a home for wayward boys, which'will also be established as 
soon as the means can be secured, Cleveland's Catholics have provided for every form 
of human misery. 

The audience was next entertained with a selection by the Arion 
Quartette, after which Rev. J. G. Fraser gave the history of the Congre- 
gational Church. His paper was also an extended one, the principal 
points being as follows : 

The early occasional missionaries who visited Cleveland from 1801 to 1810 were of 
that band of devoted pioneers in the wilderness whom the Connecticut Missionary 
Society sent out, beginning in 1S00, to carry the Gospel to the sons and daughters of 
Connecticut in New Connecticut, and most if not all of these men were Congregation- 
alists. The earlier Presbyterian churches of Cleveland were founded by these Con- 
gregational missionaries of a Congregational society, and the Connecticut Missionary 



190 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Society before 1825, and the American Home Missionary Society after that year aided 
in their support. 

Joseph Badger, born in Wilbraham, Mass., February 28, 1757; soldier of the Revo- 
lutionary Army, 1775-1778; graduate of Yale, 1785; pastor of Blandford, Mass., 1787 
to 1S00, was the first missionary of the Connecticut Missionary Society to the Western 
Reserve, making his horseback journey from New England in winter, and preaching 
his first sermon on the Reserve at Youngstown, December 26, 1S00. In the course of 
his missionary journeys he several times visited Cleveland. In July, 1S01, he writes 
(Badger's "Memoir," p. 27): "On Monday I returned to Aurora, from which I took 
the only road from the south to the lake. Got very wet in a thunder shower. Ar- 
rived at Newburgh before dark. In this place were five families. Preached here on 
the Sabbath; on Monday visited Cleveland, in which were only two families. There 
I fell in company with Judge Kirtland. We rode from here to Painesville ; found on 
the way in Euclid one family, and in Chagrin one; in Mentor, four, and in Painesville 
two families. Next day rode to Burton, preached on the Sabbath and visited the 
families in this place. From this I found my way to Austinburg. In this place are 
ten families, and about the same number in Harpersfield. Yisited all the families in 
these settlements and preached to them three Sabbaths. Thus were visited and the 
Gospel preached to all the families on the Reserve." 

. Just at the end of this first period of slow and toilsome seed-sowing in the forest 
comes the organization of what is now oldest of our sisterhood of churches, though it 
was not within the boundaries of the city until 1894. I reproduce the " quaint precis- 
ion" of the first entry in its little yellow record book. 

FORMATION OF THE CHURCH. 

Brooklyn, July 23, 1819. 

Agreeably to previous appointment, the Rev. Messrs. Thomas Barr and William 
Hanford met a number of persons at the meeting house to consider the propriety of 
organizing a church in this place. A sermon was delivered by Mr. Barr, after which 
the following persons presented letters testifying to their good standing in the churches 
to which they belonged and recommending them to sister churches, and expressed 
their desire to be formed into a church, viz., Amos Brainard, Isaac Hinckley and. Sally, 
his wife; James Smith and Elizabeth, his wife, and Rebecca Brainard. The Confes- 
sion of Faith and Covenant prepared by the President of Portage for churches under 
their care were read, of which all expressed their approbation. After some conversa- 
tion, the meeting was adjourned until to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock, and closed with 
prayer. Saturday morning, July 24th, the above-named individuals assembled. 

After prayer they were examined as to their religious sentiments and evidences of 
piety, and approved as persons suitable to be formed into a church. It was concluded 
by the ministers present to organize the church to-morrow morning and to adminis- 
ter the Lord's Supper. Suitable remarks were made and the exercises closed with 
prayer. 

Sabbath morning, July 25th, a sermon was preached, the church was organized, 
charged to walk worthy of their high vocation and recommended to God in prayer. 
The members with some brethren from sister churches took their seats at the table 
of the Lord. Thomas Barr, } Missionaries 

William Hanford, \ Ml ^ionanes. 

The church was organized as a Presbyterian church. Thomas Barr was pastor of 
the Presbyterian Church at Euclid (now East Cleveland) from 18,10 to 1820. William 
Hanford, a missionary of the Connecticut Missionary Society, was pastor at Hudson 
from 1815 to 1831. This church seems to have been the first of any denomination on 
what is now the territory included within the city of Cleveland, except Trinity Epis- 
copal, which was organized November 9, 1S16, and possibly a Methodist Church at 
Newburgh, in 1S1S. The Old Stone — First Presbyterian — Church followed, July iS, 
1S20, a year later than Brooklyn, and on this occasion also Mr. Hanford was present. 

At the end of our first quarter century, July, 1821, the half dozen members of 
Brooklyn have increased to fifteen. By the change of the church to the Congrega- 
tional fellowship, forty-five years later, and by the annexation of Brooklyn to the city, 
seventy-three years later, they come to represent all that appears of Congregationalism 
at the end of the first quarter of the century history. 

Second on our present list in Cleveland is the First Church, organized 1834. Until 
this date the people on the West Side had worshipped with the First Presbyterian 
Church in this city, of which at this time Rev. John Keep was stated supply (1S33- 
1835). Of the preliminary plans for the West Side organization no record remains. 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 199 

Third on our list to-day is the Euclid Avenue Church, at its organization outside 
the city on the east, as Brooklyn was on the south, and the First Church on the west ; 
and like them in its beginnings, Presbyterian. It is only the opening of its great his- 
tory which falls within the limits of this second quarter-century. 

This church is the outgrowth of a Sunday-school started in 1S41, in an old stone 
school house on Euclid road, between what are now Doan and Republic streets. 
Horace Ford, who was one of the organizers of that school, has been connected with 
it to this day. On November 30, 1843, a Presbyterian church of nineteen members 
was formed, eighteen of whom were Congregationalists by birth and training. 

Fourth on our present roll of churches is Plymouth. Like its predecessors all, it 
was born Presbyterian, but, as Dr. Haydn says of one of its predecessors, "it did not 
stick." 

Plymouth Church originated in the Old Stone (First Presbyterian) Church, March 
25. 1S50. At that time Rev. Edwin H. Nevin was conducting revival meetings in the 
Old Stone Church. He was a reformer and a pronounced Abolitionist. Certain of his 
converts enlisted members of the church of like convictions on the subject of slavery 
to go out and found a new church, with Mr. Nevin as pastor. The church was called 
the Free Presbyterian Church, and later, the Third Presbyterian Church. As a Pres- 
byterian church it was independent, with principles and a statement of faith of its 
own drafting. 

Fift/i of our churches is Irving Street, originally of the Bible Christian denomina- 
tion, and affiliated with a conference in Canada. The denomination, which is English, 
while substantially Methodist in doctrine, is distinctively liberal in policy, and grants 
equal rights to the laity. The "Orange Street Society" — later " Ebenezer Bible Chris- 
tian Church" — was organized in October, 1852, with ten members, and occupied first a 
frame structure and then the present brick, at the corner of Orange and Irving 
streets. 

Sixth, we name the Jones Avenue Church, often spoken of as the Welsh Church 
of Newburgh, but naming itself from the year of erection of its present house of wor- 
ship, Centennial Congregational Church. As before noted, this is the first of our list 
of churches now within the city of Cleveland which was organized as a Congrega- 
tional church. 

Welsh people began coming to Newburgh early in the fifties, and two of the num- 
ber started what has now become the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. As more 
came, a Sunday-school was started, cottage prayer-meetings were held, and at length, 
in the fall of 1S58, a church was organized with fifteen members. A house was built 
and occupied in June, 1S60; this was enlarged in 1S66, and in 1876 the new and larger 
house of worship was erected. The church is the leading religious and social force 
among the Welsh people, not only of Newburgh, but of the city. The Welsh are 
religious, passionately devoted to their mother tongue, and loyal to the church. 

Seventh, comes what is now Pilgrim Church, known at first as University Heights, 
and later as Jennings Avenue. Like many another, this church began in a Sunday- 
school, out of which, in quiet and ideal development grew the church. About the 
year 1S54, in the old University Building, on what was then known as University 
Heights a Sunday-school was started as a mission school to the little brick school 
house on the site of the present Tremont School, and in 1856 it became independent as 
the "University Heights Union Sabbath School." 

Eighth is Mount Zion Church. It is, as already stated, the first of our churches 
organized as a Congregational church, which at its organization was within the limits 
of the city. Christy's " Cleveland Congregationalists " says, " Five Christian friends 
met at a private house, June S, 1864, to take into consideration the organization of a 
new church. Having previously studied and given the subject prayerful thought, they 
decided that Congregationalism would best meet their wants and necessities. From 
this time a regular weekly prayer-meeting was held, and as often as possible preach- 
in- on the Sabbath. On September 11, 1864, the Mount Zion Congregational Church 
was formally organized in Plymouth Church, then on Prospect street, between Sheriff 
and Erie, when nineteen Christian men and women took upon themselves the solemn 
covenant of the church. 

The Ninth name on the Cleveland list, as it stands in the Year Book, is the West 
Side Welsh Church. This church was organized October 9, 1870, with thirty-two mem- 
bers, and had at its beginning the aid of the Home Missionary Society. For a number 
of years it worshipped in halls in the central part of the city, having never had a 
house of its own. Its membership during the twenty-five years of its life has fluctu- 
ated from forty to eighty, and is now fifteen. 
, Tenth in order is the Madison Avenue Church, organized July 3, 1875, and reach- 



200 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

ing with the city's one hundredth, its twenty-first birthday. This is the worthy first- 
born of the healthy and vigorous family of the Euclid Avenue Church. It began in a 
prayer-meeting on Lincoln avenue, became a little later amission, opened a chapel 
and' began a Sunday-school January 2, 1875, and six months later was organized as a 
church with twenty-two members and Rev. Oren D. Fisher as pastor. Under Rev, 
Herbert M. Tenney, in 1SS9, the house was rebuilt. Rev. William L. Tenney and 
Rev. William A. Knight followed. The present pastor, Rev. D. Theodore Thomas, 
began in November, 1892, and has seen steady growth in membership, which now 
reaches nearly four hundred. 

Eleventh, Franklin Avenue. As already indicated, this is a child of the First 
Church. Yet its roots ran back to a Union Sunday-school organized in 1S57, but 
which in 1S66 became the charge of the First Church. A building was erected on De- 
troit street opposite St. Paul street. The school, in 1876, bought the present site,. 
Franklin avenue, corner of Waverly street, and moved its building. Rev. Samuel B. 
Shipman, called by the First Church to take charge of its two missions, brought about 
organization November 22, 1876, with thirty members, and became the first pastor. 
' ' From the day of its organization, this church has been characterized by a marked 
unity of spirit and an untiring zeal in the Master's work." Under Dr. Shipman, in 
1S89, began the erection of their new house. July 19th of that year this beloved and 
consecrated pastor died almost without warning. October 1, 1889, Rev. Herbert O. 
Allen became pastor, and carried forward the work of the church with distinguished 
success until his resignation, in 1S96. 

After five years without new organizations, our Twelfth, Grace Church, was 
added to the list, December 7, 1881, with nineteen members, though this has a life 
dating a dozen years farther back in a Sunday-school. 

The Thirteenth church of Cleveland bears the significant name of Union, and 
came after another five years, October 13, 1886. It is on Union street, close by Wood- 
land Hills avenue. Beginning as an undenominational neighborhood church, it found 
need of fellowship, and so organized as above. 

Number Fourteen is Bethlehem, and its name suggests the story of the Bethle- 
hem Mission Board of Cleveland, which logically and chronologically precedes and 
leads up to the history of the church. 

In 1884 a lot was bought on Broadway, and Bethlehem Church was built, at a cost 
of $8,000, and dedicated January 1, 1895. The work done at Bethlehem from the first 
has been largely what is now called institutional; Sunday-school, Boys' Band, Girls' 
Club, Sewing School, Saturday Morning School, with all the usual services and appli- 
ances of a Christian church. After five and a half years' of work, Bethlehem Church 
was organized March 8, 1888, with seventy-three members. Dr. Schauffler has been 
its pastor and Sunday-school superintendent from the first, with generally an English 
and a Bohemian assistant pastor. 

We have already spoken of two Welsh churches, a church composed of colored 
people, one made entirely of men and women of English birth or direct descent, and a 
Bohemian church with annexes Polish and German; now the Fifteenth on the list is 
the Swedish Church. This began in Olivet Chapel, in 1S89, under the care of Rev. 
August W. Franklin, with nine members, and was recognized by a council held in 
Plymouth Church, September 25, 1890. After worshipping for some time in a hall on 
Case avenue, near Payne, a lot was secured on Lexington avenue, near Willson, and a 
very neat and attractive house erected, the entire property being worth $7,000. 

Sixteenth on the lengthening roll is Park Church, second of the daughters of 
Euclid Avenue. A union Sunday-school at the corner of Doan street and Crawford 
road, organized July 4, 1886, led to a Union Chapel the same summer, the only chnrch 
in two square miles. A transfer of the work and property was made in iS'SS to the 
Euclid Avenue Church, of which it became the "North Branch." After some months 
of service from lay preachers of the home church, Rev. Irving W. Metcalf took charge 
of this work with that at Hough Avenue, July 1, 1889. In March, 1890, Rev. Martin 
L. Berger, D.D., became pastor, and on October 2, 1890, the church was formally or- 
ganized as Park Congregational Church, later changing its location to the corner of 
Crawford road and Cullison street. 

Number Seventeen is also of the same good stock. The Hough Avenue Church, 
though formally organized as an independent church March 18, 1891, began in a Sun- 
day-school gathered October 28, 1S88, in the Republican Wigwam, through a house to 
house canvass made by Secretary W. F. McMillen, of the Congregational Sunday- 
school and Publishing Society, and Dr. Berger, under the auspices of the Euclid 
Avenue Church, and with James W. Moore of that church as superintendent. 

As Bethlehem suggested the Bohemian Board, so does our Eighteenth name, 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 20! 

Lakewood, suggest the Congregational City Missionary Society of Cleveland. This 
became, November S, 1S93, the Lakewood Congregational Church, with twenty-seven 
members, and Rev. Howard A. N. Richards as pastor. 

With our Nineteenth name, Trinity, a new and stirring religious force comes into 
our denominational and city life. Over one hundred members of the Bolton avenue 
branch of the First Presbyterian Church met in a private house March 21, 1S94, and 
organized as a Congregational Church, the name later chosen by the ladies being 
Trinity. Being disappointed in their arrangements for a place of worship for their 
first Sunday, the erection of a building was commenced Friday noon, and by Saturday 
night it was completed, furnished with gas and steam heat, decorated and ready for 
worship. On this Sabbath, Easter, March 25th, 1894, Rev. Robert A. George, who 
had been called to the pastorate, was present and preached. April 22, the people, 
now increased to one hundred and sixty-three, entered into covenant as charter mem- 
bers, Rev. R. A. George accepting their call ; and on the next day a council recognized 
the church and installed the pastor. This temporary place of worship, corner of East 
Prospect street and Bolton avenue, was used through the summer, and the adjacent 
business block until October 6, 1895, when the congregation worshipped in the Sun- 
day-school room of the new building, Cedar avenue opposite Bertram street. The 
house was dedicated March 8, 1S96, at a cost of $40,000, well equipped for institutional 
work, and a monument to the splendid courage of pastor and people. The church has 
now nearly three hundred and fifty members. 

Olivet is Twentieth on the list. It was organized April 6, 1894. After worship- 
ping in dark, inaccessible and inconvenient quarters for a year and a half, one year of 
which it also had no regular pastor, the church, November 3, 1895, with the pastor, 
Rev. William S. Taylor, who had come to them the previous June, entered their neat 
and attractive house of worship on Wade Park avenue, near Giddings, which lot had 
cost about $3,000. 

Twenty-first and last, to date, is Lake View, youngest child of Euclid Avenue. 
In the summer of 1887 an outdoor Sunday-school, in the general neighborhood of Lake 
View Cemetery, interested the Italian children. Later the enterprise gathered Ger- 
man and English, while the Italians gradually withdrew. From the first it was under 
the care of the Euclid Avenue Church and Dr. Ladd. In January, 1889, the school 
was reorganized, and a move was made for a house. John D. Rockefeller kindly 
gave the lease of the lot on the north side of Euclid avenue, a little east of the ceme- 
tery entrance. Dr. Ladd drew the plans, and on Easter Sunday, 1890, Lake View 
Chapel, bright and commodious, with audience room, two large class rooms and 
library, was opened, at a total cost for the building and furnishings of $2,500. 

Twenty of our twenty-one churches have houses of worship. When we add Cyril 
and Mispah, Missions of the Bohemian Board, and Lorain street, a mission of the City 
Missionary Society, there are twenty-two houses of worship in the city, twenty-four 
places where preaching service is held regularly, and twenty-six Sunday-schools. 
Twenty-eight men and one woman are in service as pastors and assistant pastors. 
The membership July 5th, 1896, was close to six thousand, and the value of church 
property, if that of the City Missionary Society be included, is nearly six hundred 
thousand dollars. 

Rt. Rev. Bishop Leonard, who was to have given the history of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church, was absent. The following account has 
been furnished, however, for this report : 

This Centennial year of the city of Cleveland is certainly a time to revive old mem- 
ories of all those events contributing to its history in the past which have helped, we 
hope, to lay the sure foundations for its continual prosperity in the future. Certain- 
ly first among these memories should be the record of the churches, the houses of God 
in the land. 

Among the very first of these stands the history of old Trinity parish. Organized 
in 1816 by a few churchmen from the East, not satisfied to be deprived of the privi- 
leges by which their hearts had been nurtured in their youth, with its Book of Com- 
mon Prayer and the Word of Cod, the church in Cleveland began its existence in 
1816 on the ninth day of November, its organization being effected at the home of 
Phineas Shepherd, and for eight succeeding years its services were maintained by 
lay -readers. 

At this period the church was almost unknown west of the Allegheny Mountains. 
There was no diocesan organization or even missionary society connected with the 
Episcopal Church within the limits of the State of Ohio. 



202 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

In March, 1817, Rev. Roger Searle, from Connecticut, visited the parish, report- 
ing thirteen families and eleven communicants. The next year he came again, bap- 
tizing and celebrating the Holy Communion. 

September 27, 1S19, the Rt. Rev. Philander Chase made his first official visitation 
to Trinity parish. The Rev Roger Searle came a number of times to the parish, and 
to this pioneer undoubtedly Trinity owes her foundation and subsequent success. 

The Rev. Silas I. Freeman took charge in 1826, and being duly commissioned, set 
forth to secure means towards erecting a church edifice. Prior to this time, services 
had been held in the old log court-house and in the Academy and the Free Mason's Hall. 

Western New York and Boston contributed liberally to the church in Cleveland. 
A lot on the corner of Seneca and St. Clair streets was purchased for $250. Sixty 
years later, says the first dean of the Cathedral, $50,000 for a new site was raised with 
less effort than it cost to raise $250. The church erected on this lot was the first house 
of worship in Cleveland, and was built after a mixture of Tuscan, Doric and Ionic 
styles. On the belfry were four wooden spires, and on each pinnacle a weather-cock 
of sheet iron was placed. Fortunately, the iron birds refused to turn and were subse- 
quently removed. The exterior of the church was painted white, relieved by green 
blinds. This building was consecrated by Bishop Chase on August 12, 1829, the Rev. 
Messrs. Freeman, Wing and Sanford assisting in the services. 

In the year of 1828, February 12, the parish, although canonically organized, was 
legally incorporated by the State under the style of Wardens and Vestrymen of the 
Parish of Trinity Church. In 1829 the Rev. Silas Freeman, who .at that day, by 
slow and laborious transit, was required to travel 228 miles per month to perform his 
missionary duties, resigned and removed to Virginia. The parish was then placed in 
charge of Rev. W. N. Lyster, in deacon's orders. 

In this year (1829) he opened a parish Sunday-school, with thirty scholars. In 
1830, Rev. James McElroy became minister of Trinity, devoting three-fourths of his 
time to the parish, at a salary of $450. During this year, a bell weighing six hundred 
pounds was purchased. It was recorded in a city paper that Mr. Lyster was the first 
minister in the West who wore the surplice, all missionaries preceding him, and even 
the bishop, wearing the Genevan black gown. 

From the earliest days, the music of the church seems to have been considered an 
important factor. One of the offices to be filled at the Easter election was that of 
chorister. 

In 1S32, Rev. Seth Davis, deacon, had charge of the parish. During his ministrv 
the church was enlarged by the singular method of cutting the building in two and 
placing a new piece 16^ feet long in the center. Rev. Mr. Davis was succeeded, in 
1835, by the Rev. Ebenezer Boyden, of Virginia, at a salary of $1,000 for the first year 
and Si, 200 thereafter. In September of this year the Diocesan Convention assembled 
in Trinity Church. During this year, Mr. Boyden reports that a number of the ladies 
of Trinity applied for and obtained from the Legislature an act of incorporation for 
an institution styled the Cleveland Female Orphan Asylum, now a wealthy and flour- 
ishing corporation, though no longer under the control of the church. 

In 1S37, Rev. Lyster for the third time took temporary charge of the parish, and 
remained until April, when the Rev. David Burger was engaged to give temporary 
care, but soon resigned on account of ill health. The Rev. Richard Bury, of Detroit, 
Mich., succeeded to the rectorship, August 15, 1839. When he took charge, the parish 
was deeply in debt, reduced in numbers and otherwise in a declining condition. He 
speedily infused new life, the debt was paid, and the number of members increased 
to such a degree that the establishment of a second parish was warranted. In 1S45, 
Mr. Bury organized Grace Church in the parlor of his rectory. 

Thus Trinity Church established the second church, with a weekly Communion. 
The first church in the United States with the weekly Communion was established in 
Ohio, at Ashtabula. Quarterly celebrations were then the usual custom in the diocese. 
The clergy of Trinity were provided with surplices for celebrating the Eucharist, as 
were the clergy of Grace and St. Peter's at Ashtabula. With this exception, this vest- 
ment was seldom or never seen in Ohio. Grace was the first church to introduce floral 
offerings. Trinity followed next. 

Until the beginning of 1845, the parish was united and prosperous. Then came 
disturbing influences, when Bishop Mcllvaine was the leader of the newly-formed, 
self-styled evangelical party. Rev. R. Bury resigned in 1S46 and was succeeded by 
Rev. Lloyd Windsor, of Lockport, the tenth rector of Trinity. It was before the close 
•of his rectorate that it was determined to dispose of the property of Trinity and erect 
a more spacious edifice farther up town. A profitable sale was effected and the sub- 
scription for the new church started by the gift of $1,000 from "T. A. W. " 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 203 

Prior to the completion of the new building, the Rev. James A. Bolles was called 
to succeed Dr. Windsor, who entered upon his duties in January, 1S54. The old 
church building was soon after destroyed by fire. Dr. Bolles accepted a call from a 
free church in Boston. The vestry of Trinity was unwilling to accede to his proposi- 
tion to make their church a free one, and for that reason he left Trinity. 

In 1859, tne present Bishop of Northern New Jersey, Thomas A. Starky, assumed 
the rectorship of Trinity. Cleveland was then a city of about 45,000 inhabitants. It 
was a fairly strong parish then and had always been used to strong church teaching 
from its rectors. 

Bishop Mcllvaine was the friend always and the guest often of the Rev. T. A. 
Starky. A year or two before the close of this rectorship, the brick chapel was erected 
in the rear of the church by the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel L. Mather. This 
achievement put into the minds of a number of parishioners the idea of the purchase 
or erection of a rectory, and the lot west of the church was bought for $10*000. In 
raising this money, Mr. W. I. Boardman did goad service. 

This pastorate extended over a period of nine years and a half, and it was at Eas- 
ter-tide, 1869, after the war was over, that the farewell was said. The Rev. Charles 
A. Breck took charge of the parish on the first Sunday in October, 1869, and was the 
first incumbent to occupy the new rectory now completed. He remained three years. 
To this rector is due the credit of organizing the first society for parish work. The 
Woman's Auxiliary, then called the Ladies' Guild, owes its origin to the energy and 
executive ability of Dr. Breck. He was succeeded by the present Bishop of Chicago, 
Rt. Rev. W. McLaren, who remained in Trinity until 1875. During his pastorate the 
Children's Home was started, the interior of the church decorated, and a beautiful 
memorial altar of polished marble placed in the sanctuary by Hon. S. O. Griswold. 

The beautiful chapel of the Ascension, on the Detroit road, was built by Dr. Mc- 
Laren, assisted by Rev. Tandy Rucker. 

Rev. John Wesley Brown succeeded the bishop and proved to be a most popular 
man. His genial manners, attractive countenance and magnificent voice made him a 
power in the community. Large congregations were in constant attendance upon his 
eloquent sermons. The loss of this gifted rector was a severe blow to the parish. 

Rev. Y. P. Morgan came to us on Ascension Day, 18S2. During his rectorship, 
the following events occurred: Rev. Dr. Bolles was elected to the office of rector 
emeritus, a site for a new church on Euclid and Perry was bought and paid for. 
Trinity Church Home was removed to more commodious quarters, the vested choir of 
men and boys was introduced, the Brotherhood Chapter of S. Andrew was organized. 
a new building was erected with the assistance of St. Paul's parish for St. Peter's 
Sunday-school, the early celebrations on all Sundays and daily in Holy Week 
were made permanent institutions. Some time after our present diocesan, Bishop 
Leonard, came to us, it was through the influence of Rev. Y. P. Morgan that Trinity 
Church was offered to him as his Cathedral. The rector was instituted as dean and 
Dr. Bolles as senior canon. 

The present dean of the Cathedral, Rev. C. D. Williams, has been with us four 
years. During this time, the new Cathedral House has been built and Sunday-school 
and church services carried on both up-town and down-town. Old Trinity, at pres- 
ent, is carrying a heavy load, but the dear old ark is still seaworthy ; she has weath- 
ered many a gale and stress of weather, and there are still seas and deep water on 
ahead. Her pilot is the Lord of all, and the captain and noble crew, with eyes and 
hands uplifted to Him, are striving to steer past the rocks of difficulty into the chan- 
nel of safe refuge for the future. 

Out from old Trinity, this beloved and benevolent mother, a goodly number of 
children have gone forth into the city of Cleveland. The policy of the bishops is to 
push the church into every new and growing section of our municipality. In this 
space it would be quite impossible to sketch the histories of the parishes of our town; 
but a detailed and careful series of statistics may be found and examined at the Chap- 
ter Room of the Cathedral, and in the diocesan archives. 

St. John's Church, on the West Side, and St. Paul's Church, corner of Case and Eu- 
clid avenues, were among the first departures to independent life. St. Mark's and St. 
Mary's and St. James's followed; and as the years have gone forward the mukiplica- 
tion of churches has kept pace, until now Cleveland may number twenty-four Episco- 
pal parishes and missions within her borders. Their titles are herewith given as a 
Centennial fact: Trinity Cathedral, St. John's, St. Paul's, Grace, St. Mary's, St. 
James's, Emmanuel, St. Andrew's, for colored people; All Saints', St. Mark's, St. 
Luke's, St. Matthew's, Good Shepherd, St. Philip the Apostle, Ascension, Zion, Incar- 
nation, the Holy Spirit, Atonement, the Redeemer, St. Andrew's in the East, St. 



204 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CUV OF CLEVELAND. 

Paul's, Collamer; Grace, Newburgh, and Christ Church, for Germans. Connected 
with the cathedral is the Bishop's Chapel of the Transfiguration, at Little Mountain. 
In this city, on the corner of Prospect and Perry, has been built, attached to the new 
cathedral, the " Church Home." It was founded by a layman named Stubbs, and 
projected into life by Rev. Dr. Jas. A. Bolles. It is fairly endowed, and through the 
liberality of Samuel Mather, has completed a noble and beautiful edifice, at a cost 
(with land) of $50,000. It is in charge of Sister May, of the Order of St. John the Evan- 
gelist, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Here the aged and friendless are cared for, and its support 
comes from the diocese at large but mainly from the cathedral and the city churches. 
It has a Board of Lady Managers, under the presidency of Mrs. W. A. Leonard, and 
a Board of Trustees, under the presidency of the Bishop of Ohio. 

A fund for a cathedral orphanage is in the hands of the trustees of the diocese, 
and soon a building will be constructed. Among the distinguished clergymen who- 
have been identified with the Episcopal Church we already mentioned, were the Rt. 
Rev. Bishop Rulison and Dr. C. S. Bates, of St. Paul's Church; Rev. Dr. Burton, of 
St. John's; Rev. Dr. "Wasburn and Rev. Dr. Hall, of Grace Church; Rev. Henry 
Aves, of St. John's Church, and Rev. Thos. Lyle, of Good Shepherd. Prominent lay- 
men are too numerous to be catalogued, though the mere mention of such names as 
Mather, Devereux, Shelly, Doan, Boardman, Scoville, Roberts, Butts, Ranney, 
Adams, Rhodes, Sanford, Beettles, Palmer, Brooks, Gordon, Townsend and Hines, will 
suffice to indicate the character of the church's loyal sons and helpers. 

Rev. H. J. RVuetenik, President of Calvin College, spoke of the 
record of the German Protestant Church, his paper being as follows: 

In the year 1832, Cleveland had but ten persons of German extraction. Among 
them there were five young men who felt a desire to spend their Sunday mornings in 
a manner similar to the happy Sundays of the Fatherland. They had brought along 
from home their hymn books, and one of them had a book of sermons by Brassberger, 
packed away in his trunk by his pious mother. In what was then' called Ohio City, 
they found an old shoemaker'who could talk on Bible subjects, and so met with him to~ 
sing, to pray, and to hear a sermon. Gradually their number grew, and in 1835 they 
organized themselves into a congregation which they called Schifflein Christi (Christ's 
Little Ship). They made up a subscription roll for a pastor's salary amounting to $74, 
and called a certain Mr. Tanke to take pastoral charge of the flock. But before en- 
tering upon his ministerial duties he made a journey to New York for his bride, and 
another candidate for the ministry, Mr. Buse, acted as his vicar, or supply. And this 
proved the beginning of those distracting dissensions that have made the Schifflein 
Christi a storm-tossed vessel for many generations. 

Mr. Buse was a swindler. He succeeded in stealing the hearts of part of the flock, 
and when Rev. Tanke returned, two distinct congregations were formed. One wor- 
shipped in the Masonic Temple, the other in a vacant store. 

To heal the breach, an influential farmer, by the name of Steinmeyer, possessing 
the confidence of both parties, was called in, and the result of his labors was that both 
rivals resigned and Mr. Steinmeyer was made pastor of the reunited flock. 

In 1843 a church was built on Hamilton and Erie streets, and we find a Rev. Mr. 
Allardt, a regular minister, serving as pastor, who continued such until old age com- 
pelled him to resign. 

The congregation at present worships in a large and costly building on Superior 
and Dodge streets. It is a so-called Union Evangelical Church, in doctrine and worship 
like the established state-church of Germany. At the present date we have twelve 
churches of this character in Cleveland, with an aggregate communicant membership 
of 7,680 persons. Four of them are independent, and served by independent pastors; 
four are independent, but served by pastors of the Evangelical Synod; four belong to 
the synod named. 

Formerly, all of them had parochial schools, but since the introduction of German 
instructors in the city schools they have gradually abandoned them, and now one only, 
the one on Jennings avenue, has such. 

They receive members by confirmation after a course of catechetical instruction. 
They generally hold no regular Sunday evening services, nor have they any week 
prayer meetings. It is only during the season of Lent and the week of Passion that 
special evening meetings are held. All of them have Sunday-schools ; one has a flour- 
ishing C. E. Society, the others have young people's societies of a mixed character. All 
maintain mutual aid societies, which pay $5 a week in cases of sickness ; in cases of death, 
each member pays a little over one dollar, to which sum the society adds about $100. 




THE CITY COUNCIL (in 1896). 

1. William Prescott. 2. D. H. [Lucas. 3. M orris Black. 4. C. W. Toland. 

5. C. E. Benham. 6. C. I. Dailey. 7. Walter I. Thompson. 

8. H. M. Case. 9. Michael Riley. 

10. Frank Billman. ii. F.A.Emerson. 12. P. J. McKenney. 

13. W. H. Stinchcomb. 14. M. F. Barrett. 

15. J. T. Drewett. 16. C. A. Witzel. 17. Dan. F. Reynolds. Jr. 

iS. C. Frksk. 19. George H. Billman. 20. Chas. P. Dryden. 21. Dr. D. B. Steuer. 22. J. F. Palmer. 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 20y 

Omitting special dates of single congregations, collected in another paper, we pass 
on to the Evangelical Association, a German body of Methodist polity and practice, 
founded in the beginning of our century by Albright, a Pennsylvania Lutheran, who- 
was converted in a Methodist church. After his conversion he felt called to the minis- 
try, but his conference refused to license him, because at that time preaching in Ger- 
man was not deemed advisable, and he could not officiate in English. 

In 1S40, this body commenced work in Cleveland. They now report eight Ger- 
man churches, but their membership is comparatively small, no more than about 
1,000 in all. 

Their main strength here is found in a publishing house, on Woodland avenue, 
moved there in 1S54 from its former site in Berlin, Pa. This establishment now re- 
ports assets amounting to $600,000, with no liabilities to speak of. Besides numerous 
books, they publish seven German periodicals, with a circulation of 150,000 copies. 
Their weekly has a subscription list of 20,000. 

Three years later, in 1S43, the first Lutheran congregation, Zion's, now worship- 
ping on Erie street, was organized. At present the city contains eleven Lutheran 
churches. Nine of them belong to the Synod of Missouri, considered the strictest in 
doctrine. Two others seceded from them to the Ohio Synod in 1890, because the Mis- 
sourians declared in favor of predestinarianism. 

Like the Evangelical Union churches, these Lutherans receive members bv con- 
firmation after catechetical instruction, and like them, they have no Sunday evening- 
services. They have week-day evening meetings, however, but not in the form of 
prayer meetings, because in their opinion the pastor is the only authorized teacher 
and exhorter. For the same reason they have no Sunday-schools. In their place chil- 
dren's services are held on Sunday afternoons, by the pastor, to review the catechism. 

Like the Evangelicals, they maintain congregational societies for mutual aid in 
cases of sickness and death, the statutes and provisions being almost identical. 

Parochial schools are connected with every one of their congregations, and no ex- 
pense or labor is spared to make them effective. Generally, each parochial school 
is graded, with four or five teachers, all of whom are male. In all their Cleveland 
schools they have but two lady teachers. When a new congregation is organized the 
first step always consists in the building of a school house, in which the new pastor 
does the teaching, with one or two assistants, until the congregation has grown suffi- 
ciently strong to support pastor and teachers separately. For the erection of build- 
ings and the purchase of lots, the mother church gives her daughter a dower of from 
$5,000 to $6,ooo. 

Purity of doctrine is guarded with jealous care. No pastor of any but their own 
synod is permitted to occupy their pulpits. In discipline they forbid: Saloon-keep- 
ing, dancing and lodges. 

Their communicants in the city number 8,390, with 2,825 children taught in their 
parochial schools, by 32 teachers. 

In common they own two cemeteries; one school to fit boys for their normal 
schools and colleges, on Woodland avenue, with a very small attendance at present — 
only six boys. A hospital is just being established on Franklin avenue. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church organized her first German church in February, 
1846. The congregation at present reports 120 members. Since then three other con- 
gregations were organized, and now the aggregate membership of the four congrega- 
tions is reported to be 345. 

In 1854 the United Brethren commenced church work here. This denomination was 
founded by a German pastor of the Reformed church, with Methodistic tendencies. 
Their first church was built on Carroll street. At present they have four congrega- 
tions with about 700 members. 

The Reformed Church is one of the two main branches of the Reformation in Ger- 
many, and represents the Presbyterian type of German Protestantism. 

This denomination gained its first foothold in Cleveland in i860, when Rev. F. 
Kaufholz died. He was a pious blacksmith, who while foreman in the old Cuyahoga 
furnace under the Viaduct, at his own expense, built a chapel on Tracv street, and 
there gathered a small congregation. Holding peculiar doctrinal views" of his own, 
he had not identified himself with any of the existing denominations, and after his 
death his people, after some trying experiences, elected a pastor of the Reformed 
church, whose synod they joined in the course of time. They now worship on Penn 
and Carroll streets. Nine other German Reformed churches "have since been organ- 
ized in various parts of the city, holding an aggregate membership of 2,750 commu- 
nicants. 

Like Lutherans, they receive their members by confirmation, but unlike them 



206 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

they rather favor the co-operation of lay members in instructing and edifying their 
people. They have Sunday evening services, mid-week prayer meetings, Sunday- 
schools and C. E. societies for the young people. 

Three Reformed church institutions of a general character have been established 
in the city. The Publishing House, on Pearl street, last year reported $133,000 worth 
of assets and five German periodicals, with an aggregate circulation of 50,000 subscrib- 
ers. Calvin College, also on Pearl street, was chartered in 1883. The hospital and 
Home for Deaconesses, now on Franklin avenue, was established in 1890. 

All of these enterprises, except the Methodist Episcopal churches, were originated 
and are maintained by the pious zeal of Germans, but in 1866 the Baptists of Cleve- 
land felt moved to take part in Christian work among the Germans, and mainly by the 
liberality of James Hoyt and others, the German Baptist Church on Forest and Scovill 
streets was built. Since then, two more such have been erected, and now three Ger- 
man Baptist congregations report a little over 500 members. They excel in Sunday- 
school work, and their ladies' societies are unusually active. About 100 persons have, 
during this period, passed over from the German into the English speaking Baptist 
congregations. 

Of general enterprises the German Baptists have established a Publishing House, 
first on Forest street, now on Payne avenue. It represents a money value of $50,000, 
and issues six periodicals with an aggregate circulation of 00,000 copies. Their week- 
ly reports 7,000 subscribers. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church also has undertaken religious work among the 
Germans. In 1869, the German Episcopal Church on Orange street was built through 
the liberality of Mrs. Bradford. All the German Protestant Churches of Cleveland 
together now have 21,020 communicants. Estimating our whole German speaking 
population at 100,000, the Protestant part of it at 60,000, and the adults at 30,000, two- 
thirds of all are communicants. 

In former years the German press of Cleveland was notorious for its outspoken 
enmitv to the Church of Christ. But faith and hard work have finally overcome prej- 
udice." Christ's cause is always sure to win. At present our German daily main- 
tains an attitude of friendliness toward the churches, and strives earnestly to furnish 
its readers impartial accounts of all important events in this field. 

Rabbi M. Machol traced the record of the Jewish Church in the fol- 
lowing- concise statement : 

To speak of the Jewish Church of this city means to speak on the principal feature 
of the Jewish life, Judaism in its theoretical and practical form, as it always has been 
displayed in the midst of Israel. The Jewish community, no matter how large or 
small, under tvrannical rule or in the land of the free, was never known without sup- 
porting two sacred institutions, the one for the adoration of God, the other for the 
benefit of humanity — the synagogue and the benevolent society. The Jewish race 
had no representative in the village of Cleveland. < >ne year after the latter had been 
incorporated as a city, in 1837, the first inhabitant arrived from Bavaria, Samson 
Thorman, who was joined shortly afterwards by a young man from the same place, 
Aaron Lowentritt. The political condition of Southern Germany steadily increased 
the number of arrivals in this country, and in 1S39, when the first Jewish family, that 
of Samson Hoffman, settled down here, they went to work to form a religious 
society, which held its services in a hall on South Water street. This was the 
nucleus of the two large congregations, the older of which is the "Anshe Chesed" 
Congregation, which celebrates this year its fiftieth anniversary, having been founded 
in 1S46, with the first place of worship in Farmer's Block, on Prospect street. Shortly 
afterward the synagogue on Eagle street was built; twice, in 1859 and in 1S69, recon- 
structed and enlarged," until the increase of membership made it necessary to erect the 
large Temple on Scovill avenue and Henry street, which was dedicated on September 
2, 1887. The origin of the other, the Tifereth Israel Congregation, with its elegant 
Temple on Willson avenue, and a very large membership, dates back to the year 
1S4S, when a small number of discontented separated and formed a society of their 
own, which through a legacy from the well-known philanthropist, Juda Touro, was 
enabled to build their synagogue on Huron street in 1853, in which they remained 
until three years ago, when the property was sold and the new house of worship 
erected. The united cemeteries on Willett street and Mayfield, belong to both con- 
gregations. Of the Jewish population of this city, which is estimated to be about 
20,00c, hundreds are not affiliated with any religious society; nevertheless there are 8 
congregations, divided according to their nationalities, in 2 German, 2 Hungarian. 1 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 207 

Bohemian, 1 Polish, and 2 Russian congregations: the first two representing the mod- 
ern reform, the other six the strict orthodox element, and ranging in membership from 
30 to 150. Closely connected with our congregational life are our benevolent institu- 
tions, which belong to the practical part of the Jewish religion. There are 17 Jewish 
charitable societies in this city, the most prominent of which is the Hebrew Relief 
Society, which dates back to the time of the first settlers. With the annual collections, 
which amount to between $5,000 and $6,000, the poor in our midst are sufficiently sup- 
ported that they need not fall a burden to the city. And in this noble work the society 
is ably assisted by the Council of Jewish Women, founded November 21, 1S94, with 
about 250 members, and a present membership of 350; the most prominent ladies of 
the city taking an active part in the distribution of charity and in the promotion of the 
educational branches. The oldest Ladies' Benevolent Society in the city is "The 
Daughters of Israel," established in i860. Their helping hand reaches far beyond the 
boundary, and very liberal donations were sent to the yellow fever sufferers in Mem- 
phis and New Orleans. With but two dollars annual dues they have a surplus in their 
treasury of $11,000, though some time ago they presented $600 to the Jewish Orphan 
Asylum, $5,000 to the Montefiore Home, and $coo to the same Institution to furnish a 
sick-room. We cannot close this sketch without making mention of these two institu- 
tions which respectively take care of the orphans and provide for the aged and infirm 
Israelites. The Jewish Orphan Asylum, after having been dedicated on July 14, 1S6S, 
opened its portals to receive 38 orphaned children on September 29 of the same year. 
New buildings were added at different periods, which add a prominent share to the 
beauty of our city, and in which are at present comfortably sheltered and excellently 
educated 500 little inmates. And the other is the Montefiore Kesher Home, which 
was bought in 1881 for $25,000, and was duly dedicated in 1882. Since then it has been 
enlarged with an expenditure of about again as much, and has now a sinking fund of 
$42,000, and a balance in the general fund of $24,000. It opened with four inmates, 
and takes care now of 46, men and women, whose ages range from 65 to 103. 
« 

Mrs. W. A. Ingham read an account of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church as follows : 

The history of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and indeed, of each branch of 
Protestantism, is older in the suburbs of our city than in the present business centers. 
This is not surprising, as the pioneers of 1 796-1 Si 8, finding Cleveland harbor at the 
foot of huge sand hills blown by the lake winds, pushed for their first settlement 
further back, where fruit would grow and where saw, grist, and fulling mills might be 
erected; hence the now beautiful Forest City was then a minute "village, six miles 
from Newburgh." 

The Moravians, missionaries to the Indians, pitched their tents in June, 1786; on 
November 10 of the same year they dedicated their little chapel in what is now Inde- 
pendence township, Cuyahoga County, calling their settlement " Pilgerruh," "Pil- 
grim's Rest." 

The earliest period of our city's existence is void of religious interest, except as 
we read that in 1799 the Rev. William Wick, Presbyterian, preached, possibly once, 
locating in Youngstown, O. In 1800-1801, he entertained in his cabin the Rev. Joseph 
Badger, Congregational representative of a Connecticut home missionary society, en 
route to explore this wilderness, preaching as he had opportunity. 

< >ld Trinity Parish was organized at Phineas Shepard's log house on the present 
site of No. 230 Pearl street (old number), November 9, 1816, by the Rev. Roger Searle, 
rector of St. Peter's Parish, Plymouth, Conn. 

But to my subject — ■ Methodism in Cleveland. Before 1812 the Baltimore Confer- 
ence extended over this lake region. No official mention is made of this tract of 
country in connection with the Methodist Church until 1S20, when it has place in the 
minutes of the Ohio Conference. Some idea of the extent of the last named may be 
found in the fact that West Wheeling Chautauqua, Erie and Detroit were included 
within its limits. 

The Cuyahoga River vicinity was embraced in New Connecticut Circuit, Ohio 
District. In 1824, was formed the Pittsburg Conference, in which were located the 
lands east of the Cuyahoga, and the West Side allotted to the Michigan Conference 
until 1837. James B. Finley being presiding elder of < )hio District, it is said that early 
in 1S1S a circuit rider drew up to a double log farm house built on a quarter section in 
Brooklyn, our present forty-second ward, and saying that he was looking up the lost 
sheep, gathered a class of eight members, four of them named Fish, the other half 
Brainard. It is also quite certain that our gospel was heard in Newbiirgh the same 



2o8 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THK CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

year, but we have of this no absolutely reliable record. In August, iS: 8, Cuyahoga 
Circuit was made and to its round appointed Ezra Booth and Dennis Goddard. In 
i Mi), the Rev. William Swazy succeeded to Ohio District — a man of extraordinary 
fervor, abounding in labor. 

Thorough research proves that in 1821 a class was formed in Euclid Creek, num- 
bering at least ten persons. Our services were held in the cabins of pioneers, in 
barns, and later in log and frame school houses. These ministers of the period were 
men of one work, eminent in sacrifice ; sleeping at night by forest fires of their own 
kindling with flint and tinder; saddle bags for pillows, and their camlet cloaks for 
covering ; anon, arising to scare away the prowling wolf. Without bridges, they and 
their intelligent ponies forded swollen streams. With pole in hand, these itinerants 
picked their way among ice-floes, drying themselves in the wigwams of Red Jacket 
and other friendly Indians. 

It is expected that in this Centennial we are specifically mindful of the pioneers, 
and personally, I have become much interested in the clergymen herein named, and in 
the Rev. Ira Eddy, who organized a class in Hudson, O., in 1S22. In 1823, Cleveland 
was a remote and insignificant point upon Hudson Circuit, Portland District, brave 
Ira Eddy in charge. His circuit embraced six hundred miles of travel. My interest 
is deep in the Rev. John Crawford, the organizer; in Milton Colt, eloquent and power- 
ful ; Francis A. Dighton, talented and of great proniise, dying at twenty-six ; earnest 
Mr. Prescott, whose name is found in Brunswick cemetery; nor shall be omitted 
young Mr. Bump, the schoolmaster and local preacher — afterward drowned in a 
bridgeless river of Arkansas during the performance of almost superhuman labor. 

What of our church in the city proper ? There is a tradition that a New England 
gentleman wishing to see Methodism planted here in 1820, sent the deed of a lot cor- 
ner of Ontario and Rockwell streets, but no one was found sufficiently interested, nor 
with money enough to pay the recorder's fee. 

Through the agency of Grace Johnston, wife of a lake captain, preaching was 
heard here in 1822, and occasionally from that time to 1827, in which year the Rev. 
John Crawford formed the pioneer class of the first Methodist Episcopal Church, num- 
bering nine persons; Andrew Tomlinson, leader. Elijah Peet, residing in Newburgh, 
used to bring cut wood in his wagon from his distant home over almost impassable 
roads, and with his wife came early on Sunday mornings and made the fire to keep 
comfortable the handful of Methodist people at the class meeting. 

John Crawford organized another class in 1827, enrolling fourteen, at Hubbard's, 
on Kinsman street, that being a central point for members residing at either extreme 
of the settlement. Those at Doan's corners traveled thither up the present East Madi- 
son avenue, over an Indian foot-path. 

Let us for a moment trace the fortunes of the pioneer First Church. From 1S27 
to 1 841, the members worshiped in halls and rented rooms. Unmoved by indescrib- 
able adversity, under the pastorate of F. A. Dighton, in 1836, the trustees chose the 
site for old St. Clair, corner of Wood street, then quite in the suburbs of the city. 
Nearly all of the ground north to the lake shore and east of Erie street was covered 
with oak and hazel, beyond which lay a vast quagmire partly cleared. Not until 
several years later, April, 1841, was their edifice complete and dedicated. 

A class was permanently established at Doan's Corners, now Euclid Avenue M. 
E. Church, in 1S31, by the Rev. Milton Colt, who organized also the first Methodist 
Sunday-school in the village of Cleveland, in a building known as the Infant School 
Room, on the west side of Academy Lane, half way from St. Clair to Lake street. 

At Newburgh, our present Miles Park Church, a class of nine was formed early 
in 1832. 

Hanover Street, now Franklin Avenue, saw the light in 1S33, at a private house on 
Pearl street. 

We have, then, five original churches, Brooklyn, First, Euclid Avenue, Miles Park 
and Franklin Avenue. Mothers are they of Sabbath-schools and missions, developing 
into thirty denominational centers. 

In 1836, our territory east of the Cuyahoga became a part of the Erie Conference 
which was formed that year. In 1S40, by a revision of boundaries, the North Ohio 
Conference was formed, and that portion lying west of the river boundary was in- 
cluded in it. By another revision in 1876, the East Ohio Conference was made and 
the part of Cleveland known as the East Side became a part of it. Franklin Avenue 
Church, a strong center in the North Ohio division; vigorous and alert, she takes high 
rank among city churches of all denominations. 

Epworth Memorial commemorates the unification of all our young people's asso- 
ciations throughout the world into the Epworth League; these societies were consoli- 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 209 

dated May 15, 1889. This church was once called Erie Street, having been colonized 
from First Church in 1S50. Upon its removal to the corner of Prospect and Hunting- 
ton streets, it was named in 1S75, "Christ Methodist Episcopal Church." In 1883 it 
was combined with Cottage Mission and became Central Church, corner Willson 
avenue and Prospect street. This historic building is now a Salvation Army barracks, 
giving place to a structure whose architectural symmetry and exquisite arrangement 
make it celebrated. " 

Bridge Street, now Gordon Avenue, was colonized from Hanover Street, in 1855. 

Willson Avenue Church began as a mission in 1857, on St. Clair street, near Perry. 
In the early sixties by removal to Waring street and Mariposa Park, it was known for 
eight years as Waring Street Mission. Upon reaching self-maintenance it became 
Waring Street Church. Its next transition was into a tabernacle for temporary use, 
on a fine lot corner of Superior and Aaron streets. For three years, or since 1*893, it 
has been permanently located on Willson avenue, corner of Luther, in a delightful 
residence portion of the city, in a substantial gray stone structure with all modern 
facilities. 

Scovill Avenue, built largely through the liberality of one man, was founded in 
1 866. 

Lorain Street Church was founded in 1S68 by the Rev. Hugh L. Parish. 

Woodland Avenue, a mission of Scovill Avenue, was hrst comfortably housed in 
1870. and is now a flourishing center with a fine new building. 

Jennings, formerly Pelton Avenue, was founded in 1871. 

Broadway was organized in 1872, and its original meeting-place purchased and 
presented by Horace Wilkins and H. A. Massey. 

German Methodism was slow in progress. In 1S47, the Rev. C. Helwig formed 
a class here, which after years of struggle developed into the now prosperous center, 
corner Scovill and Sterling avenues. 

St. Paul's Herman, corner Harbor and Bridge streets, was established in 1S52. 

Fronr 1S72 to 1SS6, there was a steady growth in each parish. 

In 1874, the pioneer First Church found itself in the present elegant and commo- 
dious edifice, corner Euclid avenue and Erie street, her property worth $150,000. 

Bishop Mathew Simpson, in his " Encyclopedia of Methodism," published in 187S, 
estimates the property valuation of our city churches at that time as $462,500. Now, 
we may safely say, with all our acquisitions these figures are three-quarters of a 
million. 

In 1886 the Methodist Church and Sunday-School Alliance was organized, develop- 
ing into the City Church Extension Society. From the tenth annual report of its first 
president, Mr. Wilson M. Day, I learn that during the ten years' existence of the alli- 
ance, nine churches were rebuilt, Epworth Memorial, Willson, Jennings, Gordon, 
Woodland and Parkwood avenues. First German, St. Clair and Asbury. Several 
were built in new territory, Grace, Woodland Hills, Wade Park, Ferncliff, Trinity, 
Rosedale. Walworth Swedish, Bethany and Immanuel German. 

Cory Chapel (colored) has removed from a leased lot to its own. 

The African Methodist Episcopal Church, formed first in 1S50, has two buildings — 
St. John's and Lexington. 

Clark Avenue and Kingsley Mission are, as we may say, in a foreign field. 

The State of Ohio numbers one-ninth of the two and one-half millions of Method- 
ists in the United States ; of these, Cleveland has a little over S,ooo members and 
32,000 adherents, distributed in thirty churches; Sabbath school scholars enrolled 
October 1, 1S95, 7,953. Foreign missionaries who have gone out from our midst are six, 
stationed in India, China and Corea. Of city missionaries and deaconesses there are 
a score. ( >ur grand missionary and aid societies raise annually, thousands of dollars. 
( >ur laymen and women include citizens of high standing; our Bible classes, mission 
bands and circles and Epworth Leagues are a conquering force, accepting their high 
privilege of helping to bring the multitudes to Christ. 

The Methodist churches of the city are interested in four institutions of learning — 
Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, whose medical department is located here; Bald- 
win University at Berea, Mt. Union College, Alliance, O. ; Allegheny College at 
Meadville, Pa., and in two summer assemblies, Chautauqua, X. Y., and Lakeside, < >. 

The last paper of the session was a history of Cleveland Presbyteri- 
anism, read by Rev. A. C. Ludlow, being in its essential points as fol- 
lows : 



t elVectual efforts to establish and to sustain institutions of religion upon 



2IO CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

the Western Reserve were made by Presbyterians and Congregationalists. The first 
two missionaries sent into these then Western wilds were the Rev. William Wick, a 
Presbyterian from Pennsylvania, who came to Youngstown in 1799, and the Rev. 
Joseph Badger, a Congregationalist from New England, who came in 1800. These 
two men labored together for the establishment of ordinances of religion, and fore- 
shadowed the "Plan of Union" under which the new Presbyterian and Congregational 
churches were governed for a number of years. 

Many Christian churches were founded by these men and their co-workers, in the 
small villages of Northern Ohio, before a church was established in Cleveland. One 
of these early organizations was the old Euclid Church, afterwards known as the Col- 
lamer, and now the East Cleveland Presbyterian Church. It was founded in 1S07, 
and for twenty years the few Christians in the village of Cleveland worshiped in the 
Euclid Church. A fine modern church edifice has lately been erected upon the site of 
this historic meeting-house, and Rev. D. L. Hickok, the present pastor, ministers to a 
people that are soon to become a city congregation. 

The First Presbyterian Church of Cleveland, known as the Old Stone Church, and 
often termed by Presbyterians "The Mother of Us All," was the outgrowth of a 
Union Sunday-school held in a primitive court-house which stood on what is now the 
Public Square. This school, opened in June, 1819, with Mr. Elisha Taylor as superin- 
tendent, became, September 19, 1820, the First Presbyterian Church. The names of 
the charter members are thus chronicled in the records of that time: " Elisha Taylor 
and Ann, his wife; T. J. Hamlin, P. B. Andrews, Sophia L. Perry, widow; Bertha 
Johnson, widow; Sophia Walworth, Mrs. Mabel How, Henry Baird and Ann, his 
wife ; Rebecca Carter, widow ; Juliana Long, Isabella Williamson, Miss Harriet How, 
Minerva Merwin." 

For thirteen years this little band of believers worshiped in various buildings, 
such as school houses or public halls, until the basement of the first " Old Stone 
Church ' ' was ready for occupancy. This first stone edifice was dedicated February 
26, 1834. Until this time there had been no settled pastor, but Rev. Messrs. Randolph 
Stone, William McLean, S. J. Bradstreet, John Sessions. Samuel Hutchins and John 
Keep had served as stated supplies. During the year in which the church was dedi- 
cated, the Rev. John Keep, the last of the stated supplies, founded a church on the 
west side of the river and became its pastor. This church was known as the First 
Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, which to-day is the First Congregational Church of 
Cleveland. 

The First Presbyterian, or Old Stone Church, then called its first settled pastor, 
Rev. Samuel C. Aiken, D. D., of Utica, N. Y. At the time of his coming, Cleveland 
was a village of a little over 5,000 inhabitants. Of Dr. Aiken, and the period in which 
he came to the work in Cleveland, Dr. Goodrich said: " There was, at this time, an 
unusual disposition toward spurious excitement, which gave abundant occasion for 
mischief in the church, especially among the newer settlements. The dreams of per- 
fectionism, the vagaries of Millerism, and the premonitory stir and struggle of the 
great anti-slavery and temperance movements were engrossing many minds and 
throwing unstable men everywhere off their balance. To Dr. Aiken's clear and prac- 
tical wisdom, his weight of character, as well as his unselfish consecration to the serv- 
ice of Christ, we owe it, that this church (the Old Stone) escaped the disorders which 
rent asunder so many other Christian bodies, and held on its way with growing 
strength and unity." Soon after Dr. Aiken commenced his work, in 1S34, the church 
building was outgrown by the congregation, and to relieve the pressure a colony of 
"twenty of. the best families" went forth, in 1836, to form a Second Presbyterian 
Church, but after a year of life the members returned to the mother church. It is 
thought that the financial troubles of 1S37 had something to do with the failure of this 
attempt to form another church. A powerful revival in 1840, under the preaching of 
Rev. J. T. Avery, added about 170 members to the First Church, and this prepared 
the way for a secession of some, who had become dissatisfied with Dr. Aiken's moder- 
ate views on the slavery issue of the day, to form a Congregational church, but the 
latter enterprise was wrecked by Second Adventism. The church edifice which this 
body of seceders had built on the Public Square near the Old Stone Church was sold 
to pay debts, and finally became the home of the Second Presbyterian Church which 
was successfully organized in June, 1844, on the old charter of 1837', with fifty-eight char- 
ter members. This colony went out with Dr. Aiken's blessing, he presiding at the 
formation of the new church. In this wooden building, which now stands at the corner 
of Erie street and Central avenue, the Second Church worshiped until 1S51, when it oc- 
cupied the lecture room of the stone church which for twenty years graced Superior 
street, opposite the present Post Office. This edifice was destroyed by tire in 1876, 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 



whereupon the congregation erected its present fine house of worship on Prospect 
street, at the corner of Sterling avenue. Four pastors, Doctors Canfield, Eells, Hawks 
and Pomeroy, served this church for almost fifty years, and at the death of Dr. Pome- 
roy, who was pastor for twenty-one years. Rev. Dr. Paul F. Sutphen, the present 
pastor, commenced his work. 

Six years after the Second- Presbyterian Church was formed, thirty members left 
the First Church to form what was known for two years as the Free Presbyterian 
Church. This organization took more radical grounds upon the slavery question than 
the pastor of the First Church held, and this Free Presbyterian Church' became a Con- 
gregational church, the beginning of what is now Plymouth Congregational Church of 
this city. 

This secession, in 1850, did not weaken the mother church, for three years later, in 
1853, owing to the overcrowded con- 
dition of the First Church, the Euclid 
Street, now Euclid Avenue Presby- 
terian Church, was formed, thirteen 
members of the First Church, among 
whom was the veteran Elisha Tay- 
lor, founder of the Old Stone Church, 
leaving the parent organization. 
This new congregation erected the 
present large edifice, at the corner 
of Euclid avenue and Brownell street, 
and the church has been served by 
Rev. Messrs. Bittinger, Monteith, 
Lyman, who died at his post; Bald- 
win, Jeffers, Robertson, Davis, and 
by the Rev. Dr. S. P. Sprecher, the 
present pastor. This church has 
lately received an endowment of 
$100,000 from Miss Anne Walworth. 
In March of the same year, 1S53, in 
which the Euclid Avenue Presby- 
terian Church was founded, the Ex- 
ecutive Committee of the old school 
Presbyterian Church sent Dr. Fred- 
erick Brown to Cleveland to found 
a church of that type, and from this 
effort came the Westminster Presby- 
terian Church, whose building stood 
on Prospect street, at the corner of 
Huntington street. After the re- 
union of the old and new school 
churches, this church, being heavily 
in debt, and occupying the same ter- 
ritory as that occupied by the Euclid 
Avenue Presbyterian Church, was 
disbanded and the property sold. 

After the colony left the Fust 
Church to form the Euclid Avenue 
Church, the parent organization so 
outgrew her house of worship that 
the second ( )ld Stone edifice was 
erected at a cost of $60,000. Thi> 
March 7, i8"57, it was burned. 




STATUE 1 IF COMMl IDORE PERRY 



building was dedicated August 12. 1S55, but 
With the partial insurance and earnest efforts of the 
disappointed congregation the church home was rebuilt, and dedicated January 17. 
1858. The same year, Rev. William H. Goodrich, D. D., became associate pastor with 
Dr. Aiken, and three years later, in 1861, Dr. Aiken was made pastor emeritus. 1 Hir- 
ing the twenty-three years* pastorate of Dr. Aiken, 8S0 persons united with the Old 
Stone Church, and he saw the city grow from a population of 5,000 to over 60,000. 

In 1859, tne y ear after Dr. Goodrich assumed practical leadership in the work of 
the First Church, a mission was started on St. Clair street, which became in time the 
North Presbyterian Church. In 1S65, fifty-one members were dismissed from the 
First Church to form this new congregation. For some time the North Church was 
located on Aaron street, but the present site is at the corner of Superior street and 



2\2 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Case avenue. Dr. Anson Smythe, Rev. H. R. Hoisington, and Dr. William Gaston, the 
present pastor, have served 'this organization, and under Dr. Gaston's ministry the 
North Church has sent out two colonies. In 1890, a Sunday-school was opened on 
Becker avenue which grew into the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church, Rev. 
Charles L. Chalfant, pastor, and early in 1893, steps were taken to form a church in 
Glenville by members of the North Church, who lived in that suburb. Rev. T. Y. 
( Gardner is pastor of this Glenville Presbyterian Church. Thus a line of Presbyterian 
churches has gone from the ( >ld Stone' Church eastward along the northern part of 
the citv. 

Dr. Goodrich's pastorate in the First Church extended from 1858 to 1S74, three 
years at the beginning as associate pastor with Dr. Aiken, the last two years as senior 
pastor with Rev. Hiram C. Haydn, D. D. Dr. Haydn was installed as associate pastor 
at the close of August, 1872, and during his terms of service in the ( )ld Stone Church the 
fountain source of Cleveland Presbyterianism has continued to send forth her power 
into all parts of the city. 

Near the close of 'the year 1S78, Dr. Haydn re-opened a mission Sunday-school, 
which had existed for some vears on Euclid avenue, east of Willson avenue, but which 
had been closed on account of the death of some of the most active workers. This 
was the humble beginning of the strong Calvary Presbyterian Church, which existed 
for some time in collegiate relation with the mo'ther church. This collegiate form of 
church work was still further extended in the establishment of a second branch of the 
First Church, at the corner of Cedar and Bolton avenues. These three organizations 
enjoyed for a number of years the pastoral care of Dr. Haydn and his assistants, Rev. 
Messrs. Rollo Ogden, J. W. Simpson, Wilton M. Smith, Joseph Seldon, Burt E. How- 
ard, William Knight and R. A. George. This collegiate form of work was abandoned 
July 1, 1392, when Calvary Presbyterian Church was made an independent congrega- 
tion. This church posses'ses a fine property on Euclid avenue, at the corner of East 
Madison avenue, and has had one pastor, Rev. David ( ). Mears, D. D., who lately re- 
signed. The Bolton Mission remained under the care of the First Church until May 3, 
1896, when it was organized into the Bolton Avenue Presbyterian Church, with Rev. 
John S. Zelie, pastor. 

From iSSo to 18S4. Dr. Haydn was not pastor of the First Church, having ac- 
cepted a missionary secretaryship in New York City. Rev. Arthur Mitchell, D. D., 
was pastor during these four years, when he resigned to become a secretary of the 
Board of Foreign Missions. 

In 1884, the Old Stone Church received a second baptism of fire, but the edifice 
was rebuilt upon the old site, and Dr. Haydn returned to the pastorate. 

For many years attempts had been made to form a Presbyterian church upon the 
West Side, and' at last a Sunday-school was started on Pead street by members of the 
First Church. Under the fostering care of Rev. Giles H. Dunning, who had been 
called to assist Dr. Haydn, at the time the latter was president of Western Reserve 
University, this mission Sunday-school became in 1889, Bethany Presbyterian Church. 
After a few years' life on Pearl street, this church has lately moved into a fine stone 
chapel, at the corner of Gordon avenue and West Clinton street. 

There being no Presbvterian church upon the South Side, the Presbyterian Union 
erected a chapel at the corner of Scranton avenue and Frame street. A church was 
organized in 1892, with Rev. James D. Corwin as pastor. Rev. J. L. Roemer is the 
present pastor of this South Presbyterian Church. 

Another child of the Presbvterian Union, but founded principally by Dr. Haydn's 
efforts, is Windermere Presbyterian Church, Rev. Charles L. Zorbau'gh, pastor. This 
young church, organized January 5, 1896, is east of the city, mid-way between Lake 
View and East Cleveland. But the two oldest children of the Old Stone Church have 
become mothers of churches. In 1S55, the Second Presbyterian Church started the 
Mayflower Mission, which issued, in April, 1S72, into the Woodland Avenue Presby- 
terian Church, one of the largest churches in Cleveland.- Its property is located at 
the corner of Woodland avenue and Kennard street, and part of its equipment for 
Christian work is one of the largest Sunday-school buildings in the country. The 
pastors, who have served this church are: Rev. Messrs. E. P. Gardner, S. L. Blake, 
G. L. Spinnig, Paul F. Sutphen and Charles Townsend. Rev. Robert G. Hutchins, 
D. 1)., is the present pastor. 

A sec md mission of the Second Presbyterian Church was started on Willson 
avenue in 1874, and in March, 1S82, it became the Willson Avenue Presbyterian Church. 
Rev. Carlos T. Chester was the first pastor of this church, and Rev. Arthur J. Waugh 
serves it at present. 

In 1S76. Mr. T. Sterling Beckwith, an elder in the Second Presbyterian Church, 



HISTORICAL CONFERENCE. 213 

left by will certain property, the income of which was to be expended in founding a 
church, or churches to be known by his name. In 1885, a chapel was erected on Fair- 
mount street, near Euclid avenue, which became in time Beckwith Memorial Presby- 
terian Church. Rev 7 ., now Prof. Mattoon M. Curtis, was the first pastor of this church, 
and Rev. James D. Williamson now occupies its pulpit. The church is located near 
Adelbert College. 

One Presbyterian church is the child of the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian Church, 
the Case Avenue Presbyterian Church, located on Case avenue, at the corner of Cedar 
avenue. This church sprang from a mission Sunday-school, and was organized into 
the Memorial Presbyterian Church, October, 1S70, but the name was afterwards 
changed to the Case Avenue Presbyterian Church. The pastors of this church have 
been Rev. Messrs. James A. Skinner, Francis A. Horton, Rollo Ogden, and P. E. 
Kipp. The present pastor is Rev. Finley F. Kennedy. 

'The only other Presbyterian church in Cleveland that did not spring from the First 
Church, or from any of her children, is the Miles Park Presbyterian Church, which is 
next to the Old Stone Church in age, and which was founded in 1S32, in Xewburgh, 
now South Cleveland. Rev. Eleroy Curtis, D. D., was pastor of this church for many 
years, and for the past ten years Rev. Arthur C. Ludlow has been its pastor. 

The network of Presbyterian churches in Cleveland thus numbers seventeen, be- 
sides several mission Sunday-schools connected with them. The aggregate member- 
ship of the churches is about 6,500. All the congregations are admirably housed, and 
the value of the entire property is fully $1,000,000. The churches furnish sittings for 
about 10,000 worshipers, while in the Sunday-schools there are about 6,500 scholars. 
During the last twenty years, the Presbyterian churches of Cleveland have trebled 
their membership, while the city has increased two-fold in population. The work 
and influence, however, of Cleveland Presbyterianism cannot be judged by its de- 
nominational statistics alone. In all the undenominational works of charity, Cleve- 
land Presbyterians take a prominent part. To the various Christian Associations, 
Friendly Inns, Kindergartens, Nurseries and Hospitals, Presbyterians give liberal 
support. The Home for Aged Women, the Children's Aid Society, Farm, Home and 
Chapel, the Infants' Rest, the Lend-a-Hand Mission, and two Day Nurseries are ex- 
clusively the gifts of Presbyterians and their affiliations. 

In educational matters the record of Cleveland Presbyterians is admirable. West- 
ern Reserve Universitv, although an undenominational institution, has received, from 
the beginning of its existence in Hudson, the support of Cleveland Presbyterians. 
Presidents Pierce, Hitchcock, Cutler and Haydn, who served the institution for over 
sixty years, were Presbyterians, and in the past seventeen years over 83,000,000 has 
been given, principally by members of the Old Stone Church, to education. 

It will thus be seen that from the first, the Old Stone Church, " The Mother of Us 
All," began to give out while as yet it was small, to replenish itself, and again to give 
forth, and so on unto this very day. There have been received from the beginning 
over 4,000 communicants into this fountain source of Presbyterianism, and about 750 
of its members have aided in founding new churches. The church stands in the very 
center of the business portion of the city, and has received an endowment of over 
$100,000, that it may carrv on work in such an important held, and through the late gift 
of the Goodrich House, important institutional work will soon be commenced in the 
heart of the city of Cleveland. 

To give a list of the names of the men and women who have been prominently 
identified with the Presbyterian work in Cleveland would be to give the names of 
those who have been foremost in the professional, business and social circles of the 
city; and great as the achievement of Presbyterianism has been in the past, the future 
promises still greater results. 

In this Centennial year of our city's life, even this brief review of the past record 
of Cleveland Presbyterianism ought to be sufficient guarantee for the future, that in 
every good work which shall be for the uplifting of our municipal life, Presbyterians 
will not be found wanting. 

In the afternoon the subject was changed to Philanthropy, J. W. 
Walton, presiding. The exercises opened at 2 o'clock with prayer and 
singing. Mr. L. F. Mellen read an exhaustive and well prepared paper 
on " The History of the Charities of Cleveland.** The author said that 
the first record of charity was made in 1S27, when the population of 
Cleveland had reached about one thousand. "Just about the time of 
the opening of the Ohio Canal." said lie. "the families of some work- 



2\4 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

men on the canal appealed to the citizens for help, and provisions were 
distributed to them. In 1828, the first coal was brought to Cleveland, 
but no sale could be found. The housewives objected to buying or 
using it on account of the dirt and smoke it created, and it was donated 
to some poor people who were destitute of fuel. About this time large 
quantities of produce were gathered up in Cleveland and vicinity and 
sent to destitute emigrants in Michigan and other territories, who had 
not crops enough for their own support." Mr. Mellen gave a valuable 
statement of the charitable enterprises and various institutions of the 
city, which may be found in a neatly bound pamphlet entitled, a " His- 
tory of the Charities of Cleveland," printed in 1896. 

Dr. C. F. Dutton delivered an address on " The Mutual Relations 
of Riches and Poverty." 

" There must be something out of joint," said Dr. Dutton, "when the relations of 
wealth and poverty are such that within a stone's throw of each other exist on the one 
hand extreme poverty with its attendant suffering, and on the other royal wealth with 
its plentitude of luxury. Poverty is not always due to ignorance, idleness, or vice. 
Wealth is not always gained by knowledge, ability, or honest}-." 

" It is true that the productiveness of the world will ever be ample to satisfy the 
wants of all, but in the nature of things its fruits can never be equally distributed, 
and poverty can never be done away with. Its wants may be relieved, its griefs as- 
suaged, its sufferings alleviated, its tendencies to pauperism and crime arrested. Yes, 
more; they may be turned into channels of general blessing. Poverty is as essential 
to the world's progress as wealth; and what is essential cannot be discarded." 

The speaker continued for some time in the discussion of economic 
and social problems, and was followed by Rabbi Moses J. Gries, who 
talked briefly on organized philanthropy. Rabbi Gries said that busi- 
ness men were being asked every day to contribute toward charitable 
organizations of which they knew nothing. In having so many different 
organizations much money and energy were wasted. Rabbi Gries said 
that mere almsgiving, without looking into the cause of the poverty of 
the person to whom assistance was given, did more injury than good. 

This concluded the session, and with this session came to a close the 
series of conferences. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

ARRIVAL OF RHODE ISLAND PARTY. 
September 9, 1S96. 

Governor Charles Warren Lippitt and staff, of Rhode Island, ar- 
rived in Cleveland Wednesday morning, September 9th, in response to 
an invitation extended by the Centennial Commission to participate in 
the exercises of Perry's Victory Day. A party of Cleveland citizens met 
the Governor at Painesville, the delegation comprising James H. Hoyt, 
James M. Richardson, H. R. Hatch and Captain F. A. Kendall. When 
the Union Depot was reached another delegation was in waiting, Mayor 
McKisson, Director-General Day and others having assembled to re- 
ceive the visitors. The Rhode Island party traveled in a private car. 
Besides the governor were Lieutenant-Governor Edwin R. Allen, 
Speaker of the House of Representatives S. W. Allen, Adjutant-General 
Frederick M. Sackett, Colonel Robert W. Taft, Colonel Webster Knight, 
Colonel Charles E. Ballou, Colonel George M. Thornton, Colonel Regi- 
nald Norman, Quartermaster-General Charles R. Dennis, Lieutenant- 
Colonel W. Howard Walker, Lieutenant-Colonel Lester E. Hill, Lieuten- 
ant Charles Abbott, U. S. A. ; Major Charles E. Peckham, Naval 
Reserves; Hon. George L. Smith, Hon. Samuel Clark, Hon. Warren < >. 
Arnold, Hon. John Wyman and the governor's private secretary and one 
or two newspapermen. Three ladies also made the journey, Mrs. Lippitt, 
Mrs. George M. Thornton, and Mrs. Charles E. Ballou. There was further- 
more a baby in the party, Alexander Farnham Lippitt, six months old, 
the Governor's son. As the train drew up a detail from the light artil- 
lery fired the governor's salute from the top of the hill east of the sta- 
tion. After an exchange of greetings the members of the party, 
together with the Cleveland citizens, took carriages for the Hollenden, 
headed by ten members of Troop A, Ohio National Guard. Governor 
Bushnell had arrived in the city early in the morning and was a guest 
at the same hotel. 

In the afternoon the visitors were taken for a drive, stopping at 
Wade Park to attend an interesting programme of exercises incident to 
the decoration of Commodore Perry's statue.* The exercises were in 
charge of a special committee and were characterized by deep patriot- 
ism on the part of both old and young. Three thousand people assem- 
bled in the vicinity of the monument and listened to addresses by 
prominent men. The marble statue was draped in the national colors, 
while in front was placed a brilliant floral ship bedecked with little flags 
and bearing the famous words of Perry, "Don't Give Up the Ship." 
Wreaths were hung about the statue and flags and flowers were 
freely used wherever opportunity offered. The members of Army and 
Navy Post, Memorial Post, Forest City Post and Steadman Post, of the 
Grand Army of the Republic, turned out to the exercises in large num- 
bers. Among the distinguished persons present were ex-Senator M. C. 



2l6 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Butler, of South Carolina, a nephew of the illustrious commodore ; 
Colonel O. H. Perry, of Elmhurst, N. Y., a grandnephew of the com- 
modore; Rev. C. E. Manchester, D. D., and his brother, D. W. Man- 
chester, third cousins of the commodore. A band of music enlivened 
the occasion with patriotic airs. Major W. J. Gleason, Chairman of 
the Perry's Victory Day Committee, presided. Prayer was offered by 
Rev. C. E. Manchester. Brief speeches were made by Major Gleason, 
Colonel C. C. Dewstoe, Hon. George W. Pepper, Governor Lippitt, ex- 
Senator Butler and J. G. W. Cowles. Governor Lippitt was especially 
happy in his remarks. He said: 

I wish to express to you the sincere and heart}- thanks of the people of Rhode 
Island for the repeated honor which you have extended to Commodore Perry. This 
is the first time that I have seen this monument. It is a great delight to me to have 
the privilege of representing the good old State of Rhode Island on this occasion. I 
have heard that you people of ( )hio think of Oliver Hazard Perry much as we do near 
his old home. His services are esteemed beyond measure. He is an example not 
only to the youth of his State and Ohio, but to the youth of this great country, and as 
long as the stars and stripes float, so long will the name of Perry be dear to our people. 
If it is ever necessary again to lock horns with John Bull, the spirit of Perry will en- 
able us to take as good care of that animal as he did then. 

The following proclamation was issued by Mayor McKisson on 
September 9th, in reference to Perry's Victory Day: 

It is earnestly and respectfully urged that the citizens of Cleveland, as far as pos- 
sible, turn aside from their usual avocations on Thursday, September 10th, and heartily 
engage in the festivities and ceremonies of Perry's Victory Day. This anniversary, 
recalling as it does the great pivotal battle for national supremacy on the lakes, is a 
significant and important event in the city's history, and its proper celebration merits 
enthusiastic co-operation on the part of all. Eighty-three years ago the announce- 
ment of that famous victory came to Cleveland, then a struggling village. To-day 
finds it a city in which 370.000 people rejoice in the benefits of freedom and liberty for 
which the gallant Perry fought. It is their privilege to light the city's patriotic fires 
to burn through the coming century. 

Cleveland is proud and happy to open wide her gates and give most cordial greet- 
ing to Governor Lippitt and other distinguished representatives of Commodore Perry's 
native State. She is also honored with the presence of Governor Bushnell and thou- 
sands of visitors from Ohio and surrounding States. To this multitude of guests from 
far and near the Forest City is dedicated for this holiday, and hails the coming host 
with "Welcome, thrice welcome, one and all." 

Rokekt E. McKisson, Mayor. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



PERRY'S VICTORY DAY. 




September ro, 1896. 

September ioth, the closing day of the 
Centennial, dawned in a wealth of autumn 
sunshine. It was such a day as that in 1813, 
when Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry 
moved his sturdy fleet out over the waters 
of Lake Erie for his famous engagement with 
the British under Barclay. A gentle breeze 
arose during the morning, dying away as the 
day advanced. Everything was perfect for 
the celebration of Perry's Victory Day, and 
all the people rejoiced in the opportunity of 
doing honor to the great naval hero. 

The programme -opened with a national 
salute at sunrise, fired on the brow of the hill overlooking the lake. The 
roar of the cannon on shore was augmented by a returning fire from 
guns on board the United States steamer Michigan, which lay at anchor 
in the harbor. This continued bombardment made the early hours 
lively and thoroughly suggestive of naval warfare. Soon the streets 
took on their usual holiday appearance. Delegations from the country 
came early and brought their luncheons with them prepared to stay. 
Residents of the city did their work hastily and turned out to swell the 
crowd. Carriages containing members of the Centennial Commission 
and distinguished guests rolled here and there, while bands of music and 
men in uniform made their way gayly through the streets. The cele- 
bration proper began with a mass meeting in the Central Armory in the 
forenoon, and was continued in a grand military, civic, naval and in- 
dustrial parade in the afternoon, and a fireworks display on the lake front, 
and banquet in the evening. 

A representative audience attended the meeting in the Armory, 
which was opened at 10 o'clock. On the platform were the Governor of 
Rhode Island, Commodore Perry's native State, and the Governor of 
Ohio, the scene of his wonderful achievement. Many State and city 
officials and men high in public life, members of the Centennial Commis- 
sion, and a number of lineal descendants of the great Commodore were 
also present. Conspicuous in the decorations of the hall were a large 
portrait of Perry and a picture of his birthplace, at South Kingston, 
R. I. The meeting was devoted to eulogies of Perry and to patriotic 
expressions for the blessings of peace which later years had brought. 

After two selections by the Centennial Band, prayer was offered by 
Rev. Dr. John Mitchell. Mayor MeKisson then advanced and delivered 
the opening address. He spoke as follows: 



2l8 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Ladies and Gentlemen : 

The people of Cleveland and the Western Reserve have come together to-day to 
join hands and hearts in one of the most memorable and worthy celebrations ever 
conducted in the Central West. Not only is our own beautiful city, which is now re- 
joicing in the completion of one hundred years of civic life, deeply interested in this 
demonstration, but our friends from the distant State of Rhode Island, filled with 
patriotic devotion and loyal pride, have journeyed half way across the continent to 
unite with us in commemorating one of the greatest achievements of the closing 
century. 

To you all we give a warm and hearty greeting. We, who belong to Cleveland, 
are glad of our New England ancestors; not only that, but are delighted on every occa- 
sion to do them honor. It is a great and especial pleasure for us to welcome to our 
city as the orator and distinguished guest of this day, the chief executive of that 
great, though smallest State in the Union, the State of 'Rhode Island. To our friends 
from " Little Rhody " we give the cordial hand of friendship — yea, the greeting is more 
than that of friend to friend, it is that of brother to brother. Together our fathers 
stood for this New England and together we, their sons, stand for it now. It is ours 
to preserve the fire of liberty and patriotism handed down by them, and hand it down 
in turn to those who are to follow us. Rhode Island was Commodore Perry's native 
State, and for such a small State, we must admit, it gave him a vast amount of courage 
and pluck. It was from Rhode Island, also, that many members of that famous crew 
came to Lake Erie. This visit, Governor Lippitt, reminds many citizens of Cleveland 
of a similar celebration in this city, thirty-six years ago. Another governor then rep- 
resented your State and was welcomed by another mayor. The cause of that celebra- 
tion was the unveiling of a beautiful Parian marble statue of Perry in our Public 
Square. Almost four decades have passed, and the children of that day have now 
passed the meridian line of life. The enthusiasm for Perry and his victory is none 
the .less genuine, however, to-day, and the homage we give him is none the less real 
and patriotic. We are also proud and happy to greet on this occasion and welcome 
again to Cleveland the Governor of the State of Ohio, the honorary president of the 
Centennial Commission, Governor Bushnell. His kindly interest and assistance have 
done much to make our celebration a success, and as citizens of Cleveland we wish 
to extend to him our hearty thanks for his important co-operation. To all our guests, 
whether from far or near, we give unfeigned welcome to this, the closing feature of 
our city's celebration. 

The event we celebrate to-day brings vividly to our mind one of the bravest, bold- 
est characters known in naval history. By a single battle he immortalized himself. 
His is a name which will never die, but will always have a brilliant place in the role 
of the world's greatest heroes. Eighty-three years ago this morning ( >liver Hazard 
Perry made that gallant and successful contest on the waters of Lake Erie, with his 
nine trusty vessels and his force of doughty fighters. He met Commodore Barclay's 
fleet and for three hours the battle raged. ' When it was over and the roar of cannon 
had subsided, came that famous and oft-repeated message, " We have met the enemy 
and they are ours. ' ' [ Applause. J Mention the name of Perry and that dispatch always 
comes to mind. What real significance w T as attached to that great conflict on that 
bright September morning or what it meant to our country and to our flag is not neces- 
sary to relate to an American audience. Every citizen is familiar with those facts. 
Every boy can tell the story of that bitter controversy. It was a battle which marked 
a pivotal point in our nation's history, and upon the outcome of which depended, to a 
large degree, whether America should rule the inland seas or yield to British tyranny 
and sacrifice its sacred rights. 

It is proper and appropriate that we should have in this centennial year a Perry's 
Victory Day, and show that Cleveland's enthusiasm does not grow cold even in the 
lapse of years. Where could a more appropriate place be found, or when a better time 
than here on the edge of Lake Erie in the twilight of our city's closing century ? It 
is right that this day should be observed as it is, and I trust all will join in the exer- 
cises of the day heartily and with earnestness. Were the time sufficient it would be 
interesting to trace the* growth of commerce on the lakes since the time of Perry's 
victorious battle in its behalf. Vessels owned in Cleveland then could be quickly 
counted. Over 7,500 now enter and clear at this port every year. The lake tonnage 
owned in Cleveland amounts to more than $20,000,000, surpassing that of every Ameri- 
can city except New Vork. Cleveland to-day is the greatest iron ore market in the 
world, the greatest ship-building city in the United States, the oil ruler of the globe, 
and she stands as the champion leader in education. These are but a few of the 
crowning achievements and privileges that bless our city and our citizens to-day. 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 



219 



From a town of 44,000 at the time of the first Perry celebration, it has grown and de- 
veloped until it now has 370,000 'population, a city covering thirty-two square miles 
of territory and unsurpassed in many respects by any municipality on the globe. 
Such a citv does this anniversary behold, but who can tell the promise of its future 
greatness or power ? The century now dawning is the only source to which we can 
turn for our answer. 

In closing I wish to say that we are glad for the exercises and observances of this 
centennial season, and believe that they have done much to benefit our city and bring 
it permanently to public view. We are glad to weave a wreath of laurel once more 
about Perry's brow and to engage in this patriotic celebration in honor of his deeds. 
In the new century there will be battles of other kinds to fight, and may it be that we 
shall come off as victorious as did Perry, and may the motto of this Centennial be the 
motto of the coming years — " Unity and Progress." [Applause.] 

The mayor then introduced Governor Bushnell as permanent chair- 
man of the meeting, presenting him as he did so with a gavel made 
from wood taken from the flagship Lazvrence. The governor accepted 
it, saying: 

I am glad to use this gavel, made from the timber of Perry's good flagship, 'Law- 
rence, which was so badly disabled as to cause the 
commodore to leave her and go to the Niagara. 

It is fitting that Cleveland should celebrate 
Perry's victory, and there are few cities that could 
so well celebrate their Centennial, for there is no city 
that has such a large and patriotic population, and 
it may be said also that there are few States as well 
fitted "to celebrate patriotic achievements as Ohio. 

Mr. Mayor, I thank you for your personal com- 
pliments. I have been with you in showers and sun- 
shine, and I hope to be with 3 r ou again, for the people 
of Cleveland always receive me kindly. It is fitting 
that Cleveland should celebrate this victory, so great 
111 after effects to all the people who live on the lakes. 
History tells us that the battle was fought on a clear 
September day like this. The casualties in that battle 
were not as great as in battles of that kind in later 
years, but who can circumscribe the effects of the 
victory ! What must have been the anxiety of the 
people of this then village of Cleveland as they 
listened to the firing of cannon sixty miles away ! 
And what must have been the effect when they 

heard Perry's famous dispatch, " We have met the enemy and thev are ours! " [Ap- 
plause.] 

Who can, measure the rejoicing it caused in Washington, when it was received 
there! Perhaps there were men in Cleveland who, as one old citizen used to sav, 
" knew Perry had won, because the last gun fired was a big one, and he knew Perrv 
had the biggest guns." But I apprehend there was much anxiety until they received 
the dispatch. 

Last summer I visited the graves of those killed in the battle, which are on an 
island near Put-in-Bay. These graves are marked with a few wooden posts, from 
which an iron chain is suspended to form an inclosure. I hope that the congressmen 
from the two Cleveland districts particularly, and all the congressmen from Ohio, for 
that matter, will see to it that the National Government provides a suitable monu- 
ment for these dead, and if the National Government will not do, I will recommend 
that the State of Ohio do so. [Applause.] 

In conclusion, fellow citizens, let me suggest a motto for us, as a city, as a" State, 
and as a nation. Let it be Perry's motto, Lawrence's command, "Don't give up 
the ship. " [Applause.] 

The address of the governor and that of the mayor were well re- 
ceived. After another selection by the band, Governor Bushnell pre- 
sented the orator of the day, Governor Charles Warren Lippitt, with the 
followine introduction : 




vi l\ ER IIA/AKI) PERRY. 



220 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

We are greatly honored by having with us to-day the chief executive of Rhode 
Island, the State that gave birth to Commodore Perry. He has traveled nearly half 
way across the country to be present with us on this occasion. He comes from a 
State little in area, but big in distinguished men and patriotism. The State of Rhode 
Island gave birth to some of the greatest men of the Revolution, and has given birth 
to many great and patriotic statesmen and soldiers since. I know that vou join with 
me in extending a most cordial welcome to his excellency, Governor Lippitt [applause], 
his good wife, and the members of his military household. I now have pleasure in 
introducing to you Governor Lippitt, who will speak to vou. 

Governor Lippitt was accorded an ovation. He read his address in 
an impressive manner, as follows, being frequently applauded: 

Interest in one's birthplace is natural to the human race. Surroundings that be- 
come familiar to us in childhood maintain their hold upon our affections in later life. 
Love of home constitutes one of the strongest motives for human action. If its en- 
vironments constitute in themselves a name, a body corporate, of which the home 
forms a constituent part, the affection for the latter extends itself to its surroundings. 
For the State or the nation of which we form a part, similar sentiments are enter- 
tained. 

The anniversaries now occurring in many parts of the country furnish admirable 
opportunities for the examination of the results of generations of effort. To recall the 
services of patriots in behalf of the community, in peace and in war, educates the 
present generation for similar emergencies. Attention is drawn to what has already 
been accomplished. Comparison is made with the results secured by neighboring 
communities. What has been gained inspires the desire for greater advantages. A 
community extending its influence to distant parts of the earth awakens a natural 
pride on the part of its units. The power of the Eternal City caused the announce- 
ment Civis Romanics sum to stand for ages as a guaranty of consideration and protec- 
tion throughout the civilized world. 

It was a happy circumstance that caused the settlement of the Western Reserve 
upon the nation's birthday. With true American spirit the little band of pioneers, 
under the leadership of Moses Cleaveland, celebrated that to them important Fourth 
of July. Toasts indicating thankfulness for the past and hope for the future were an- 
nounced in the customary manner. Good punch was provided. The President of the 
United States was remembered, in accordance with time-honored custom. Port of 
Independence they named Conneaut, the place where the celebration was held. 
" May the Port of Independence and the fifty sons and daughters who have entered 
it this day be successful and prosperous." they hopefully offered. Again they ex- 
pressed their anticipation with the sentiment, " May these sons and daughters multi- 
ply in sixteen years sixteen times fifty." It is recorded that after the celebration, 
notwithstanding the effect of the punch, they retired in good order. 

Ohio in 1810 had a population of 230,000. Its people were subject to all the hard- 
ships of a frontier life, bordering upon a territory held by a savage race. Unable to 
accommodate themselves to the system of the white men, brave and determined as 
they had often proved themselves, the Indians had no alternative but to fight for an 
inferior civilization. There could be but one end to such a conflict. Bravely as it 
was maintained by the savage, it was inevitable that he should perish with his insti- 
tutions. While the conflict continued, however, it subjected the frontier to deeds of 
horror that rendered far more terrible the struggle that the early settlers were forced 
to maintain against nature. 

At the opening of the war of 1812, the efforts of the country were at once directed 
toward an invasion of Canada. The necessity of controlling the water communica- 
tions furnished by the lakes was not perhaps fully appreciated by the Government at 
Washington. Hull was placed in command in Michigan and attacked the Canadian 
frontier. His defeat, and the surrender of Detroit and the Territory of Michigan as- 
tounded and inflamed the country. It permitted the savage allies of the English to 
attack the settlers of Michigan, and exposed the entire frontier to their inhuman war- 
fare. The invasion of our own country by the English and the Indians overcame in 
many cases such resistance as could be offered, and carried death and desolation to 
many homes. Tecumseh had brought to the conflict all the resources of his savage 
and commanding mind. The defeat at the River Raisin had been turned into a massacre. 
Colonel Proctor, violating the terms of the capitulation, abandoned the wounded 
Americans to his Indian allies. The savages tomahawked some of the wounded and 
set fire to the buildings where others had been placed. Their yells and laughter were 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 221 

the only replies to the shrieks of their burning victims. The best blood of Kentucky- 
was sacrificed to the fury of the Indians. A relative of Henry Clay was among the 
victims. One officer was scalped in the presence of his friends. Raising upon his 
knees, with blood streaming from his wound, he helplessly gazed upon their faces. 
An Indian boy was directed by his father to tomahawk him. Not strong enough to 
accomplish the deed, his repeated blows only drew faint moans from the wounded 
man. A blow from the savage father, to exhibit how it should be delivered, ended 
the tragedy. The cry for vengeance that arose from Kentucky and the neighboring 
frontier found its satisfaction on another occasion. 

The savage hate entertained by Tecumseh for the Americans inspired him to 
unite the Indians of the entire frontier in an organized effort to turn back the tide of 
immigration that was rapidly taking possession of their lands. With the intelligence 
and energy of a more civilized man, he traveled nearly a thousand miles through the 
wilderness to bring the Creeks and the other tribes about the southern frontier into 
the alliance. The scenes enacted on the northern frontier were duplicated, with per- 
haps increased horror, in the South. The influence of England made itself felt in the 
Spanish possessions of Louisiana. England's assistance in freeing Spain from the 
French invasion justified Spanish aid to England in America. The capture of Mobile 
by Wilkinson furnished evidence of the efforts of the Spanish and English to inflame 
the savages of the southern frontier. Aided by these efforts, Tecumseh succeeded in 
drawing tne Creeks into his combination. At the capture of Fort Mimms on the Ala- 
bama, which had become the refuge of many frontier families, the horrors perpe- 
trated by the savage foe can never be adequately conveyed in language. The mutila- 
tion of bodies and the violation of women marked the scene. The frontier from north 
to south was open to the incursions of a savage and relentless foe. The successful 
defence of Fort Meigs by Harrison, and of Fort Stephenson by Croghan, const tuted 
some offset to these disasters. This war was not between a savage and a civilized 
nation. The parties to it were primarily two peoples speaking the same language, 
of the same general characteristics, and within a comparatively few years united 
under one government. That England should have called to her aid in such a conflict 
her ferocious allies cannot be contemplated save with exasperation and horror. It 
marks a page in her history to be remembered only with shame and regret. 

In such circumstances, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry was ordered to this region 
to create a suitable fleet, and with it obtain the command of Lake Erie. He brought 
with him from Rhode Island about 150 men. They had been trained under his direc- 
tion on the waters in and about Xarragansett Bay, and had volunteered to accompany 
him to Lake Erie. The different detachments left Newport in February, 1-813, and 
in March reached Erie. 

The advantage of the control of the lake was largely a matter of transportation. 
Previous to 1818 no regular communication existed with this portion of Ohio and with 
Detroit. Stage routes were first established in these sections in that year. Without good 
roadways the cost of transportation is tremendously increased. James, in his " Naval 
History of Great Britain," states that " every round shot cost one shilling a pound for 
the carriage from Quebec to Lake Erie, that powder was ten times as dear as at home, 
and that, for anchors, their weight in silver would be scarcely an overestimate." To 
transport, therefore, a 24-pound shot from Quebec to Lake Erie, at the time men- 
tioned, would cost six dollars. Similar difficulties existed on the American side of the 
lake. It was claimed that to transport a cannon to Sackett's Harbor at this period 
cost a thousand dollars. The cost of transporting provisions to a small detachment of 
Harrison's army in the Northwest would in present circumstances supply a consider- 
able army. Transportation by water was greatly less in cost and much quicker in 
time. Facilities of transportation, therefore, in the warlike operations around Lake 
Erie in 1813, were sufficiently important to determine the question of success or failure. 
English control of the lake in 1812, and the principal part of 1813, enabled them to at- 
tack such points of the American shore as they might select. Their approach could 
not be foreseen. The uncertainty of their appearance necessarily alarmed the entire 
American shore. The English, knowing the point of attack, could concentrate their 
forces. Want of this information obliged the Americans to divide their armies. The 
English shore was practically free from American attack, as the lake intervened. The 
shortest line of transportation also secured the quickest and most certain means of infor- 
mation. English control of the lake during the first part of the war handicapped the 
offensive and defensive operations of the Americans. It is difficult, therefore, to over- 
estimate in such circumstances the importance of the command of the lake. 

The many difficult and annoying circumstances attending the construction of a 
fleet in the wilderness furnished an opportunity for the energy, perseverance and deter- 



222 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

initiation of young Perry. Buffalo, Philadelphia, Pittsburg and other points were 
called upon for supplies. Carpenters, blacksmiths, guns, sails, rigging and iron were 
urgently needed. To hurry forward mechanics and supplies, Perry journeyed to 
Pittsburg. The resources of the immediate neighborhood were taxed to the utmost 
to supply many unaccustomed articles necessary to the construction of yessels of war. 
The work was pushed with the utmost speed. 

On the 23d of May, Perry learned that Commodore Chauncey, on Lake ( >ntario, 
was to attack Fort George. The commodore had promised him the command of the 
sailors and marines on this occasion. He at once started in an open boat for Buffalo. 
After a journey of great inconyenience, he succeeded in reaching Commodore Chaun- 
cey and in taking part in the expedition. Chauncey was particularly pleased with 
Perry's arrival, and observed, " No person on earth at that particular time could be 
more welcome." His professional knowledge was of great assistance in the landing 
of the troops, and his example inspired the men with confidence. In his official re- 
port Commodore Chauncey said of Perry's services: " He was present at every point 
where he could be useful, under showers of musketry, but fortunately escaped unhurt. 

The capture of Fort George enabled Perry to mov% into Lake Erie five small ves- 
sels which had been blockaded at Black Rock "by the enemy. They had to be dragged 
against the current of the Niagara River by oxen, seamen, and a detail of two hun- 
dred soldiers. After a fortnight of difficulty and fatigue he succeeded in getting the 
little squadron into Lake Erie. These vessels were much too small to contend with 
the enemy's forces then upon the lake. By good fortune, however, he eluded the 
English and reached Erie on the evening of the 18th of June, shortly before they 
appeared. 

Finally the two brigs, which had been named the Lawrence and the Niagara^ 
were completed, and everything was in readiness to cross the bar at the mouth of the 
harbor. The English had watched the construction of the American vessels and made 
various efforts to accomplish their destruction. To attempt the passage of the bar in 
the face of the enemy's fleet would have been extremely hazardous. Unexpectedly, 
about the first of August, the English fleet disappeared from the neighborhood of 
Erie. It is claimed that the absence of the English was to enable Commodore Bar- 
clay and his officers to attend a public dinner in Canada. The commodore is said to 
have remarked, in reply to a complimentary toast: " I expect to find the Yankee brigs 
hard and fast on the bar at Erie when I return, in which predicament it will be but a 
small job to destroy them." This circumstance furnished Perry his opportunity. He 
hastened by every means in his power the lifting of his heavy yessels over the bar. 
Camels, large wooden scows, had been provided to assist in this purpose. The guns 
of the Lawrence were hoisted out and placed in boats astern. With much difficulty 
the vessel was lifted into deep water on the lake side of the bar. The Niagara was 
still on the bar when the enemy's fleet appeared in the offing. Extra exertions suc- 
ceeded shortly after in getting her into the deep water of the lake. Perry's fleet as 
then constituted was more powerful than that under Barclay's command. 

Commodore Barclay viewed with astonishment the American fleet safely floating 
upon the waters of the "lake, and realizing that his supremacy for the time being was 
gone, sailed away to await the completion of the Detroit, then under construction at 
Maiden. The command of the lake had passed from England to America. 

In response to Perry's urgent appeals to the authorities, he received on the gth of 
August about one hundred officers and men under the command of Captain Jesse D. 
Elliott. This addition to his force enabled him to man the Niagara, which was 
placed under Captain Elliott. At once taking the initiative, Perry sailed up the lake 
to co-operate with General Harrison. 

It is interesting to note how quickly the control of the lake gave the Americans 
the advantage. Perry's mere presence upon Lake Erie with his then superior squadron 
forced the English fleet into port, enabled him to join the American land forces and to 
assume the offensive with safety. The American rendezvous at the head of the lake 
was at Put-in-Bay. On the 19th of August, Harrison visited Perry on his flagship. 
The subsequent time was occupied in training his men, and in short cruises in the 
effort to bring the enemy to battle. Many of his men were sick. Perry himself had 
been stricken with lake fever, and for a time was confined to his cabin. Under the 
care of Dr. Usher Parsons, the surgeon of the Lawrence, after a week's illness he par- 
tially recovered. His indisposition retarded somewhat the operations of the fleet. 

The control of the lake again asserts itself with remarkable force at this time. 
Barclay was not ready to fight. General Proctor's army, however, then at Maiden, 
was in urgent need of provisions and supplies. Land transportation between Long 
Point, the English supply station, and Maiden, was such that Proctor's army could not 



PERKY S VICTORY PAY. 



223 



be provided by that line. It became necessary, therefore, to open communication be- 
tween Maiden and Long Point by the lake, even at the risk of an engagement. Infor- 
mation of the condition of the English commissary department had reached Perry at 
Put-in Bay about September 5th, and he expected the arrival of the English fleet. 

His captains were carefully instructed in his order of battle. On the evening of 
the 9th of September the commanders of the American fleet were summoned aboard 
the flagship, and written instructions given to each for his conduct during the expected 
engagement. As the conference broke up, the commodore, to impress the intent of 
his orders upon them and to cover the uncertainties of naval actions, referred to the 
words of Nelson upon a similar occasion, and gave as his final directions: " If you lay 
your enemy close alongside, you cannot be out of your place." 

Early in the morning of September 10, 1813, the cry of " Sail ho! " from the mast- 
head of the Lawrence indicated the approach of the English fleet. The day was 
warm and pleasant. The wind was light from the southwest. Promptly the Ameri- 
can fleet was got under way and moved out from the islands. The position of the two 
fleets gave to the English the advantage of the weather-gage. Perry's anxiety to 
force an action, however, induced him to waive the advantage of position and to take 
the shortest course to the opposing fleet, even at the risk of losing his tactical advan- 
tage. Daring the morning an eagle hovered in slow, majestic flight over the Ameri- 
can squadron, gazing down at the unusual scene below. The presence of the chosen 
emblem of America could not fail to inspire the men about to battle for their country. 
A little after ten o'clock the American fleet was formed in line, the Niagara in the 
van. Calling his crew about him, Perry in a few sentences referred to the last words 
of Captain Lawrence, and displayed a blue flag upon which had been formed in white 
letters, " Don't give up the ship." Upon being hoisted as the signal for battle, it was 
received with cheers by the crews of the different vessels. The cheering brought on 
deck several of the sick. One of them, Wilson Mays, of Newport, Rhode Island, was 
ordered below by one of the officers, with the remark, "You are too weak to be here." 
" I can do something, sir." " What can you do? " "I can sound the pump, sir, and 
let a strong man go to the guns. " Mays took his position by the pump, and at the 
end of the fight was found at his station with a ball through his heart. 

As the American squadron slowly approached the English fleet, a sudden change 
in the wind gave them the advantage of the weather-gage. The breeze was light, 
and the squadron made hardly more than three knots an hour. A change in the dis- 
position of the English vessels, that was noticed as the fleets approached each other, 
caused Perry to change his own order of sailing and to place the Lawrence in posi- 
tion to bring her opposite the Detroit. In the English fleet were six vessels in the 
American nine. The tonnage of the American fleet was 1,671 tons, of the English 
1,460. The English had 63 guns, the Americans 54. In long guns the English had 33, 
the Americans 15, while in carronades the Americans had 39, the English 30. In weight 
of metal to a broadside the American squadron is claimed by some authorities to have 
been considerably heavier than the English. In number of men the two squadrons 
were not materially different. 

A large proportion of the Rhode Islanders who had followed Perry to the lakes 
were present upon the different vessels of the squadrons. He had also received a 
number of volunteers from the inhabitants of the lake shore, and a contingent from 
Harrison's army consisting largely of Kentuckians. Although many of these men 
had never seen a man-of-war before, and fought upon an unusual element, they ren- 
dered most excellent service. The crews of Barclay's squadron were made up in 
largely the same way, — a number from the inhabitants of the Canadian shore of the 
lake, another contingent from the regular English regiments in the neighborhood, and 
the balance regular seamen. 

Perry's line of approach to the English squadron brought the Scorpion, the Ariel 
and the Lawrence first into action. It began about noon by a gun from the Detroit. 
Eager to bring his enemy to close quarters, Perry forced the Lawrence ahead as 
rapidly as the wind would permit. The English concentrated their efforts on the flag- 
ship, and as she approached their line the Lawrence suffered severely. The Niagara 
did not bear down upon the Queen Charlotte, in accordance with the directions of the 
commodore, but was maintained at such distance from the English vessel as to enable 
the Queen Charlotte to turn her battery upon the Lawrence. In consequence, the 
heavy vessels of the English squadron gave undivided attention to the American flag- 
ship. Gun after gun was dismounted. Man after man fell dead to the deck or was 
carried wounded below. Lieutenant Brooks, son of a late governor of Massachusetts, 
a man of remarkable physique and great manly beauty, was struck in the hip by a 
cannon ball and suffered such agony as he lay on the deck that he called upon the: 



224 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

commodore to kill him. Upon being taken to the cockpit and learning the impossibil- 
ity of his recovery, he repeatedly inquired how the battle was going, and hoped that 
the commodore would escape uninjured. He died before the end of the action. The 
Lawrence was so shallow that it had been impossible to place the cockpit below the 
water line, and the wounded were only a trifle less subjected to danger than when in 
their stations on deck. Midshipman Lamb went below with his arm shattered. His 
wound having been dressed by Surgeon Parsons, he was directed to go forward and 
lie down. While the surgeon's hand was upon him, a cannon ball dashed him across 
the cockpit and killed him instantly. Lieutenant Forest was struck by a spent ball 
and fell stunned at Perry's feet. Lieutenant Yarnall was badly wounded in the scalp; 
and with blood flowing over his face went below for treatment. The enemy's shot had 
torn the hammocks that had been filled with reed or flag tops, and the cotton-like sub- 
stance from these " cat-tails " floated through the air like feathers. It caught upon Yar- 
nall's blood-stained head and gave him much the appearance of an owl. Upon shortlv 
going below to have another wound treated, his appearance caused some of the 
wounded to shout with laughter that the devil had come among them. This gallant 
officer later in the action, his face horribly disfigured by a splinter that had been 
driven through his nose, in addition to his other injuries, notified the commodore that 
every officer in his division had been disabled, and asked for assistance. The com- 
modore had no other officers to detail, and Yarnall was obliged to fight his battery as 
best he could. One of the guns was somewhat out of order, and Perry approached to 
aid in correcting the difficulty. The captain of the gun chanced to be one of the 
( 'onstitntion' s old men, and had drawn himself up with a manly air in the act of fir- 
ing, when a heavy cannon shot passed through his body, and he dropped dead at Per- 
rv's feet. Young Alexander Perry, only twelve years of age, had two musket balls 
pass through his hat, and was laid senseless on the deck by a splinter. 

At the commencement of the action six men had been detailed to the cockpit to 
assist the surgeon. After the battle had been raging an hour and a half, Perry, with 
a countenance perfectly calm, and in an ordinary voice as though upon every-day duty, 
called through the cockpit skylight, " Doctor, send me one of your men. " At once 
one of the surgeon's assistants went on deck to assist in fighting the vessel. In a few 
minutes the commodore repeated the call, and was obliged to follow it at short inter- 
vals with others, until the six men were on deck and the surgeon left alone to care for 
the wounded. Soon after, in the same calm tone, Perry called through the skylight to 
know if any of the wounded could pull a rope. At once several of those slightly in- 
jured crawled upon deck to aid in continuing the battle. The injury to the Lawrence 
had somewhat opened the planks of the deck, and in several instances small rivulets 
of blood flowing from those above fell upon those in the cockpit below. Every gun 
but one had been dismounted. Out of his entire effective crew, only fourteen men 
were left uninjured. With the assistance of the chaplain and the purser, Perry him- 
self succeeded in loading and firing the last gun. The condition of the Lawrence ren- 
dered further offensive operations impossible. The approach of the Niagara, at this 
time practically uninjured, enabled the young commodore to take that momentous step 
that changed defeat into victory. His passage in an open boat over the bullet-thrashed 
waters of the lake from the Lawrence to the Niagara at once changed the aspect of 
the battle. A short conference with her commander, variously reported by different 
witnesses, ended in Perry at once assuming command of the vessel, and in sending 
her commander to bring up the small vessels astern. Radically changing her course 
and signalling the other vessels of his squadron for close action, he directed the 
Niagara toward the English line. With guns double-shotted he passed between the 
Quit' n Charlotte and the Detroit on the one side, and the vessels near the head of the 
English fleet on the other. At half pistol shot these vessels, which had become partly 
unmanageable in consequence of their injuries, were raked with terrible effect. In 
about fifteen minutes after Perry assumed command of the Niagara the Queen Char- 
lotte surrendered. Her example was soon followed by the larger English vessels. 
Returning to the Lawrence, upon her blood-stained deck's, amid his dead and wounded 
companions, he received the formal surrender of the English fleet. The English offi- 
cers picked their way among the dead and wounded to the quarter-deck and offered 
their swords in token of submission. Perry requested them to retain their side-arms 
and extended to his captives every consideration. The loss in the English squadron 
had been 41 killed and 94 wounded, according to Commodore Barclay's report. The 
first and second in command of each of the English vessels had been killed or disabled. 
In the American fleet 27 were killed and 96 wounded. Of this number 22 had been 
killed and 61 wounded on the Lawrence alone, out of her total crew of 101 effective 
men. A loss of 83 men, over 82 per cent., in killed and wounded, exhibits the terrific 




GOVERNOR CHARLES WARREN LIPPITT, OF RHODE ISLAND. 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 225 

character of the struggle on the flagship. Never before in a naval action, except 
where the defeated vessel has been sunk with all on board, has the percentage of loss 
equaled that on the Lawrence. Two of the English vessels, the Little Belt and the 
Chippcway, sought safety in flight. They were pursued by the Scorpion and the 
Trippe, captured and brought back to the fleet. Sailing Master Champlin, of the 
Scorpion, fired the first gun on the American side in opening the action, and in bring- 
ing to the Little Belt he also fired the last gun. The capture of the English fleet was 
complete. It was one of the few squadron engagements in which any portion of the 
navy of the United States had been engaged. It was also the first time an entire En- 
glish fleet had ever been surrendered. Literally could Perry report, ' ' We have met 
the enemy and they are ours." 

The part taken by the Niagara in this engagement previous to the time that 
Perrv boarded her has given rise to a long discussion. Until Perry trod her decks she 
had held aloof from the English fleet, and was not in a position to render that hearty 
and valuable assistance to the Lawrence that could reasonably have been expected 
from the second in command. The motives that actuated the commander of the Niag- 
ara cannot be discussed at this time. Shortly before Thermopylae, two Greeks were 
on leave at Alpeni suffering from a severe complaint of the eyes. Eurytus, foreseeing 
that a decisive action was about to occur, called for his armor and directed his attend- 
ant Helot to lead him into the Pass. Joining Leonidas, he became one of the immor- 
tal three hundred. He laid his enemy close alongside, and was not out of his place. 
His memory was venerated by his countrymen, and his devotion commanded their 
admiration. Aristodemus, however, ignoring the example of his comrade, returned 
home without taking part in the conflict. He was subjected to the scorn and con- 
tempt of his fellow citizens. Unable to endure his disgrace, at the end of a year he 
was killed at the battle of Platea in the effort to retrieve his position. The marked 
difference between the influence of the Niagara in the action before and after Perry 
took command illustrates his surpassing personal influence upon the conflict. It em- 
phasizes his words as he left the Lawrence, "If a victory is to be gained, I'll gain it." 

After the conflict the two fleets anchored in Put-in-Bay. The control of the lake 
definitely passed to the Americans. They at once assumed the offensive. A portion 
of Harrison's army immediately marched on Detroit. The balance were transported 
by water to the neighborhood of Maiden. General Proctor was obliged to abandon 
Maiden and retreat. Tecumseh, unable to comprehend the situation, in forcible lan- 

ge expressed his dissatisfaction with the action of the English commander. The 
retreat was hurried forward with the utmost precipitation. Harrison recaptured De- 
troit and the whole territory of Michigan. The pursuit of Proctor and the Indians 
was pushed with all possible celerity. 

Leaving his squadron in command of his subordinates, Perry volunteered as an 
aid to General Harrison. He rendered valuable assistance to the commanding gen- 
eral, and took a prominent part in the battle of the Thames. "While passing from the 
right of the front line to the left wing, Perry's horse," according to McKenzie, 
"plunged into a deep slough near the swamp, and sank nearly to the breast. In an in- 
stant Perry vaulted over the horse's head to the dry ground. The horse extricated 
himself and, snorting as he trod the solid ground again, bounded forward at the speed 
he had held before the accident. Perry clutched the animal's mane, as he released 
himself from the march, and vaulted into the saddle without in the slightest degree 
checking the speed of the beast or touching bridle or stirrup until he was fairly seated. 
The circumstance was witnessed by the Kentuckians, who were approaching the ene- 
my at a charging pace, and who cheered the brave sailor as he passed them." 

Few victories have had more important results. The defeat of Proctor at the 
battle of the Thames followed, as well as the death of Tecumseh, that in a measure 
retrieved the disaster at the River Raisin. The Indian alliance at once collapsed. 
The frontier was no longer subject to the savage atrocities that had disgraced the 
war. Canada north of Lake Erie was conquered. The Northwest Territory was se- 
cured to the United States. This region now occupied by Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and including those portions of New York and 
Pennsylvania bordering on Lake Erie, now supports a population of about seventeen 
millions of people. One-quarter, therefore, of the present population of 'the United 
States have found homes in that territory secured by Perry and his companions. It 
has developed such cities as Cleveland, Detroit, Toledo, Chicago, Minneapolis and St. 
Paul. It teems with agricultural and mining enterprises, with manufactures and with 
commerce. The lakes upon which it borders furnish means of transportation second 
•only to the ocean. Great ships ply between busy cities that line the borders of these 
inland seas. An interior commerce has developed far beyond the wildest anticipa- 



226 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

tions of eighty years ago. In either of those great steamships the product of Cleve- 
land industry, the North Land and the North \Vest, the combined fleets that fought 
the battle of Lake Erie could be stowed away, and still leave room for a thousand 
tons more. The gross tonnage of each of these steamships is 4,244 tons. The com- 
bined tonnage of the American and the English fleets at the battle of Lake Erie was- 
3,131 tons. 

This celebration of " Perry's Victory" uses a term that denotes the unusual influ- 
ence a single individual exerted upon the conflict. Pre-eminently was the victor}- upon 
Lake Erie due to the personal efforts of Commodore Perry. To fight the flagship to a 
wreck, to be able in such scenes, and in circumstances so unusual, to transfer his flag 
to another portion of the fleet, to use his remaining resources so effectively as to turn 
probable defeat into one of the most remarkable victories of his age, establishes his 
reputation as a naval commander. The inestimable services of Admiral Suffren on 
the coast of India exerted a commanding influence upon naval affairs in these waters, 
and secured the commendation of France. Even his English opponents after the war 
united in recognizing his combinations. The services of Nelson at the Nile, at Trafal- 
gar, and particularly at Cape St. Vincent, have been remembered by a grateful coun- 
try, and his position as a naval hero recognized by the civilized world. Farragut, in 
taking the lead of his somewhat disordered line at Mobile and by his passage of Forts 
St. Philip and Jackson, has placed his name among the great admirals of the world. 
Naval history does not furnish, however, another instance to equal the overwhelming 
influence of Perry's services on Lake Erie. The fateful passage from the wreck of the 
Lawrence to the uninjured Niagara appeals as forcefully to the student of naval- 
history as to the popular comprehension of Perry's part in the battle. That gallant 
act calls to mind another deed, inspired by similar motives but of an entirely different 
character, where an illustrious son of Ohio gained undying renown : 

' ' The first that the general saw were the groups 
Of stragglers, and then the retreating troups; 
What was done? What to do? A glance told him both. 
Then striking his spurs with a terrible oath, 
He dashed down the line, 'mid a storm of huzzas, 
And the wave of retreat checked its course there, because 
The sight of the master compelled it to pause. 
With foam and with dust the black charger was gray ; 
By the flash of his eye, and the red nostril's play, 
He seem'd to the whole great army to say: 
' I have brought you Sheridan all the way 
From Winchester down to save the day.' " 

The determination to succeed, the readiness to grasp a sudden and unexpected 
situation, the ability to apply the necessary remedy, and the unusual personal magnet- 
ism, were the same in Sheridan as in Perry. 

It would be indeed a narrow view to assume that Perry's unaided efforts obtained 
the victory at Lake Erie. Generally he was seconded in the most gallant and effective 
manner by his officers and men. No commander ever received more devoted support 
than was rendered by the crew of the Lawrence. Yarnall, Brooks, Forst, — none could 
be braver or more faithful to their duty. Rhode Island cannot forget her heroes. 
She remembers with pardonable pride the part taken in the battle by her sons. 
Forty-seven of the fifty-four guns in the American squadron were commanded by 
Rhode Islanders in the battle. Perry, Turner, Champlin, Brownell and Almy com- 
manding vessels, Parsons, Breese, Dunham, Taylor and young Alexander Perry brave- 
ly performing their several duties, not forgetting the hardy sailors that came with 
them from the coast, indicate the important part that the men from Narragansett Bay 
bore in the conflict. The momentous result of this victory, so largely due to the 
efforts of her sons, constitutes Rhode Island's gift to the West and to the Northwest in 
the war of 1812, and equal that she rendered the South during the Revolution in the 
person of General Nathaniel Greene. 

At the opening of the Erie Canal, the cannon of Perry's fleet and those that they 
had captured were located along the line of the waterway at intervals of about ten 
miles. As the first boats entered the canal at Buffalo, the first of these cannon was 
fired. As the sound reached the second, it conveyed it to the third. Gun responded 
to gun, until in an hour and twenty minutes the fact of the opening of the canal at 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 227 

Buffalo was announced to the citizens of New York. The cannon that had gained for 
America the control of the lakes, and those they had conquered, celebrated the com- 
pletion of an adjunct to these inland seas that connected them directly with the ocean 
by a route entirely within the limits of the United States. 

The monument that stands in yonder Park and the circumstances of to-day exhibit 
the gratitude of Ohio for the services of Rhode Island's son. The inestimable gifts of 
a similar nature that this great State has made to the nation, — Grant, Sherman, Sheri- 
dan, — indicate that Ohio can sympathize with Rhode Island in the veneration enter- 
tained for the character and the services of Perry. 

No city can be great without inspiring the patriotism of its citizens. Civic pride, 
as history often tells, has been the motive underlying many noble deeds. The present 
Centennial has furnished the occasion for the exercise of similar qualities. The gift of 
Rockefeller Park proves that the welfare of Cleveland and pride in her prosperity and 
success are dear to her citizens. The $600,000 required to secure the land for the new 
park represents a vast amount of stored-up human energy. It equals the labor of one 
thousand men for one year. That such a gift is possible from a single individual ex- 
hibits the wonderful results to be derived from intelligent effort in the great re- 
public. 

The monuments that ornament the Forest City evidence the generosity of her 
citizens. In their mute magnificence they deny that republics are ungrateful. Cleave- 
land, Perry, Garfield and, by that noble tribute in the Public Square, the heroes of the 
Civil War have all been fittingly remembered. 

The progress that has been made during the past hundred years is but the basis 
for still greater advances in the years to come. Distance, as it was understood at the 
foundation of the Forest City, has practically been annihilated by the steamship, the 
telegraph, the railroad and the telephone. The development of manufactures secures 
to the most humble facilities unknown one hundred years ago. The skill, enterprise 
and energy that have developed the United States will shortly push the surplus prod- 
ucts from its fields of agriculture, from its mines of iron, coal and precious minerals, 
and from the ever increasing products of manufacturing, into the markets of the world. 
To protect the efforts of those engaged in such enterprises, to secure their peaceful 
consideration in distant parts of the earth, it is necessary to follow them by means 
that will secure respect for the flag. No State has received greater benefit from the 
sea power than Ohio, although situated several hundred miles from the ocean. Her 
people should not rest until there floats upon the deep, fashioned by American de- 
signers and constructed of American material by American workmen, a mighty battle- 
ship bearing the name and reputation of Ohio, — a ship that shall keep the sea in any 
storm and proudly bear aloft the flag that floated over the Constitution when, to the 
thunder of her guns, the red emblem of England was lowered on the Guerriere ; a 
ship that possibly some brave and patriotic son of this commonwealth may, in the just 
cause of the great Republic, guide to a victory as marked for his personal influence as 
that of Perry or of Sheridan. 

At the conclusion of Governor Lippitt's address, Mr. Day, in har- 
mony with suggestions made by Governor Bushnell, offered the follow- 
ing resolution, which was unanimously adopted: 

Resolved, By the citizens of Ohio and Rhode Island in mass meeting assembled, 
this 10th day of September, 1896, that the Congress of the United States and the General 
Assembly of the State of Ohio be and they are hereby urgently petitioned to make an 
appropriation sufficient to erect on Put-in-Bay Island an appropriate memorial over 
the long-neglected graves of the patriotic American soldiers and sailors of the battle 
of Lake Erie; that the members of Congress from Ohio be respectfully requested to 
use their best endeavors to secure this end ; and that the presiding officer of this meet- 
ing appoint at his early convenience a committee to see that the spirit of this resolu- 
tion be carried out. 

Mr. Frederick Boyd Stevenson, the poet of the day, was next intro- 
duced, and read the following patriotic ode, especially dedicated to the 
occasion : 



228 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. 

The sparkling' waters at Put-in-Bay 

Are resting in placid peace to-day, 

But the silv'ry sheen of the ebbing flood 

Was once stained red with our grandsires' blood ; 

And the dells and dales on the wooded shore 

Sent back the wild echo of cannons' mad roar, 

While the drifting spars, and the shattered hulls, 

Formed a resting place for the white-winged gulls. 

In one grave, near the beach at Put-in-Bay, 

Our friends and our foes were laid away. 

It is three and four-score years ago 

That Oliver Perry met the foe ; 

And the deeds of brav'ry done that day 

Cast a halo of glory around Put-in-Bay. 

It was there that our fearless boys in blue 
Fought for their freedom, and won it, too — 
Wrested victory out of defeat — 
And captured the ships of the English fleet. 

^: % Jfr: % ^c ^ if: 

It was ten o'clock, and the shot was stowed; 

The cannons were primed and the linstock glowed; 

Cutlass and pike were full in view, 

And the firm, set lips of the half-clad crew, 

With the decks that were strewn with the sifted sand, 

Told plainly enough that grim Death was at hand. 

Many a man who was there that day, 

Stopped for a moment to silently pray, 

Softly pressed at the hand of a friend, 

And sent the home-message for fear of the end. 

Oliver Perry, with face all aglow, 

Anxiously watched for a sight of the foe, 

While the gunners but waited the word of command, 

Or the order to fire by a wave of the hand. 

A sail! ho, a sail! to the northward appeared. 

■"Shall we fight?" cried the Captain; the crew loudly cheered 

And, springing" on gunnel, with banner unfurled, 

He gave them the signal that sped 'round the world. 

Ah, the war-cry of Lawrence forever will thrill 

Through the hearts of the brave, and the patriot instill 

With the love of his freedom, the faith of his sire 

In that land where the poor with the rich may aspire 

To a manhood that's equal, and shines over all 

The kingdoms and empires that totter and fall. 

""Don't give up the Ship!" was the legend it bore, 

And the shout that went up echoed back from the shore 

A white puff of smoke, then a half second more 
Came the dull, rumbling growl of a British gun's roar, 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 229 

While the ball, with a ricochet over the lake, 

Seemed pursued'by the fury-lashed foam in its wake. 

Far out to the leeward the death-missile plowed, 

And was met by a shout both defiant and loud ; 

While, still to the taunt of the pert English jack, 

The colors of Lawrence a challenge sent back. 

The long Toms of England belched forth sheets of flame. 

And the shots o'er the water so rapidly came 

That they pierced through the bulwarks and shattered the rail, 

And swept by the decks like a storm of lead hail. 

Eagerly Perry sailed to the fray, 

For he fought the fight of his life that day. 

Ahead of all others — leading the fleet — 

Onward he pushed, never thought of defeat ; 

Emptied both broadsides, time and again, 

Now here, and now there, giving cheer to his men. 

Unaided he battled with six against one, 

For the enemy's ships had trained ev'ry gun 

To fire on the Lawrence, and that little craft 

Was raked with a whirlwind of shot, fore and aft. 

Huge jagged holes had been rent in her sides, 

With her sails cut to shreds, a mere wanton to tides, 

Her spars hanging shattered and useless — a wreck — 

Heaped up with the dead and the carnage on deck. 

Still fighting, still cheering, those brave lads in blue 

Were a handful of men from a once noble crew. 

The sick and the dying crawled up from below, 

And begged for the priv'lege of facing the foe. 

One lad from old Newport, with ashen-white face, 

Pleaded hard at the pumps to be given a place, 

" That a strong man," said he, "may be sent to the guns, 

And fire the last shot till the enemy runs. ' ' 

And after the battle they found him at rest, 

With a ball from a British gun fast in his breast. 

Ah, a nation can never be sparing of praise 

To the memory of heroes like brave Wilson Mays. 

It w r as half-past two when the Lawrence lay 

With her spars and her rigging shot away; 

With her decks and her hold filled with dying and dead, 

And slipp'ry and wet with the blood that was shed; 

Her guns dismounted in shapeless heap — 

Some silenced forever beneath the deep. 

Of the twenty that shone in the morning so bright. 

When the flagship gallantly sailed to the fight, 

But one remained and in deep-toned bay 

Still snarl'd at the British, and thunder'd away; 

While the purser, and even the chaplain, too, 

With Oliver Perry served as crew, 

And manfully fired with precision and skill. 

As cool and serene as if working at drill. 



230 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Anxiously Perry look'd over the rail, 

And far to the windward caught sight of a sail, 

The Niagara, a stanch little craft, held away, 

And seemed disinclined to take part in the fray; 

But Perry, as quick as a flash, manned a gig, 

And sturdily pulled to take charge of the brig. 

Wrapped in the ensign, "Don't give up the ship," 

Swiftly he sped on his perilous trip. 

Standing erect, just abaft of the prow, 

With the stamp of the hero encircling his brow, 

While the shot of the enemy clattered and fell, 

Like a shower of hot brimstone from nethermost hell. 

Still he dashed through the foam and the light dancing spray,. 

Till he boarded the boat that in idleness lay. 

As he mounted the side — ah, 'twas music to hear 

The lads from the flagship unite in a cheer. 

Meanwhile, the Lawrence, dismantled and torn — 
Of her sails and her shrouds and her armament shorn, 
With the shot from the English still sweeping her deck, 
Adding horror and havoc and death to the wreck ; 
While her remnant of men to the trunnions still clung, 
And the requiem for dying in cock-pit was sung — 
To save those who lived from the fate of the dead — 
Dropped her colors — and then, o'er the waters there sped 
A shout from the British, that froze in the heart 
Of each lad on the Lawrence who'd taken a part 
In the battle, and some turned their faces away 
And cried, "Let us die, for our foes win the day." 

But out in the offing a ship hove in sight, 

And stealthily glided like phantom or sprite ; 

With all canvas flying she dashed to the scene, 

And, bent by stiff breeze, seemed with joy to careen. 

Ah, the tars who had cheered from the enemy's fleet, 

Turned their paeans of triumph to wails of defeat, 

For Perry, who pushed to the thick of the fray, 

Fought the fight of his life with the British that day. 

Down on their squadron with fury he bore, 

And broke through their lines 'midst the cannons' hoarse roar. 

The Detroit tried to wear, but got fouled on the lee 

With the Charlotte, and, ere the doomed ships could get free, 

The Niagara swept by the side of the two, 

And with grapeshot and canister riddled them through ; 

While a broadside to larboard, that got into play 

On the ship Lady Prevost, wrought death and dismay; 

And marines, with their guns that seemed never to fail, 

Cleared the decks of the British of all above rail. 

Perry passed to the lee, came about, and sailed back 

To finish his work on the opposite tack, 

And his guns on the Charlotte and Hunter let go 

With such havoc that quickly he silenced the foe. 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 2311 

Then his other small boats that had been out of reach, 
Now joined in the battle and entered the breach ; 
With sharp shot and grape from their short carronades, 
On the enemy's ships they made merciless raids. 

As the smoke from the deck of the Queen Charlotte cleared, 

An officer's form on the taffrail appeared, 

And he waved a white flag to denote their defeat, 

And was followed at once by the rest of the fleet — 

All except Little Belt and the Chippewa's crew, 

Which tried to escape, but were soon captured, too. 

The Detroit, then the Hunter, and Lady Prevost 

Hauled down their flags to the conquering host ; 

And Barclay, commander-in-chief of the foe, 

While he lay in his cabin, disabled and low, 

Sent his sword with the hilt to his enemy turned, 

Which trophy of triumph, so gallantly earned, 

Perry begged to refuse, and his compliments gave 

To»his foemen, the British, so valiant and brave. 

Then the lads on the Lawrence, who'd fought to the last, 

Again raised the stars and the stripes to the mast. 

Thus was the battle of Erie fought ; 
Thus was the lesson of liberty taught, 
And thus does the banner of freedom to-day 
Cast its halo of glory around Put-in-Bay. 

This concluded the programme of the morning. A happy feature,, 
however, still remained. It was the introduction of descendants of those- 
who took part in the great battle of September 10, 1813. The persons 
thus introduced were ex-Senator Butler, of South Carolina, a nephew of 
Commodore Perry; O. H. Perry, of Elmhurst, N. Y., a grandson of 
the Commodore; O. H. Perry Champlin, a grandson of Stephen Champ- 
lin, who fired the first and last gun on the American side of the famous 
engagement ; George Chapman, of Hudson, whose father was a gunner on 
the Queen Charlotte ; Mrs. J. F. Lightfoot, whose father was a gunner in 
Perry's command, and Mrs. Elizabeth McPeeters, the daughter of Ben- 
jamin Fleming, who fought aboard the flagship Lawrence. Mrs. McPee- 
ters was seventy-two years of age. She said : 

I am thankful that I am spared to be here on this great day, and I am proud to- 
day, though I am humble in social standing. Perhaps I am the most humble person 
here, for my home is in the Infirmary. My father was in the main rigging of the 
Lawrence during the thickest of the fight. Do you know why it was that Commodore 
Perry won" that fight? It was because he was a man of God. Every morning at 8 
o'clock there were prayers aboard the Lawrence. As Commodore Perry stood on the 
deck of his flagship, the man at his right fell, his head shot off by a shell', and the man 
at his left fell, with his arm shot off. The loss of life and limb aboard that flagship was 
fearful, but my father was mercifully spared to live for many years, and from him I 
heard the story of that day. 

Rev. C. E. Manchester, a relative of Commodore Perry, made the 
closing prayer, and the meeting then adjourned. 



232 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

THE PARADE. 

The afternoon was devoted to the parade, the last of the Centennial. 
As on former days, it proved to be the popular attraction of the day. At 
least a quarter of a million people viewed the procession. Ever)* point 
of vantage along the route was taken, even the tops of the highest 
buildings, on the edges of whose roofs many adventurous spectators sat. 

Private reviewing stands were erected 
in show windows and office-fronts, while 
circus seats were set up at intervals and 
were rented, with plenty of takers. 
Street car traffic was suspended for two 
hours, owing to the crush. It was a 
World's Fair crowd, contracted and con- 
densed. The day was beautiful and all 
the people were out. 

The various divisions formed on 
streets north of Superior street, be- 
tween Erie and Water streets, and pro- 
ceeded shortly after 3 o'clock over the 
following course : Lake street to Water 
street, to Superior street, to Prospect 
street, to Kennard street, to Euclid 
avenue , to Erie street, to Superior 
street, to Public Square, passing through 
the Centennial Arch and disbanding. 
In its military feature, its civic feature, 
its industrial and special features, the 
parade was a grand success. It created 
great enthusiasm and elicited hearty 
plaudits. The reviewing stand in front 
capt. w. j. morgan. of the City Hall was filled with promi- 

nent citizens and officials, who awaited 
the return of the column on its westward march. It was 6:15 o'clock 
and the lamps had been lighted when the last section arrived. 
The order of formation of the parade was as follows : 

Mounted Police. 

Escort, Troop A, Ohio National Guard, Captain R. E. Burdick, commanding. 

Captain "William J. Morgan, Chief Marshal of Perry's Anniversary Day Parade. 

Personal Staff consisting of 

Capt. George Andrews, U. S. A., Chief of Staff, 

Capt. J. B. Perkins, Adjutant General, 

Capt. H. R. Adams, Ass't Adjutant General, 

Capt. Webb C. Hayes, Chief of Cavalry, 

Capt. W. B. Maxson, Chief Signal Officer. 

General Staff consisting of 

Col. Jared A. Smith, U. S. A., Chief of Engineers, 

Captain L. A. Matile, U. S. A., Inspector General, 

Col. J. J. Sullivan, Chief of Artillery, 

Col. Myron T. Herrick, Quartermaster General, 

Dr. H. H. Baxter, Surgeon General, 

Cdpt. J. B. Molyneaux, Chief of Ordnance, 

Col. A. McAllister, Commissary General, 

Frank Rockefeller, Paymaster, 

George W. Pepper, Chaplain General. 




PERKY S VICTORY DAY. 233. 

Aids-cle-Camp: 
Capt. S. P. Mount, Col. H. E. Hill, J. S. Dickie, 

Lieut. Clarence H. Burgess, Capt. George R. McKay, W. J. Morgan, Jr., 
Capt. E. L. Patterson, Capt. J. M. Shallenberger, Capt. James McMahon, 

Capt. J. C. Hutching, Capt. E. H. Bohm, Capt J. W. Conger, 

Capt. George W. Howe, George E. Groll, F. De Haas Robison, 

Capt. B. D. Annewalt, Col. F. H. Flick, A. L. Somers. 

Col. J. J. Smith, Col. E. S. Coe, 

His Excellency, Governor Asa S. Bushnell, of Ohio. 
Staff: 
Maj. Gen. H. A. Axline, Adjutant General, 
Brig. Gen. W. P. Orr, Quartermaster General, 
Brig. Gen. J. Kent Hamilton, Judge Advocate General, 
Brig. Gen. J. E. Lowes, Surgeon General, 
Col. H. B. Kingsley, Ass't Adjutant General, 
Col. A. L. Conger, Chief of Engineers. 
Aids-de-Camp: 
Col W. B. Melish, Col. George D. Wick, Col. Julius Fleischmann, 

Col. D. L. Cockley, Col. L. K. Anderson, Col. H. H. Prettyman, 

Col. J. W. Barger, Col. C. E. Burke, Col. H. D. Cox, " 

Col. C. B. Wing, Col. C. R. Fisher, Col. H. A. Marting. 

His Excellency, Governor Charles Warren Lippitt, of Rhode Island. 

Staff: 

Adjutant General Frederick M. Sackett, 

Quartermaster General Charles R. Dennis, 

Lieutenant Colonel W. Howard Walker, 

Lieutenant Colonel Charles Abbott, U. S. A., 

Lieutenant Colonel Lester E. Hill. 

Aids-de-Camp: 

Col. Robert W. Taft, Col. Reginald Norman, Col. Charles E. Ballon. 

Col. Webster Knight, Col. George W. Thornton, 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Military, Two Brigades, Col. J. S. Poland. 
17th U. S. Infantry, Commanding Division and First Brigade. 

Staff: 
Capt. B. L. Ten Eyck, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., 
First Lieut. W. C. Wren, Adjutant General, 17th U. S. I. 
First Brigade — Regular Troops, 17th United States Infantry, Max F. E. Lacey, Com- 
manding Regiment. 
Staff. 
First Lieut. R. W. Dowdy, Quartermaster. 
Regimental Band. 
First Battalion, Capt. C. S. Roberts, Commanding. 
Second Battalion, Capt. W. P. Rodgers, Commanding, 
Sailors and Marines United States Steamer Michigan. 
Ensign L. A. Kaiser, U. S. N., Commanding. 
Light Battery E, First United States Artillery, Capt. Allyn Capron, Commanding. 

Troop A' First United States Cavalry, Capt. J. O. Mackay, Commanding. 
Second Brigade — Ohio National Guard Troops, Col. C. L. Kennan, Fifth Infantry, 

O. N. G. , Commanding. 

Staff. 

Fifth Infantry, O. N. G. , Lieut. Col. E. M. Whitney, Commanding Regiment. 

Light Artillery Band. 

First Battalion, Maj. D. C. Stearns," Commanding. 

Second Battalion, Maj. C. F. Cramer, Commanding. 

Third Battalion, Maj. A. K. A. Liebich, Commanding. 

Battery A, First Light Artillery, O. N. G., Capt. George T. McConnell, Commanding. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Two Brigades Visiting and Independent Military, Col. H. B. Kingsley, Commanding 

Division and First Brigade. 



2JJ4 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Staff: 
Capt. C. L. Holliday, Lieut. C. J. Newton, Lieut. O. R. Bissell, 

Capt. Dudley Smith, Lieut. D. Gilchrist, Lieut. H. L. Williams. 

Lieut. W. R' Doering, Lieut. W. A. Afflich, Joseph G. Taflik. 

Lieut. W. H. Brooks, 

First Brigade — Kirk's Military Band. 
Detroit Light Infantry, Capt. Edward Dupont, Commanding. 

Staff : 

Rev. Edward Collins, Chaplain. 

Capt. John L. Chipman, Surgeon. 

Lieut. Harry S. Starkey, Adjutant. 

Lieut. Frank D. Budd, Quartermaster. 

Companies A., Captain Henry B. Lathrop, Commanding. 

Company B., Capt. Fred C. Harvey, Commanding. 

Company C, Lieut. George M. Green, Commanding. 

Company D., Lieut. W. W. Wilcox, Commanding. 

Cleveland Grays, Capt. W. F. Rees, Commanding. 

Michigan State Naval Brigade, Lieut. Com. Gilbert Wilkes, Commanding. 

First Battalion, Cleveland Gatling Gun Battery, Capt. D. (). Caswell, Commanding. 

Second Brigade — Colonel Horace E. Andrews, Commanding. 

Staff. 

Fay's Military Band. 

Cleveland City Guards, Capt. W. A. Hare, Commanding. 

Cleveland Scots Guards, Capt. P. A. McKenzie, Commanding. 

Cleveland L'Ouverture Rifles, Capt. John Rhodes, Commanding. 

Scottish American Volunteers, Capt. J. P. McCarthy, Commanding. 

Doan Guards, Capt. H. W. Harding, Commanding. 

Hibernian Rifles, Company A., Capt. John 'Burke, Commanding. 

Company C, Capt. P. F. Callaghan, Commanding. 

Association Rifles Company Trumpet and Drum Corps, Chief Trumpeter Theodore 

Zahour. 

Association Rifles Company, Capt. J. C. Beardsley, Commanding. 

Grand Army of the Republic, Capt. J. C. Shields, Commanding. 

American Band. 

N. L. Norris Post No. 40, Chagrin Falls, Col. A. A. Kingsbury, Commanding. 

Memorial Post No. 41, Cleveland, Col. M. Millard, Commanding. 1 

Army and Navy Post No. 187, Cleveland, Col. J. W. Chestnut, Commanding. 

Logan Post No. 282, Brecksville, Col. H. W. Rinear, Commanding. 

•Commander Brough Post No. 359, Cleveland, Col. P. O. Philips, Commanding. 

Brooklyn Post No. 386, Cleveland, Col. E. H. Brush, Commanding. 

J. B. Stedman Post No. 399, Cleveland, Col. J. S. Rose, Commanding. 

Forest City Post 556, Capt. J. F. Adams, Commanding. 

Olmsted Post No. 634, Olmsted, Col. T. C. Stakes, Commanding. 

Daughters of Veterans, in carriages. 

Boys' Brigades. 

C. T. Drum Corps. 

Pilgrim Cadets. 

Ninth Cleyeland Company, Capt. F. B. Wiggins, Commanding. 

Bushnell Guards, Capt. Harry Williams, Commanding. 

Carriages of Second Division. 

Cleveland Letter Carriers' Association, August H. Eggert, Commanding. 

CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Robert E. McKisson, Mayor. 

Miner G. Norton, Director of Law. 
Darwin E. Wright, Director of Public Works. 
Frank A. Emerson, President of City Council. 

H. Q. Sargent, Director of Schools. 

at large: 

"Wm. J. Akers, Martin A. Foran, H. M. Addison, 

Kaufman Hays, A. T. Anderson, H. R. Hatch. 

Bolivar Butts, Col. O. J. Hodge, Col. Clarence E. Burke, 

L. E. Holden, Chas. F. Brush, J. H. Hoyt, 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 



235 



■Chas. <W. Chase, 
Tohn C. Hutchins, 
Wilson M. Day, 
James B. Morrow, 
Samuel Mather, 
A. L. Withington, 
II. A. Sherwm, 



M. A. Hanna, 

John C. Covert, 

John Meekes, 

Col. Wm. Edwards, 

A. J. Williams, 

James M. Richardson, 



Geo. W. Cady, 
George \Y. Kinney, 
George Deming, 
Daniel Myers, 
E. W. Oglebay, 
Augustus Zehring. 



W< (MAN'S DEPARTMENT. 



Mrs. Mary B. Ingham, President. 
Mrs. Mary Scranton Bradford, i 

Mrs. Sarah E. Bierce, I Active Vice-Presidents 

Mrs. George Presley, Jr., City of Cleveland. 

Mrs. Joseph Turney, 

Mrs Ella Sturtevant Webb, Recording Secretary. 
Mrs. S. P. Churchill, Corresponding Secretary. 

Miss Elizabeth Blair, Treasurer; 
Miss Elizabeth Stanton, Assistani Treasurer. 



Mrs. Chas. W. Chase, 
Mrs. T. K. Dissette, 
Mrs. H. A. Griffin, 
Mrs. M. A. Hanna, 
Mrs. P. M. Hitchcock, 



EXECUTIVE C( (MMITTEE. 

Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Chairman. 

Mrs. O.'J. Hodge, Mrs. W. G. Rose, 

Mrs. John Huntington, Mrs. L. A. Russell, 

Mrs. F. A. Kendall, Mrs. M. B. Schwab, 

Mrs. W. B. Neff, Mrs. Chas. H. Weed, 

Mrs. N. B. Prentice, Mrs. A. J. Williams. 

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS. 



Rev. C. E. Manchester, 
Mrs. C. E. Manchester, 
William Manchester, 
Howard Manchester, 

Officers of U. S. 
Lieutenant Albert Mertz, 
Ensign Frank Marble, 
Ensign L. A. Kaiser, 

D. Brotherton, 



Mrs. Charles Warren Lippitt, of Rhode Island. 

Mrs. Charles C. Ballou, of Rhode Island. 

Mrs. George M. Thornton, of Rhode Island. 

W. McCarty Little, Commodore Naval Reserves. 

Charles F. Peckham, Surgeon Naval Reserves. 

Hon. Samuel Clark, State Treasurer, Rhode Island. 

Hon. E. C. Dubois, Attorney General, Rhode Island. 

Hon. Warren O. Arnold, Member of Congress. 

Hon. John Wyman, Rhode Island. 

Lieutenant Governor Edwin R. Allen, Rhode Island. 

Hon. Walter A. Read, Rhode Island. 

Hon. William Buffum, Rhode Island. 

F. M. Sackett, Jr., Rhode Island. 

H. W. Sackett, Rhode Island. 

Descendants of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. 

Hon. M. C. Butler, of Washington. 

Lieut. M. C. Butler, Jr., Fifth Cavalry, West Point M. A. 

Oliver Hazard Perry Champlin, Jr., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Oliver Hazard Perrv, Newton, L. I. 

Ludlow W. Vinton," Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Mrs. James A. Manchester, Stewart M. Burgess. 
Mrs. Harry Manchester, D. W. Manchester, 
Mrs. H. Manchester Burgess, W. W. Manchester. 
L. J. Burgess, 
Steamer Michigan, Lieut. Com. Lentze, Commanding: 
Surgeon Arthur G. Cambell, 
Past Assistant Paymaster Eugene D. Ryan, 
Past Assistant Engineer R. I. Reid. 



Ensign W. 

Officers of Revenue Cutter Fessenden : 
•Captain D. B. Hodgson, Second Lieutenant G. C. Carmine, 

First Lieutenant W. E. Reynolds, execu- James A. Doyles, General Engineer, 

tive officer, H. W. Spear, First Assistant Engineer. 

Poet of the occasion, Frederick Boyd Stevenson, and Clergymen and Chairmen of 

Committees in carnages. 



236 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

THIRD DIVISION. 

Uniformed Semi-Military Societies. 
Colonel John W. Gibbons, Commanding, and Staff. 
Lake Marine Band. 
Patriarchs Militant I. O. O. F., Maj. S. A. Taggart, Commanding. 
Canton Lakeside, No. 29, Capt. Otto F. Siebenhaar, Commanding. 
Canton Cuyahoga, Capt. Thomas L. Edwards, Commanding. 
Canton Cleveland, Capt. P. D. Williamson, Commanding. 
Other Cantons in Order. 
Knights of Pythias, Forest City Division. 
Garfield Division, Capt. Henry Close, Commanding. 
Knights of the Maccabees, First Battalion, 3d Regiment, Col. .W. H. Sletzer, Com- 
manding. 
Staff: 
Col. W. A. Collier, Aid-de-camp, Capt. L. H. Mesker, Quartermaster, 

Capt. E. G. Bisgantz, Adjutant, Capt. T. D. Foljambe, Surgeon. 

H. A. Chandler, Division No. 2, Sandusky, Capt. H. A. Chandler, Commanding, 

Columbus Division, No. 4, Columbus. 
Forest City Division, No. 6, Cleveland, Capt. H. J. LaFountaine, Commanding. 

Sandusky Division. 

Independent Order of Foresters of Cleveland, Daniel W. L. Smith, Commanding. 

Excelsior' Encampment, Royal Foresters, Capt. John Cramer, Commanding. 

Italian Fraternal Society, Dr. P. Pasini, Commanding. 

Sons of St. George, Washington Commandery, Capt. Geo. B. Hooker, Commanding, 

Danish Aid Society, Capt. F. Fisher, Commanding. 

Improved Order of Red Men. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 

Uniformed Catholic Societies. 
First Ohio Brigade Knights of St. John, Gen. John Dunn, Commanding. 

Staff: 
Colonel R. J. Kegg, Adjutant General, C. D. Murphy, Inspector General, 
E. J. Hug, Quartermaster General, Captain John C. Cushing, Aid-de-camp, 

Peter McHugh, Paymaster General, Captain C. Schmuck, Aid-de-camp. 

First Regiment, Colonel Charles A. Dainz, Commanding: 
Lieutenant Colonel, T. P. Norton, Senior Major, J. E. Byrne, 

junior Major F. J. O'Rourke. 
Staff: 
James T. Leahey, Adjutant and Chief of P. Monreal, Quartermaster, 
Staff, Henry Elfring, Paymaster, 

Rev. Thomas Burke, Surgeon, H. H. DeWitt, Commissary, 

Rev. William Mahon, Chaplain, James Rockford, Aide-de-camp. 

Bernard Jenchen, Inspector. 

Myers' Band. 
Washington Commandery, Capt. Thomas Fay, Commanding. 

Shields Commandery, Capt. T. G. Smith, Commanding. 
St. Peters' Commandery, Capt. P. J. Hattois, Commanding. 
St. Joseph's Commandery, Capt. M. J. Bender, Commanding. 
Holy Trinity Commandery, Capt. William F. Taush, Commanding. 
Sheridan Commandery, Capt. T. C. O'Rourke, Commanding. 
St. Francis Commandery, Capt. Fred Armbruster, Commanding. 
Immaculate Conception Commandery, Capt. J. C. Mangan, Commanding 
Cleveland Commandery, Capt. James L. Aspell, Commanding. 
Second Regiment, Colonel John Wilhelm, Commanding. 
Staff: 
John E. Niebes, Adjutant and Chief of Staff, Paul Justinski, Quartermaster, 
Dr. F. A. Stovering, Surgeon, J. E. Connelly, Paymaster, 

Rev. A. Gerardm, Chaplain, F. W. Harrington, Commissary, 

T. F. Kelly, Inspector, J. Paton, Aid-de-camp. 

Cleveland Star Cornet Band, 

Lafayette Commandery, Capt. Thomas Lally, Commanding. 

St. George Commandery, Capt. Louis Heuber, Commanding. 

Father Mathew Commandery, No. 4(1, Capt. J. T. O'Brien, Commanding. 



PKRRV S VICTORY DAY. 



237 



St. Augustine Commandery, Capt. B. Crowley, Commanding. 

St. Stephen Commandery, Capt. E. Theis, Commanding. 

St. Michael Commandery, Capt. George Kaufman, Commanding. 

St. Wenceslaus Commandery, Capt. Joseph Jik, Commanding. 

Leo Commandery, Capt. C. Connors, Commanding. 

Father Mathew Commandery, No. 257, Capt. I. Longtin, Commanding. 

Knights of St. Casimer, Capt. M. P. Kniola, Commanding. 

Knights of St. Ludwig. 

Knights of St. Michael. 

Knights of St. Winceslaus. 

Knights St. Vitus. 

Hibernian Knights. 

St. Michaels Commandery. 

Other Catholic Societies. 



FIFTH DIVISION. 

City Departments, Chief Engineer M. M. Spangler, Commanding. 

Staff. 
Faetkenhauer's Band. 
Cleveland Veteran Volunteer Firemen. 
City Fire Department. 

SIXTH DIVISION. 

Civic and Industrial Parade. 
Capt. A. B. Foster, Commanding Division and First Brigade. 

Staff. 
Captain H. Q. .Sargent, Aid-de-camp, 
Division Aids: 
Captain W. T. Fisher, B. H. Hickox, 

J. W. Vanderwerth, Frank A. Briggs, 

E. W. Jones, John T. Drewett, 

Arthur Adams, Henry Dreher. 

Great Western Band. 
Hollanders of Cleveland. 



James A. Mathews, 
L. N. Weber, 
W. T. Robbins, 
Windsor T. White, 



INDUSTRIAL PARADF. 



Weber, Lind & Hall, HP Nail Co., 

Dreher Bros., Ehrbar Serrer, 

Cleveland Machine ScrewCo., Ohio Adamant Co. 



Aetna Life Insurance Co., 
Rauch & Lang Carriage Co. 
Buckeye Refining Co. , 
W. I. Lindsay, 
A. Teachout & Co. , 
King Bridge Co., 
Adams, Jewett & Co., 
Born Steel Range Co., 
Julier Baking Co., 
A. B. McNairy, 
Lichman &- Mulhern, 
White Sewing Machine Co. 
Williams Brothers, 



W. Buschman & Co., 
Brooks & Co., 
Heisel & Co., 
Globe Iron Works, 
William Bingham Co., 
Standard Tool Co., 
National Screw & Tack C 



Beeman Chemical Co.. 
Thomas Morris, 
Barrett Manufacturing Co., 
Singer Manufacturing Co., 
Mandelbaum Bros & Sam- 

pliner, 
Cleveland Electrical Manu- 
facturing Co., 
Peter Gerlach & Co., 
Picket Ice Co., 
Mcintosh-Huntington Co., 
Crescent Sheet & Tin Plate 
Co., 
Second Brigade, George K. Ross, Co 
George T. Mcintosh, Aid-de-c 
Great Eastern Band. 
J. Krause & Sons, 
Palmer Bros. & Co., 
Murphy Varnish Co., 
Plain Dealer, 
Slater, Gill & Stein, 
Klein, Lechben & StaderCo. 
Pearl Button Co., 



Cleveland Trunk Co.. 
Goodhart Furniture Co., 
Champion Steel Range Co., 
W. D. Randall & Co., 
Theodor Kundtz, 
Forest City Spring Co.. 
Norcross Brothers, 
Garry Steel Roofing Co., 
F. Zimmerman, 
Industrial File Works, 
Rawson & Co., 
Co-operative Stove Co.. 
Cleveland Window ( rlassCo., 
Standard File Co.. 
PL W. Luetkemeyer & Co. 

mmanding. 
amp. 

Casler, Alton Clark & Co., 

Auld & Conger, 

Cleveland School Furniture 

Co., 
Forest City Ice Co.. 
, Brush Electric Co.. 
Muhlhauser Woolen Mills, 



238 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY <)V CLEVELAND. 

Beardsley Manufact'ing Co., William King, Forest City Iron & Wire 

Edmonds Elevator Co. , Diebold safes, Works, 

George Fauber, Shaber,Reinthal & Co., National Carbon Co., 

Lake Erie Ice Co. , Upson-Walton Co., Van Wagoner & Williams Co., 

Byron Adelstein, C. F. Heneger <!£ Co., Avery Stamping Co., 

Dunbar & Co., H. Friedman &• Co., Bartlett Conveying Co., 

Lockwood, Taylor & Co., Hall suites, Maryland Club Tobacco Co., 

Benton, Myers & Co., Cady Manufacturing Co., Cleveland Sawmill & Lura- 

Cleveland Store Fixture Co. , Codings, Taylor & Co., ber Co. 

George Worthington Co., Barge & Gross, 

FIREWORKS DISPLAY. 

In the evening an immense crowd assembled on the lake front to 
witness the closing display of the Centennial, an exhibition of fireworks. 
Before the last trumpet-call of the afternoon parade had died away the 
crowd began to shift toward Lake View Park. A large reviewing stand 
had been erected for the use of guests and members of the Centennial 
Commission and committees, but passage to this was early impeded and 
finally rendered impossible, owing to the density of the throng. Not 
only did the park fill up, but an overflow movement was soon in prog- 
ress to the grounds of the Marine and Lakeside hospitals. Many persons 
also viewed the display from the tops of box cars on the railroad tracks. 
Every accessible point within range of the lake was occupied. Before 7 
o'clock Summit street was impassable, and the side streets leading to it 
were blocked for a considerable distance. Several thousand people on 
board steamers and other lake craft formed an important addition to this 
army of sightseers. The harbor was filled with vessels. Here and there 
a rowboat moved quietly about, illuminated with lanterns or torches, 
bearing small parties of venturesome youth. Over 50,000 people, ac- 
cording to careful estimate, turned out to see the fireworks. Not all of 
these were satisfied with the display. Indeed the majority were greatly 
disappointed. The exhibition was in charge of managers from the East, 
whose watches registered Eastern time, a fact which resulted in the 
commencement of the programme nearly an hour before the time sched- 
uled in the announcement. A great many people arrived after the dis- 
plav had ended, and many others who came early kept their places, think- 
ing it had only begun. 

The exhibition was conducted from flat boats located a short dis- 
tance out in the lake. It opened with a fusillade of rockets and a burst 
of fire, which was repeated at intervals. Then came a shot from the 
United States revenue cutter Fessenden, and a gun from the United 
States steamer Michigan, which were lying in the harbor. A series of 
set pieces were exploded, the log cabin and the Society for Savings 
Building being first produced. After a time came the special feature of 
the evening, a representation of the naval battle between the Lawrence 
and the Detroit. Two miniature vessels were set forth in fire, their outlines 
standing out clear against the dark background of sky and lake. They 
were manned by fighters who flitted rapidly from place to place. A con- 
tinuous firing was kept up by the United States vessels until a figure bear- 
ing a flag was seen to pull away in a skiff from the Lawrence. A little 
later the British ship surrendered, and there flashed forth the famous mes- 
sage of Commodore Perry, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." 
This raised a patriotic shout among the people on shore. Whistles were 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 239 

blown and the roar of guns in celebration of the victory resounded far 
and wide. 

This conceded the programme. Band concerts in various parts of 
the city were given during the remainder of the evening. 

FLORAL BANQUET. 

The celebration of Perry's Victory Day closed with a floral Danquet 
at the Hollenden, tendered in honor of the city's guests. Immediately 
after the fireworks display on the lake front those who were to 
participate in the festivities repaired to the hotel. They found the 
banquet room lavishly decorated with flowers, transforming it into a 
conservatory of beauty. From the four corners of the room arose 
the segments of a great floral arch, from the apex of which hung a 
large basket of roses. Arranged along the side walls were wreaths 
surrounding the titles of the fourteen leading events of the Cen- 
tennial. Ferns, plants and palms were massed underneath these 
designs, while from various points protruded golden horns of plenty 
laden with fragrant flowers. On the south wall was the central piece of 
the decoration, a large floral picture of Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. 
For this alone 2,000 flowers were used. The flagship Lazvrence, with a 
silk pennant bearing the words, " Don't Give Up the Ship," was pre- 
sented in white, and near by was a skiff, also in white, manned with sail- 
ors. On a floral scroll at the bottom was the famous message of the 
Commodore, " We have met the enemy and they are ours." The frame 
of the picture was of green, and was draped with the stars and stripes. 
A strong light was thrown upon the picture by incandescent lamps. The 
tables were redolent with flowers, and every nook and corner of the 
room was filled with them. The decorations were the most elaborate, 
from a floral standpoint, of any ever presented at a banquet in Cleveland. 

Among the guests were Hon. Charles Warren Lippitt, Governor of 
Rhode Island; Hon. Edwin R. Allen, Lieutenant-Governor of Rhode 
Island ; Hon. Samuel W. K. Allen, Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives, of Rhode Island; Hon. W. O. Arnold, Congressman, of Rhode Is- 
land; Hon. Samuel Clark, General Treasurer of Rhode Island; Hon. E. 
C. Dubois, Attorney General of Rhode Island; Colonel and Mrs. Charles 
Ballou, Rhode Island; Colonel George M. Thornton, Rhode Island; Mrs. 
Margaret B. F. Lippitt, wife of Governor Lippitt, Rhode Island; George 
W. Millard, Executive Secretary, Rhode Island; General C. R. Dennis, 
Rhode Island; Charles F. Peckham, Rhode Island; Lester S. Hill, Assist- 
ant Surgeon-General, Rhode Island ; Colonel W. Howard Walker, Rhode 
Island; Colonel Robert W. Taft, Colonel Webster Knight, Captain 
George L. Smith, Rhode Island; Mr. Frederick M. Sackett, Rhode 
Island; Hon. John C. Wyman, Rhode Island; Governor and Mrs. Asa 
S. Bushnell, Ohio; Mr. Oliver Hazard Perry, Elmhurst, X. V. ; Captain 
George Andrews, U. S. A.; Mr. A. B. Beeman, Fairfax, Vermont ; Mr. 
X. C. Greene and Mr. M. P. Perlev, Enosburg Falls, Vermont; C. W. 
Abbott, Jr., U. S. A.; Hon. M. C. 'Butler, South Carolina; M. C. But- 
ler, Jr., U. S. A.; Mr. O. H. Champlin, Jr., Buffalo, X. V.; Mr. Fred- 
erick Boyd Stevenson. Chicago; Mr. O. M. Barber, Arlington, Ver- 
mont; Mr. F. C. Smith, St. Albans, Vermont ; Mr. Charles Deal, Cham- 
plain, X. V. ; Mr. E. D. Welling, Bennington, Vt. ; Mr. E. C. Woodsworth, 



240 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OP' CLEVELAND. 

Arlington, Vt. ; Ludlow W. Vinton, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; H. W. Spear, W. E. 
Reynolds and C. Creighton Carmine, U. S. Revenue Cutter Fessenden. 
There were also present members of the Centennial Commission, repre- 
sentatives of various military organizations, and prominent citizens. Vir- 
gil P. Kline, Esq., was to have been the toastmaster, but was unable to 
attend. His place was ably filled by one of the speakers of the evening, 
James H. Hoyt, whose ready wit and pleasing manner proved an 
interesting feature of the after-dinner speaking. He first introduced 
Governor Bushnell, who addressed the company as follows : 

Mr. Chair man. Ladies and Gentlemen : 

It is meet and fitting that the celebration which marks the close of the century of 
honor since the birth of the Western Reserve should have as a final incident the com- 
memoration of as glorious an event as was Perry's Victory. No page of American 
history contains a more splendid record than that of September 10, 1813, and of no 
achievement of arms should the American be more proud. The victory which Com- 
modore Perry gained that day, when the Ohio settlements were in their earliest in- 
fancy, and when a young and powerful nation was contending with a stronger one for 
the possession of territory which meant nearly all to the youthful government, should 
ever be a source of pride to the whole people. The history of that struggle upon the 
blue waters of LakeErie has been told and retold; time has only mellowed the detail 
of the stirring story. All the facts are known and the tradition is one of glorious 
memory. 

But Perry's victory, great as it was and fraught as it was with importance to the 
American nation, was but one of the many remarkable occurrences during the century 
of which we are so proud. The definition of honor when applied to a State is "a high 
standard of conduct," and surely all must admit that Ohio has not lacked in the his- 
tory and the natural attributes of her people which go to make up a record deserving 
to be called honorable. For a hundred years Ohioans have budded wisely, well and 
honorably. From the time that the forty-eight pioneers landed at the mouth of the 
Muskingum and raised the flag of freedom and established a civil government in the 
great Northwest Territory, from the day that Moses Cleaveland founded the town that 
is now this beautiful city of his name, from the period when Ohio was admitted to the 
Union, her people have had a high sense of right and have maintained an exalted 
standard of conduct. The first settlers of our State, whether from old Connecticut or 
old Virginia, were conscientious people — people who brought with them not only in- 
dustry and perseverance but also those religious principles which go so far to stamp 
the future history of a State. 

" Fresh from the Revolution's fire, 

They came to hew the empire's way 
Through trackless wastes, and to inspire 
The sunlight of young freedom's day." 

They founded a peerless State and, not content with such an achievement as 
( )hio, some of those pioneers and their children straightway kept up the noble work 
and carved four more great States out of the wilderness, thus dividing the Northwest 
Territory into five divisions, which for all time since their beginning have stood as 
resplendent as the stars on the blue field of our country's flag. 

An honorable life, by its example, guides the follower to the pathway of right and 
leads to fortune and to fame. ' ' A good name is better than riches. ' ' A good name 
and riches combined is surely better than either taken singly. Ohio has both, singly 
and collectively. Her right to a good name is founded upon her works during this 
century of honor. She has ever been loyal to the cause of liberty ; not for one mo- 
ment has she ever faltered in devotion to the principles which her founders declared 
for. Our pioneers were patriots even when that which is now Ohio was pathless for- 
ests and smiling plains and rugged hills and fertile valleys, which had not cared to 
bring about any development. The natural impulse of our people has ever been to 
take wise and patriotic positions upon questions affecting the commonweal. As a 
community of good Americans our forefathers and those within the scope of more im- 
mediate history have labored always for posterity, for the advancement which promises 
the elevation of the people in industry and education, in the arts and sciences, and in 
all the evidences of progression which go to make a happy and contented people. 

The evolution of Ohio was an honor to our people and a marvel to the world. 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY 



241 



The strides from frontier settlements to villages, from isolated clearings and patches 
to modest farms, were rapid and certain. The growth from village life to small munic- 
ipalities and to the era of larger agricultural development was not less wonderful, 
and from the modest beginnings of a great commonwealth we progressed with as as- 
sured a step as the people of any race under any condition. We were good husband- 
men ; for that which nature gave us we speedily returned many fold. Through all 
trials Ohio passed practically unscathed, her armor of right unsullied and her flag of 
freedom unsoiled. There was always a welcome to the immigrant and a cordial greet- 
ing to the oppressed. The State was one of the first to build railroads, and, to her 
additional credit, it may be said that the earliest enterprises of that kind were of the 
underground order. No State which could welcome the advance of civilization as did 
Ohio, and which contained such a people, could tolerate slavery, and that blot can 
never be found upon any of the pages of her history. She has never repudiated a debt, 
and in all times when the resources of the State were needed she has given liberally 
and of her best blood. Always loyal to the nation, her responses to calls to maintain 
the integrity of the government and the honor of the flag were prompt and liberal. 
She gave the greatest number of troops from any Northern State for the war with 
Mexico, and of the entire 
Federal army in the War 
of the Rebellion one- 
eighth was from Ohio. 

This general good 
record would entitle her 
to the fame she has 
earned abroad. If "to 
be a Roman were better 
than a king," as was 
once said m the olden 
time, so it would seem 
nowadays that to be an 
Ohioan would, at least, 
be better than any other 
kind of a man. Her 
children *to the number 
of a million and more 
are dwelling in the States 
west of her borders. The 
great Western country 
teems with Ohioans, or 
the sons and daughters 
of Ohioans. No arm has 
been more potent in the 
redemption of the vast 
wilderness than that of 

( >hio. Her colonists have only stopped at the Pacific, and I am now told that much 
Ohio enterprise is manifest in Japan. So great has been the spread of the Ohio idea 
and talent that I have even heard that some bearing distinguished foreign names 
have owned her as their mother. A notable instance is that of a celebrated tenor, 
with a thoroughly Italian name, who was once asked by a lady what part of Italy he 
came from. The reply was, " My dear lady, I beg you will not betray my confidence. 
I was born in Ohio." I may remark here, incidentally, that there are many men I 
know who would rejoice if it had been their good fortune to have been born in Ohio. 
This general fame is, of course, largely founded upon the pre-eminence of our State in 
the way of being a model member of the Union. 

But there are other reasons why the fame of Ohio should have gone abroad and 
penetrated the ways and byways of the world. There have been many of our dis- 
tinguished men and women whose names have been upon the lips of the nation. A 
hundred years ago there were Putnam, Cutler, Cleaveland, St. Clair, Harrison, Massie 
and a host of others, who were conquerors of the wilderness and leading pioneers of 
civilization. Later there came men who left their imprint upon the history of the 
State by reason of their service in government and in the political events of the time. 
These were such as Ewing, Corwin, Stanbery, Giddings, Stanton and Chase. There 
were statesmen and jurists, such as Wade, Waite, Swayne, Ranney and Thurman. 
There were historians and men of literature, such as Atwater, Howe, Howells and 
Hay. Science has had no more ardent devotees than those of Ohio. Men like Les- 




SNAP SHO 



OK I'AR 



o\ FA'CLIl) AVENUE. 



242 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

quereux, and Edison, and Orton of the present day, have unfolded many of the secrets 
of nature of past ages and of the present. 

The alarm which set the pulses of the nation throbbing and which resulted in the 
great Civil War put to the front such Ohioans as Grant, Sherman and Sheridan. It 
gave such a notable list of defenders of their country's honor as that of Hayes, Mc- 
pherson, McDowell, Buell, Cox and the lamented Garfield. It furnished the opportu- 
nity for a host of brave and brilliant Ohioans to win golden spurs upon the field of 
battle and made the designation " Ohio soldier " the synonym for " brave and loyal 
man." 

The wise forethought of those who laid the foundation stones of our State enabled 
the youth with ambition to acquire such an education as would place him in a position 
where his talents could be recognized. Thus, by reason of the splendid educational 
facilities offered from almost the beginning of the State, it became possible for the 
Ohioan to make his mark in the world. How well it has been done these names that I 
have given will show. That the seed of ambition did not fall upon sterile ground is to 
be seen in the cases of such men as Grant. Hayes, Garfield and Harrison, all of whom, 
Ohioans and Ohio born as they were, became presidents of the nation. We have those 
who are yet to add more to Ohio's crown of jewels. We have Sherman, who has ever 
been an honor to his State ; and we have McKinley, who is to be called to a higher 
field, where he will do still more credit to himself and to Ohio. We have the brilliant 
Foraker, who will make a shining record in the highest legislative body in the land. 

These are but a few of the many who give cause for the fame of Ohio. But there 
are almost countless reasons for Ohio's proud position in the sisterhood of States. 
With becoming humility we acknowledge the vast bounty of a gracious Providence. 
We know that we ha.ve a soil almost unsurpassed in richness ; that we have unequalled 
facilities for trade ; that we have great mines and vast deposits of natural material 
which can be worked into articles of commerce. 

The State is first in the nation in the number of farms, in the manufacture of 
agricultural implements, in quarry products, in brick and tile factories, in the number 
of churches, in the missionaries we send abroad to the heathen lands and in receipts 
for school purposes. There are doubtless many more things in which we stand at the 
head, but I have taken these examples at random. It should not be forgotten also 
that although we are the twenty-fourth State in area we are second in miles of rail- 
ways and second to none in respect to the ease with which the people of one section 
can reach another part of the State. 

Well may Ave say that this has been a century of honor when we regard the evi- 
dences of advancement that Ohioans have wrought. If any further striking and 
significant illustration is needed, one has only to call attention to this splendid city of 
Cleveland, a place which in the century past has grown from a cabin to a municipality 
of 375,000 people and a wealth of $400,000,000. Cleveland is a grand object lesson of 
progress. No higher standard has been established in the last one hundred years. 
" Ohio's century of honor," therefore, is not a catch phrase; it is a living, actual fact, 
an assertion supported by the records of our country and by that which we can show 
to all men. 

No better cause could have been given our people than that of celebrating the 
centennial of the history of this splendid section of Ohio, and I wish to add my 
further testimony to the general appreciation of the purpose for which the broad- 
minded and patriotic citizens of Cleveland and the Western Reserve have labored so 
long and with such successful results. If I may assume the right to do so, I here thank 
the gentlemen of the Centennial Commission, the director-general and his assistants, 
those who have contributed their share to the endeavor and all the people of the West- 
ern Reserve for their work and the fruit thereof. I offer this in the name of the State 
of Ohio, whose chief executive I happen to be. 1 do it because I know that Ohio prof- 
its by such a celebration. You have afforded a better understanding of that with 
which we all have good "reason to be thankful for and to be proud of. This, indeed, 
has been a suitable tribute to " Ohio's century of honor." 

Permit me now, Mr. Chairman, to offer my most grateful acknowledgments for 
the uniform kindness and courtesy that have been extended to me by officials and 
citizens during my visits to your city. And allow me to say also that the part I have 
taken in these Centennial celebrations will afford some of the pleasantest recollections 
of my life. I have greatly appreciated the privilege of serving as the honorary pres- 
ident of the Centennial Commission, and I only regret that I have not been able to do 
more in the promotion of so worthy an undertaking. I wish you all continued happi- 
ness and prosperity. 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 245 

Following Ohio's Governor came the chief executive of Rhode 
Island, Governor Lippitt, who made a brief informal speech, saying in 
part : 

We have been met with such unbounded hospitality that I feel as though 1 had 
not even left New England. To-day. particularly, in passing through the streets I 
was astonished at the large number of people and the interest which thev manifested 
in the celebration. Another characteristic of the people of Cleveland which I noticed 
was the universal intelligence. It has also been a great pleasure to me to meet the 
distinguished senator from South Carolina (ex-Senator Butler), and to hear his re- 
marks at Perry's monument yesterday upon the unification of feeling and sentiment 
between the North and South, and that all sectionalism was about obliterated. I 
think, as he does, that there are no lines between the East and West, nor between 
the North and South, and that we have one individual country, for which all of us 
are willing to fight, and, if necessary, to die. This is certainly a land for all men to be 
proud of. The great power and 'the great strength which this nation is developing 
will be devoted to the right, and will be used to prevent the bullying, on this hemis- 
phere at least, of nations by foreign powers. It seems to me that the progress of 
your city in the last one hundred years is typical of that of the nation which is to 
come, and if we maintain this friendly feeling and exchange sentiments and interests 
in a common cause, there need be no fear for the future of the United States. 

Hon. E. C. Dubois, of Rhode Island, was called upon to respond to 
the toast, "Our Guests." He also spoke briefly, saying in the course of 
his remarks : 

I am pleased to be here and to be permitted to speak in behalf of the numerous 
guests to whom you have extended your hospitality. I know something of the State 
of Ohio and the city of Cleveland from reading, but I had no appreciation of what this 
State and city really were. I thought a Connecticut Yankee could do almost any- 
thing, but I had no idea he could do so much. On behalf of all the representatives of 
our State, and personally, I wish to thank you for the exhibition of hospitality you 
have given us. 

Rabbi Moses J. Gries responded in an eloquent manner to the toast, 
"The Message of the Centennial." He paid a glowing tribute to the 
soldiers and sailors of the late war, and to the wives and mothers who sent 
their husbands and sons to the front, and remained at home and directed 
their efforts toward partially ameliorating the condition of those who 
offered their lives to their country. "One symbol of the Centennial," 
the speaker said, " is the patriotism which it has kindled. It teaches the 
lesson that we belong to the nation more than we do to the city and to 
the State. I rejoice in being a loyal Clevelander and a loyal Ohioan, but 
I thank God that I am an American. We are an individual country. 
"We have proved to the world that people of every nation, every religion 
and every race can live together in peace and happiness. We like en- 
thusiasm, for the republic is in the midst of a crisis which we must trust 
the wisdom of the people will enable us to pass through successfully. 
There is a deeper issue than that of 'gold and silver.' It is that of ar- 
raying one class against another, and our patriotism must and will stand 
the test. " 

The next speaker was Mr. Hoyt, who responded to the toast as- 
signed to him, "Retrospect and Prospect." Having happily introduced 
his subject, Mr. Hoyt said: 

Now, at the end of this one hundred years, why has Cleveland accomplished so 

much? At the end of her next hundred years will she have accomplished much more: 
These are the questions which this Centennial celebration presses upon us for answer. 
They are practical questions of vital interest to^us all. They should not be considered 
as merely speculative, or so discussed, as, for "instance, a convention of old maids in 



244 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Boston the other day discussed the best methods of bringing up children. Cleveland 
is as great as she is for several reasons: 

First, because of her environment. This representative and splendid Centennial 
celebration was not made possible when Grover Cleveland last July touched his finger 
upon the button which started the current which lighted and made resplendent our 
triumphal arch. It was made possible when Moses Cleaveland, in that July long ago, 
touched his foot on the banks of the Cuyahoga. It was the former, not the latter, 
contact which started those masterful and efficient forces into operation, which have 
made the city what she is and which have lighted and made to shine her real arch of 
triumph. Cleveland is well located. She is the center of a region which is destined 
to become the Essen of America, the Birmingham of the United States, unless unad- 
ventitious circumstances, which I forbear to mention, shall prevent. If her citizens 
are alive to her natural advantages, her manufactories, already numerous, will . be 
greatly increased and their products will be vastly multiplied. Their chimneys, too, 
will belch forth an ever increasing cloud of smoke, which will shortly, not partly as it 
does now, but wholly obscure even 

' ' The spacious firmament on high ; ' ' 

unless a smoke preventer, in which Mr. Holden and another, who shall be nameless, 
are jointly interested, is generally adopted. Our city stands just where the coal of 
the South and the ore of the North meet in most profitable union, and the children's 
children of that union, already numerous, if they are properly taken care of and ma- 
tured, will become as countless as the sands on her shore. She possesses that price- 
less boon to a manufacturing center, cheap water transportation to points east and 
west and north of her. In retrospect, it must be said that hitherto her citizens have 
not been alive to her great natural advantages ; but, in prospect, it is to be hoped that 
these natural advantages will be so availed of as that Cleveland a hundred years from 
now will be as much larger and as much more prosperous than the Cleveland of to- 
day, as the Cleveland of to-day is larger and more prosperous than the Cleveland of a 
hundred years ago. 

Secondly, but Cleveland is what she is because of the sterling qualities that have 
entered into her citizenship ; qualities as precious as 

" Apples of gold in pictures of silver." 

I use this bimetallic quotation in order to avoid all cause of offense in the present 
strained condition of the public mind. But, men and women have spent their lives 
here and have left impressions which I do not believe the years will wear away. I 
will not attempt to name them, because time would prevent my naming all of them 
and the omission of any would be invidious ; but men of high aims and purposes have 
controlled the great business interests of the city and women of lofty ideals the social 
interests of the city; and so the standard of honor among our business men has always 
been high and our social life has been and is refined and courteous and hospitable. 
Our city has not only been enriched by material bequests and gifts, bountiful and 
splendid gifts of parks and of art treasures and of libraries; gifts which will be en- 
joyed one hundred years from now quite as much as they are now ; but she has been 
enriched, also, by the good names which her leading citizens have bequeathed to her, 
and " a good name is rather to be chosen than great riches. " These legacies will 
make her rich in the next Centennial as well as now. But Cleveland is what she is 
because learning has been nurtured here. She turns from the evidences of her mate- 
rial prosperity and advancement to point with pride at her public school system, which 
is the best to be found anywhere in the land. She is not only a manufacturing city, 
but she is a university town. Her libraries are numerous and are well stocked, and 
learning and business go hand in hand together. 

But again, my friends, she is what she is because her citizens love her. I heard a 
story the other day which perhaps will illustrate my meaning. During the late war 
the lines of the Union and Confederate forces were established at a distance perilously 
short. Each side had thrown up intrenchments, and if a soldier exposed himself ever 
so little he was fired at. Suddenly some one in the trenches began to sing " Home, 
Sweet Home." Instantly, and against the protests of the officers, the firing ceased. 
Muskets were thrown down, and the men of both armies, forgetting their animosity, 
helped to swell the chorus. We citizens of Cleveland do not always agree. We differ 
on politics and on religion, and on other matters. The fire of criticism, of crimination 
and recrimination is often sharp; but all differences are forgotten as we join, as we 
are always ready to do, in the sweet chorus, "Home, Sweet Home." The structure of 
our present greatness rests on foundations which those who have gone before us have 



PERRY S VICTORY DAY. 245 

builded ; but the foundations of the future city we are now building, let us lay them 
broad and deep. 

I can, of course, only conjecture the prospect, for I am " neither a prophet nor the 
son of a prophet;" but my imagination is so stimulated by centennial enthusiasm ( I 
have taken nothing else), that I can see in the future an imperial city, with more than 
a million inhabitants; a city where law is not feared because it is universally obeyed; 
a city where taxes are cheerfully paid, because they are equitably assessed; a city of 
broad boulevards and of beautiful, spacious parks; a city with harbor facilities large 
enough and convenient enough to invite commerce, instead of driving it away ; a city 
with an imposing city hall, not on the square, but by it; a city whose water supply is 
not adjacent to the mouths of its sewers; a city where garbage is burned and not 
hoarded; a great, a beautiful, a prosperous, a healthful city. But, my friends, we 
need not wait a hundred years for the fulfillment of this dream. If you and I do our 
part, we shall have such a city in your lifetime and in mine. 

Mayor McKisson, as President of the Centennial Commission, then 
spoke the words which formally closed the celebration. His was the 
final address, and he spoke as follows: 

Ladies and Gentlemen : 

In the exercises of this Centennial it has been our aim to meet on the broadest 
grounds of patriotism and to recognize the event as a common people, so that in the 
records of history there may be proof anew that great municipalities are not indiffer- 
ent or ungrateful. The anniversary that we celebrate to-night is a proud one. This 
commemorative hour places before our view, after a lapse of many years, the 
structure of a great city. Eighty-three years ago to-day the patriotism of a fel- 
low countryman and his amazing achievements on the inland sea from off the north- 
western shore of the Western Reserve brought the State of Ohio and this section 
of our country into prominence. From that day to this she has been the Mecca 
of accomplishments through recognized ability, valorous in the record of her deeds 
through patriotism, and yet grateful to a great government. As true Americans 
should we not rejoice to remember those who made it possible that we may enjoy the 
privileges of a great city, and is it not also fitting and proper that we pay a just 
tribute to the brilliant Perry, who preserved our rights on the great lakes? It is not 
merely an event that we are celebrating this year in the exercises we have had, but a 
great cause. We are celebrating the victory of patriotism and the victory of liberty. 
We honor the victory, we celebrate the victory and stand ready to defend it by pa- 
triotism. 

The record for one hundred years is made. Our gratitude as a loving people 
in a beautiful city, in a great country, we have shown. Whether it has been 
honorable and patriotic will be explained and answered by the coming genera- 
tion, their children and their children's children. At the first of our century we started 
with nothing but want and adversity, but at its close we are surrounded with privileges 
equal to any in the country, with great opportunities blessing us on the dawn of a new 
century. What shall our successors say at the close of the second century? The past 
life, the neglected opportunities will then have sped away and be no more. But as a 
loving and patriotic people we are proud to cherish and honor the privileges which 
four generations have granted us. It is the duty of this generation to carry out their 
progress and their achievements and their patriotism in this first generation of this new 
century for the finest city in the world. In this each citizen has a duty to perform. 
No man deserves to be crowned with honor whose life is a failure to his home or to his 
city. He who lives only to accumulate money and to eat and drink is a failure both as 
to his family and his municipality. Such people do not make a great city and the city 
is no better for their living in it. They are not the ones who wipe a tear from the sad 
face, or kindle the fire on the frozen hearth. If all true citizens will honor the record 
of their forefathers, who have made the privileges we are enjoying to-day, we will 
surely have in the first generation of the new century that kind of citizenship which 
makes us great. The honest, moral, virtuous and patriotic citizens, — these are the ones, 
we are proud to say. who largely constitute the population of this great city in this our 
centennial year. We have, my fellow citizens, a glorious opportunity ; we are responsi- 
ble for our talents, for our privileges and the way we improve them. Shall we im- 
prove them well and make our account? Shall we gather roses while they bloom? 
.Shall we make hay while the sun shines? It is said what may be done at any time 
will be done at no time. The people of a city are like an individual. Some claW that 
accident is the production of any great event in life, but it is not accident that helps a 



246 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

man in the world, but purpose and persistent industry ; it is the same with a city. 
The old common highway of steady industry and earnest application is the great road 
and the only safe road for a great municipality. Let us then with this energy that 
is ours, with this patriotism which is our pride, with this gratitude we owe, carry for- 
ward this beautiful city in her onward march to future greatness. 

Before closing it is my duty, as the representative of this great city, to publicly 
thank those who contributed financially to properly observe and successfully carry 
on the exercises of this important anniversary, and also to publicly thank those who 
have labored on various committees and who have spent their time and their 
money so that our city might enjoy the beneficent results which come to a city and 
her people from the proper observance, such as we have had, of a centennial. 

It is also my special duty to congratulate the ladies in their department for the 
manner in which they so successfully, amicably and thoroughly carried out their part 
of the exercises of this Centennial. To them one and all, we shall say that the ladies 
are entitled to high praise and to kind words for their success. To those who have so 
ably aided Director-General Day in this Centennial, I wish to thank you one and all. 

Our city — may our city ever enjoy the blessings of the widest liberty, her people 
the largest prosperity, and be ever ready to promote the broadest patriotism of man- 
kind. 

As the mayor concluded his speech he drew from his pocket a small 
gavel made from log- cabin timber, the handle of which was tied 
with pink ribbon. "The time has now come," said he, "for me to de- 
clare this celebration ended, and I do so with one word — -'Finis.' ' So 
saying, the mayor gave the table a sharp rap with his gavel. A cheer 
went up from those around him, and then the company dispersed. 



Thus closed the exercises of the Centennial. When those who par- 
ticipated in them shall all have passed away, and another generation 
holds the places thus made vacant, may the principles and precepts laid 
down by the ancestors in 1896 be still fostered and maintained, and 
handed down, in turn, to those who shall come after. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



ECHOES OF THE CENTENNIAL. 




The celebration having- concluded, flags and 
bunting were now taken down, reviewing stands 
were removed from front yards and street cor- 
ners, and Centennial medals and badges were 
laid aside for preservation as souvenirs. The 
headquarters of the Centennial Commission 
• were kept open until the business was practically 
; settled and then the rooms were stripped of 
their decorations, the desks, tables and chairs 
were sold, and the doors finally locked by the 
Director-General. This did not, however, end 
the labors of that official nor of the Commission. 
Meetings continued to be held, at which various matters incident to the 
Centennial came up for final disposition. A large oil painting of the 
harbor, which had been on exhibition in the Commission rooms, was 
presented to the Chamber of Commerce. Other diagrams, maps and draw- 
ings of value were transferred to the Western Reserve Historical Society. 
The committee in charge of the log cabin register presented this also to 
the society. A carefully prepared report was made by Bolivar Butts, 
Chairman of the Committee, showing the number and geographical dis- 
tribution of visitors to the cabin from July 18th to September nth. 
They came from forty-five states and territories, and from seventeen 
foreign countries. The total number was 344,000. The number registered 
was 7,210, distributed as follows: Cleveland, 4,213; Ohio (outside of 
Cleveland), 1,860; Pennsylvania, 224; New York, 207; Michigan, 132; Illi- 
nois. 94 ; Indiana, 58 ; Missouri, 37 ; West Virginia, 21 ; Wisconsin, 16 ; New 
Jersey, 15; Kentucky, 18; Washington, D. C., 14; Minnesota, 12; Iowa, 
10; Connecticut, 15; New Hampshire, 7; Montana, 7; Colorado, 8; Kan- 
sas, 7 ; Maryland, 6 ; Tennessee, 8 ; Nebraska, 7 ; Texas, 7 ; Alabama, 3 ; 
Mississippi, 3; Louisiana, 5; Vermont, 4; Georgia, 4; Oklahama, 3; New- 
Mexico, 2; Dakota, 5; Utah, 2; Maine, 4; Florida, 4; Rhode Island, 2; 
Washington, 2 ; Idaho, 1 ; North Carolina, 1 ; Arkansas, 1 ; Arizona. 1 ; 
Indian Territory, 1; Canada, 23; England, 18; Ireland, 8; Scotland, 4; 
Wales, 1; Isle of Man, 1; France, 5; Germany, 10; Hungary, 3; Switz- 



5 ; Denmark, 
; Mexico, 2. 



1 : Bermuda, 1 ; Newfoundland, 1 ; 



erland, 2 ; Sweden, 
Japan, 1 ; Turkey, . 

The log cabin was sold and torn down late in September, and early 
in October the Centennial Arch was also demolished. Numerous let- 
ters from guests who were present at various times during the Centen- 
nial were received by Director-General Day. One from Governor Bush- 
nell read as follows : 

To Wilson M. Day : 

I want to again thank you, your Commission, and the citizens of Cleveland, for the 



248 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

many courtesies extended me during my visits to your beautiful city ; and I wish for 
you all health, happiness and abundant prosperity. With cordial regards, 

Very truly yours, 

Asa S. Bishnell. 

Another letter was from Colonel J. S. Poland, of the Regular Army, 

as follows: Columbus Barracks, September 18, 1896. 

Colonel George A. Garretson, Chairman Military Committee, Cleveland Centen- 
nial Commission, Cleveland, 0. : 
Dear Sir: — One of the pleasantest duties devolved upon me in connection with the 
encampment of the United States troops at Cleveland this summer is to express to 
you the appreciation of the officers and soldiers of my command, of the many court- 
esies and the generous provisions which were extended to, and made for their com- 
fort by your able and efficient committee. I feel particularly indebted to yourself, 
Captain J. B. Perkins, Mr. Webb C. Hayes, and Major A. K. A. Liebich, for constant 
attention to our situation under all conditions. I assure you that the officers and men 
have returned to their stations with the most kindly regard for and remembrance of 
the hospitable citizens of your beautiful city, and they will welcome orders for other 
summer tours of duty at or near the delightful city of Cleveland. I have the honor to 
be very sincerely yours, t g p ()1 ANI) 

Colonel Seventeenth United States Infantry, commanding United States Troops, 
Cleveland, O. 

The Centennial Finance Committee, after holding several meetings 
and paying all bills, reported a balance of $2,805.61 in the treasury. 
Of this amount, $2,455.61 was donated on December 1, 1896, to the Bethel 
Associated Charities for the benefit of the poor, and $350 was donated to 
the Floating Bethel. 

During the fall and early winter the Woman's Department was 
zealously engaged in an undertaking indicative of woman's thoughtful- 
ness and far-sightedness. Believing that future generations would be 
interested in the celebration of 1896 it was determined to collect articles 
and collate facts connected with the same and place them in an alumi- 
num box to be hermetically sealed, this box to remain in the custody 
of the Western Reserve Historical Society to be opened in 1996 by a lin- 
eal descendant of a member of the executive board of the department. 
Exercises connected with the dedication of the box were held in the 
assembly room of the Public Library building, at 2:30 o'clock, Friday 
afternoon, December 18th, 1896. A large audience, comprising the 
membership of the Woman's Department, was present. The programme 
was opened with prayer by Rev. Marion Murdoch, of Unity Church. 
Mrs. W. A. Ingham, President of the Woman's Department, then spoke 
briefly. After the rendition of a solo, Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Chairman 
of the Executive Board, read an inscription written by Mrs. T. K. Dis- 
sette, and engraved on the lid of the box as follows : 

1896 to 1996. GREETING. 1896 to 1996. 

This casket contains for you the records of the Woman's Department of the Cleve- 
land Centennial Commission." To be opened by a lineal daughter of a member of the 
executive board in 1996. 

Mrs. W. A. Ingham, Mrs. L. A. Russell, Mrs. W. B. Neff, 

Mrs. Mary S. Bradford, Mrs. M. B. Schwab, Mrs. G. V. R. Wickham, 

Mrs. S. P. Churchill, Mrs. W. G. Rose, Mrs. Charles W. Chase, 

Mrs. T. K. Dissette, Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Mrs. A. J. Williams, 

Mrs. H. A. Griffin, Mrs. Ella S. Webb, ' Mrs. Sarah E. Bierce. 

Mrs. O. J. Hodge, Miss Elizabeth Blair, 

' ' Rise, too, ye shapes and shadows of the past, 
Rise from your long forgotten graves, 
At last let us behold your faces, 
Let us hear those words you uttered." 




THE CLEVELAND FLAG. 




OFFICIAL MEDAL OF THE CENTENNIAL. 



ECHOES OF THE CENTENNIAL. 249 

The box was then lined with asbestos paper, and each article was 
wrapped in tissue paper and tied with red, white and blue ribbon and 
laid away to rest for a hundred years. The programme of exercises 
in full was as follows: 

Prayer Rev. Marion Murdock. 

Opening Words Mrs. W. A. Ingham, President. 

Music — Vocal Solo, Miss Sarah Cohen. 

Presentation of the Membership Book Mrs. T. K. Dissette. 

Presentation of the Secretary's Book, Mrs. E. S. Webb. 

Introduction of Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, Chairman of the Executive Committee, 

Mrs. W. A. Ingham, President. 

THE PACKING OF THE CASKET. 

The Newspapers, .• Mrs. L. A. Russell. 

The Official Programme, Mr. Wilson M. Day. 

Membership Roll, Mrs. T. K. Dissette. 

History of the Pioneer Women of the Western Reserve, . . . Mrs. G. V. R. Wickham. 

Constitution of the Woman's Department, Mrs. Mary S. Bradford. 

Treasurer's Report Miss Elizabeth Blair. 

Work of Printing Committee, Mrs. H. A. Griffin. 

Reports of the Philanthropic and Charitable Societies of Cleveland, 

Mrs. Charles W. Chase. 

Programmes of Literary Clubs, Mrs. W. B. Nf.ff. 

Badges (Woman's Day and Others), Mrs. M. B. Schwab. 

History of Cleveland (Miss Urann), 

History of the Women of Cleveland (Mrs. Ingham), and 

State and City Official Hand-Books, Mrs. B. F. Taylor. 

Centennial Album Mrs. W. G. Rose. 

Correspondence, Mrs. S. P. Churchill. 

Account of Woman in the Industries, Mrs. Jane Eliot Snow. 

Music — "The Star Spangled Banner," The Temple Quartet. 

Prof. Gustav Schildesheim, Accompanist. 

An American Flag, Mrs. O. J. Hodge. 

Map of Cleveland Mrs. E. S. Webb. 

Manuscript of Papers Read on Woman's Day Mrs. S. E. Bierce. 

Woman's Edition of The Plain Dealer (on silk), Mrs. W. J. Sheppakd. 

The Gavel that closed the Centennial (made from Centennial Log Cabin Timber), 

Mayor R. E. McKisson. 

1896 to 1996, . Mrs. Elroy M. Avery. 

Official Certification to the Packing of the Casket, Mayor R. E. McKisson. 

THE CLOSING OF THE CASKET. 

Presentation of the Casket to Mrs. W. A. Ingham, President of the 

Woman's Department Mrs. Elroy M. Avery. 

Presentation of the Casket to Mr. H. C. Ranney, President of the 

Western Reserve Historical Society, Mrs. W. A. Ingham. 

Response, Mr. H. C. Ranney. 

Music— "America," The Temple Quartet. 

Benediction Rev. H. C. Haydn. 

Adjournment. 

A detailed list of the contents of the box was printed on the back of 
the programme, as follows : 

CONTENTS OF CASKET. 

Relating to the Woman" s Department of the Centennial: Constitution, Treas- 
urer's Report, Memorial History of the Women of the Western Reserve, Copy of the 
Addresses made on Woman's Day, Programmes for Woman's Day and for the Depart- 
ment, Tickets, Invitations, Badges, Letters, Membership Roll, and Certificate. 

Official Programme, Official Gavel, Official Certification to Contents of Casket. 

Centennial Album, Quarter-Century Lectures on Cleveland. 



250 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Reports: Young Women's Christian Association, Woman's Relief Corps, Wom- 
an's Christian Temperance Union, Day Nursery and Free Kindergarten Associa- 
tion, Kindergarten Committee of Public Schools, Bethany Home, Dorcas Society, Cir- 
cle of Mercy, Jewish Council of Women. History of the Charities of Cleveland; His- 
tory of Women of Cleveland and Their Work ; the Official Certificate of the First Woman 
Chosen to an Elective Office in Cleveland. 

Programmes : The Conversational, Art and History Club, Woman's Press Club, 
Sorosis, Literary Guild, Case Avenue Literary Club. 

Badges and Pins: Woman's Press Club, Sorosis, Woman's Relief Corps, 
Daughters of the American Revolution, Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 

Newspapers: Centennial edition of The Cleveland Leader ; Leader, July 29; 
Woman's edition of Plain Dealer (on silk); Plain Dealer, July 28 and 29; Recorder ; 
Press ; 'World ; Voice and Clevelander ; True Republic ; Journal and Bulletin ; 
International Messenger. Hand-book of City of Cleveland. Map of Cleveland. Ohio 
Legislative Hand-book. 

United States Flag. 

Message from rSgd to igg6. 

The correspondence placed in the box by Mrs. Churchill contained 
letters from President-elect and Mrs. McKinley, and Mrs. Lucretia R. 
Garfield, Mrs. Julia D. Grant, Mrs. Adlai E. Stevenson, Governor and 
Mrs. Bushnell, "Jennie June" Crowley, and other persons of note. 
As each article was placed in the casket an appropriate sentiment was 
expressed by the one making the offering. Such sentiments as the fol- 
lowing were heard during the ceremony : 

"The page of the future is blank. We can only judge what it will contain by 
looking over the record of the past. May these annals of Cleveland's first one hundred 
years be an inspiration to the generations of 1996 for continuity of worthy efforts." 

" May ' Old Glory ' be loved as dearly in 1996 as in 1896. God bless our native 
land. ' ' 

" May it be said of us in the second Centennial, 'Noble band! ' 

' ' ' They did their duty and their lives were true, 
They builded better than they knew. ' ' ' 

" To the great memorial arch spanning the two centuries, and whose further end 
we cannot see, I bring this little stone, representing the intellectual life of Cleveland 
women, to aid in its building." 

"It takes a vivid imagination to conceive how Cleveland looked in 1796, when, as 
we are told, its area was one mile, and one could jump across the mouth of the Cuya- 
hoga River in dry weather. Now it is thirty-one miles in area, and has two thousand 
streets and a great harbor. Is it too much to expect that a hundred years hence 
Cleveland will have great ocean steamers — ships at her docks, a mayor who will have 
to look up lost streets, the soldiers and sailors' monument razed to the ground and the 
spot occupied by an aerial navigation company, the modest statue of Moses Cleave- 
land moved into some remote park, and historic Euclid avenue extended eastward 
until Buffalo is one of our suburbs ? ' ' 

Mayor McKisson said, in presenting the Centennial gavel : 

" If we had many trying obligations to plan this Centennial, we must recall that 
Moses Cleaveland had more trouble in starting the town in 1796. On each occasion, 
after the women arrived upon the scene and took their places at the helm, there was not 
much further trouble. You to-day are making history for the women of the next 
century. ' ' 

Mrs. Avery read the greeting of the Department to the women of 
1996, as follows: 

TO WOMEN UNBORN. 

1896 SENDS GREETING TO I996. 

We of to-day reach forth our hands across the gulf of a hundred years to clasp 
your hands. 

We make you heirs to all we have and enjoin you to improve your heritage. 



ECHOES OF THE CENTENNIAL. 25 1 

We bequeath to you a city of a century, prosperous and beautiful, and yet far 
from our ideal. 

Some of our streets are not well lighted; some are unpaved ; many are unclean. 

Many of the people are poor, and some are vainly seeking work at living wages. 

Often they who have employment are forced to filch hours for work from the 
hours that should be given to rest, recreation and study. 

Some of our children are robbed of their childhood. 

Vice parades our streets and disease lurks in many places that men and women 
call their homes. 

It sometimes happens that wealth usurps the throne that worth alone should 
occupy. 

Sometimes some of the reins of government slip from the hands of the people 
and public honors ill-fit some who wear them. 

We are obliged to confess that even now 

" Man's inhumanity to man 
Makes countless thousands mourn." 

HOW ARK THESE CHINGS WITH YOU? 

Yet the world-family is better and happier than it was a hundred years ago; this 
is especially true in this American Republic, and has come by wisdom working 
through law. 

We love our country and seek its prosperity and perpetuity; we love our coun- 
try's flag and pray for its greater glory; in this century our men have marched to 
victory under its folds in three great wars. 

We are ready to defend it against all the world. 

ARE Yi >U ? 

This hundred years has given to the world the locomotive and the steamboat, the 
telegraph, telephone, photograph, electric light, electric motor and many other wise 
and beneficent discoveries. 

Have you invented a flying machine or found the north pole? 

WHAT HAVE YOV D( >NE ? 

In this first centennial year of our city we have planned many important works for 
the " Greater Cleveland" of to-morrow, and have appropriated millions of money for 
the execution of the plans. Among these are the improvement of the harbor; the 
widening, straightening, and cleaning of our narrow, crooked and befouled river ; the 
sanitary disposal of garbage ; a fitting home for the public library ; the extension and 
completion of an adequate park and boulevard system ; the addition of kindergartens 
to our public schools. 

WHAT ARE YOU DOING FOR CLEVELAND? 

Standing by this casket soon to be sealed, we of to-day try to fix our vision on you 
who, a century hence, shall stand by it as we now do. The vision can last but a mo- 
ment, but before it ends and we fade into the past, we would send up our earnest 
prayer for our country, our state, our city, and for you. 



On behalf of the Woman's Department of Cleveland's first Centennial Commission. 

MRS. ELROY M. AVERY, 

Chairman of the Executive Committee. 

The financial report of the department was a compliment to the busi- 
ness ability of the members. Although the final report could not be 
made, the statement was sufficiently complete to show how the depart- 
ment had been operated. The report of the treasurer, corrected to Janu- 
ary 20th, 1897, was as follows: 



252 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

RECEIPTS. 

Amount Ladies' Subscription turned over by Centennial 

Commission, net, $539- 30 

Lady Teachers, Centennial Commission 494- 10 $1,053.40 

Membership Subscriptions, 692. 5 5 

Interest, Society for Savings 1.06 

Receipts, Miss Clara A. Urann (Lecture), 24.95 

Mrs. G. V. R. Wickham (Historical Book) 360.40 

from sale of Programmes, Badges and Banquet Wom- 
an's Day, 91-85 

from lunch, Central Armory. - 120.00 

Banquet Tickets 1.079.50 

" " Mrs. W. G. Rose (return of Loan), 100.00 



$3,503,71 



DISBURSEMENTS. 

Paid for Stationery. Postal Cards, Stamps, etc $301.96 

for Commissions and Janitor 39-90 

Mrs. G. V. R. Wickham (Statistics Pioneer History), .... 200.00 

Mrs. H. A. Griffin (Draping Central Armory) 25.00 

Expense, Lunch, Central Armory, 161.20 

Expense, Banquet, Grays' Armory, 500.00 

Rent, Grays' Armory 75-oo 

Miss Clara A. Urann (Lecture) 25.00 

Mrs. Mary W. Sewall, " 81.50 

Mrs. Helen Campbell, " 65.00 

Mrs. W. G. Rose, Loan for completion of Centennial Album, 100.00 

Miss Hannah A. Foster, 50.00 

Sundry Bills on file, Music, Flowers. Printing, and Pioneer 

History, 1,267.39 

for Centennial Aluminum Box, 23.00 



$2,914.95 

January 20th, 1897, balance on hand, $588.76 

When all the articles had been placed in the box they were covered 
and tied down with ribbon and sealed with wax. Mayor McKisson then 
adjusted the lid and fastened the screws in place. Mrs. Avery presented 
the casket to Mrs. Ingham, who in turn gave it to President Henry 
C. Ranney, of the Western Reserve Historical Society, to be preserved 
in the society's building. Mrs. Ingham said: 

Accepting the popular verdict, we are proud to place in your hands for safe keep- 
ing these offerings, the culmination of labor, of research, and of patient continuance 
in well doing, in full assurance that you, sir, will see to it that a choice niche in the 
rooms of the Historical Society is reserved for our sacred casket, which I, as President 
of the Woman's Department of the Cleveland Centennial Commission, have the honor 
to present through you. 

In accepting the casket Mr. Ranney said : 

To lay away the remains of the Woman's Department of the first Centennial of 
Cleveland in this beautiful casket, to lie until another hundred years have passed 
away, is an event of unusual importance. Not a citizen of Cleveland will be living 
then. Not in sadness do we thus fold and lay away our past in this little sepulcher of 
aluminum, but because we love humanity and are deeply interested in the work and 
progress of the women who follow us. It has been told us over and over again that 
Cleveland is proud of the spirit and achievements of its women ; that no fairer, more 
cultured or diligent sisterhood graces any great center in the whole nation than this 
of our own Forest City. 

I accept the trust imposed, a long and continuing trust, and with all its conditions 
and suggestions this trust will be faithfully and religiously kept. A mystery deep as 
that which clings about the tombs of Egypt will enshroud' it one hundred years from 



ECHOES OF THE CENTENNIAL. 253 

now. I thank you for this compliment to the Historical Society and for the confidence 
the trust implies. 

Brief remarks were made in closing by Mrs. Ingham. The Temple 
Quartet sang "America," and the benediction was pronounced by Miss 
Murdoch, bringing the exercises to a close. This marked the formal 
disbandment of the Woman's Department, a department which by en- 
ergy and enthusiasm succeeded in creating a total membership of over 
two thousand two hundred and fifty. 

The final meeting of the Centennial Commission was held in the 
Chamber of Commerce rooms in the Arcade, at 4 o'clock on Thursday 
afternoon, January 7th, 1897. The following members were present: 
H. O. Sargent, Wilson M. Day, H. R. Hatch, Kaufman Hays, James 
M. Richardson, Bolivar Butts, H. M. Addison, C. W. Chase, A. J. Will- 
iams, L. E. Holden, and John C. Hutchins. The meeting was called 
to order by Mr. Sargent. After the transaction of a small amount 
of routine business, the final report of Director-General Day was read. 
It contained a comprehensive review of the Centennial as follows: 

DIRECTOR-GENERAL'S FINAL REPORT. 

To the Members of the Cleveland Centennial Commission : 

Although the active work of this Commission ended about September 20th, the 
organization has been kept intact for the purpose of taking any official action that 
might be required before final disbandment. The conclusion of your labors at last 
having been reached, it is proper that I should submit a brief summary of the work 
accomplished. The Cleveland Centennial Commission came into existence on May 
17, 1895. through the joint action of the Early Settlers' Association, the Chamber of 
Commerce and the city government. Its organization was completed July nth, and 
headquarters were opened in the City Hall about August 1, 1895, and were kept con- 
tinuously open until September 15, 1896. Since its organization it has held forty-eight 
meetings, its Executive Committee thirty-two meetings, and the variotis other commit- 
tees not less than one hundred and fifty meetings. The official records show that not 
far from 4,000 letters have been received and written. Circulars and other advertis- 
ing matter were also sent out to the number of about 100,000. From beginning to 
end no fewer than 1,500 persons have served on committee work, and it is safe to say 
that in the various parades fully 50,000 persons have participated. The number of 
spectators at the various demonstrations ranged, it is estimated, from 100,000 to 250,- 
000. Visitors were in the city during the celebration, as the Log Cabin records show, 
from 45 States and Territories and 17 foreign countries. At different times we had 
with us the governors of four different States, representatives of the War, Navy and 
Treasury departments, United States Senators, and the successful nominee for the 
Presidency of the United States. Though unable to be present, the Chief Executive 
of the Nation cheerfully lent his assistance, besides sending a telegram of congratula- 
tion. Through the medium of the Associated Press, the United Press, the illustrated 
weeklies and monthlies, and the various newspaper syndicates, full accounts of the 
celebration were scattered broadcast over the land. Our Cleveland papers devoted 
generous space to the different events and assisted the Commission in every possible 
way. Therr exhibition of enterprise on various occasions is to be most highly com- 
mended. 

The sum of money raised for a preliminary expense fund, by popular subscrip- 
tion, reached a total of $8,113. The amount raised by the Finance Committee was 
$64,111.25. Too much credit cannot be given that committee for its very timely and 
efficient work. Great praise is also due the treasurer of the Commission, Mr. Charles 
W. Chase, whose labors, cheerfully performed, occupied much of his time for over a 
year. No expenditures have been incurred without previous authority ; all bills have 
been carefully examined and, before payment, duly approved by the committee incur- 
ring the same; vouchers are on file covering. every item of expenditure, and all book 
accounts have been examined by the Auditing Committee and found to be correct. 
The treasurer's final statement accompanies this report. After all expenses were 
paid, a balance of about $2,800 was left in the hands of the Finance Committee, being 
turned over to the Bethel Associated Charities. ' 



254 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

The series of events planned by the Commission was consummated with scarcely 
a break. The only variations from the published programme were the unexpected 
absence of Senators Sherman and Brice on Western Reserve Day, and the premature 
presentation of the fireworks display on September ioth. All of the other features, in- 
volving a multitude of details, long journeys by distinguished guests, the assembling 
of organizations from distant points, and the harmonizing of various and diverse in- 
terests, were carried out to the letter. The exercises began with preliminary religious 
observances on Sunday, July 19th, preceding Founder's Day and terminated on Perry's 
Victory Day, September 10th. In all, twenty-five days were occupied in observances 
of various sorts, either under the direct supervision of the Commission or by other 
organizations under its auspices. 

As showing the almost universal interest manifested in the celebration on the part 
of our people, the following summary may be of value : The interests of religion were 
recognized in the ringing of church chimes, the preaching of centennial sermons, the 
holding of inter-denominational mass meetings — Catholic, Protestant and Jew vying 
with each other in the expressions of patriotic sentiments — and the collecting and 
presentation of historical papers during the congress held for that purpose ; the great 
work of our philanthropic institutions was adequately presented and the record has 
been permanently preserved ; education was deservedly given a prominent place in 
the skilled hands of the able committee having the matter in charge ; the military 
features, extending throughout the entire period, were both brilliant and instructive, 
calling into service all three branches of the Regular Army and the entire National 
Guard of Ohio, together with the famous independent companies of Cleveland and 
Detroit ; tribute was paid the past, and the interest of our older citizens was thereby 
enlisted, by the Log Cabin on the Public Square and the special exercises at its open- 
ing, and on New England, Western Reserve and Early Settlers' days; the triumphal 
character of the celebration was typified by the handsome Centennial Arch; the vari- 
ous public exercises were appropriate and dignified, and the addresses by distin- 
guished speakers fully met the requirements of the occasion and the expectations of 
the public ; the lovers of the spectacular were treated to as fine a series of parades and 
pageants, military, civic, pioneer and industrial, as were ever seen in the West ; Ohio 
editors were hospitably entertained; our German, Swiss and Bohemian athletic socie- 
ties appropriated performed their part ; devotees of yachting and admirers of flowers 
had their respective events ; the wheelmen presented a most novel and brilliant 
spectacle ; the musical features were fully looked after m the way of both vocal and 
instrumental concerts, the production. of the "Cleveland Centennial March," and the 
massing of Cleveland's bands, 295 Cleveland musicians being in line on Founder's Day; 
our manufacturing interests were magnificently displayed on the closing day ; the civic 
organizations did themselves decided credit, the Knights of Pythias especially achieving 
a great success in their national encampment; the various social occasions were elabo- 
rate and highly enjoyable, and the part taken by the ever-loyal Cleveland women, 
through the Woman's Department, was at once unique, beautiful and appropriate. 
All classes and beliefs united in the celebration. 

In conclusion, I may be permitted to quote from the editorial comments of one of 
our Cleveland newspapers: "Cleveland can never be again what it was before the 
pageants and festivities that have just closed. There cannot be the old self-distrust or 
the old indifference to public celebrations and displays. There has been a new life 
and spirit born in the community. That is worth more than the whole Centennial 
cost. Let us cherish more pride in Cleveland, more faith in its future, more zeal for 
all that makes our fair city gain in whatever is good and worthy of a just and sound 
ambition. It will be well worth while, now and in all the years to come." 

Respectfully submitted, 

WILSON M. DAY, 

Director-General. 

The report was received and ordered filed and the thanks of the 
Commission were extended to Mr. Day. 

Treasurer Chase then presented his final report as follows : 

RECEIPTS. 

From People's Dollar Fund, $8,113.00 

" Loans, 4,500.00 

Centennial Finance Committee 61,036.94 

Total Receipts , $73,649.94 



ECHOES OF THE CENTENNIAL. 255 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

Paid for executive force and assistants, and general office expense, $12,383.46 

Commissions to solicitors, People's Fund, 1,011.25 

Office furniture and fixtures 517-18 

Sundry items for printing, engraving, traveling expenses, 

postage, etc., 1,118.62 

Paid loans — $4,000.00. $500.00, 4,500.00 

Subscription returned, 20.00 

Finance Committee, general expenses 74-15 

Founder's Day Parade, entertainment, etc 1,707.50 

Pageant, evening of Founder's Day, 6,150.03 

Military Encampment, 14,390.66 

Yacht Regatta 2,500.00 

Meeting of American Library Association 500.00 

Log Cabin Committee, 794.60 

Knights of Pythias Encampment, 5,000.00 

Arch in Monumental Park, decorating, etc., 4,404.92 

Music • 5,55o.35 

City of Cleveland, repaving in Park 87.50 

Veteran Volunteer Fireman's Association, 570.00 

Turners' Societies, and athletics, 102.58 

Historical Conference 368.40 

Central Armory, equipment, care, etc., 1,998.65 

New England Society 200.00 

Wheelmen's Parade, 468.00 

Battery salutes, 216.00 

Entertainment, editorial convention, 365.00 

Committee on Philanthropy 160.00 

Perry's Victory Day, 5-331-39 

Western Reserve Day, 2,165.79 

Refunded to Woman's Department, school teachers' subscrip- 
tions to dollar fund, 975-59 

Balance on hand, 18.52 



$73.649-94 

Upon the conclusion of this report, Mr. Hatch offered the following- 
resolution, which was unanimously adopted : 

Resolved, That the sincere thanks of the Centennial Commission be, and they are 
hereby tendered to Mr. Charles W. Chase, who for more than a year past has gratui- 
tously acted as treasurer of this body. During this period upwards of $73,000 have 
passed through his hands, and the prompt, accurate and satisfactory manner in which 
he has performed his duties entitles him to the acknowledgments and felicitations of 
this Commission and of our citizens generally. 

Reports from the various committees were also received. As the 
meeting was about to break up, Mr. James M. Richardson read the 
following resolution, which was adopted, formally disbanding the Com- 
mission: 

Whereas, The Cleveland Centennial Commission, a voluntary organization 
formed for the purpose of conducting the Centennial Celebration of the City of Cleve- 
land, has now completed its task, all committee reports having been received and ap- 
proved, all bills and accounts having been audited and found correct, and all expenses 
having been paid, leaving a balance in the treasurv; therefore. 

Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this Commission be, and thev are herebv 
tendered to all committees connected with the work of this Commission for the earnest 
and patriotic services rendered; to the Finance Committee for its efficient work in 
raising the funds necessary to meet the various expenses ; to our citizens for their 
prompt and liberal response to the calls for financial aid; to the various civic and 
military organizations for their valued assistance in many ways; to the citv govern- 
ment for its hearty co-operation ; to the Governor of Ohio and the State officials for 
their numerous acts of courtesy ; to the Executive, Navy and War departments at 



256 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Washington for their kind response to our requests; to the speakers and distinguished 
visitors for their presence and participation, and to the newspapers for that constant 
and enthusiastic support without which the celebration could not possibly have been 
a success. 

Resolved* That the purposes for which this body was organized having now 
been fully met, it be and is hereby declared duly disbanded and dissolved. 

The labors of the Commission were thus brought to a close. Mr. 
Sargent declared the meeting adjourned sine die, and the members dis- 
persed. 




CHAPTER XX. 

PRESS COMMENT ON THE CENTENNIAL. 

The press of Ohio and other States made frequent 
mention of the Centennial celebration. Reports of the 
proceeding's on the special days were sent broadcast 
by the Associated Press and United Press agencies, 
\ and by special correspondents. Several of the current 
i'i'f | I magazines and leading weekly publications contained 

wf W&i to illustrated articles relating to the celebration. Edi- 
torial comment in the Cleveland newspapers was 
generous and complimentary. On Founder's Day, 
the Cleveland Leader issued an edition of forty-eight 
pages with illuminated cover, replete with information 
and illustrations touching the city's history. The Plain 
Dealer issued a large special edition in connection with 
the Knights of Pythias encampment. Interesting and patriotic accounts 
were given in the news columns of all the papers during the Centennial. 
An idea of the character of the comment, both local and general, may be 
obtained from a few reproductions given herewith: 

Hartford Courant. — The Western Reserve, whose chief city is Cleveland, is 
celebrating this week the one hundredth anniversary of the settlement of that town 
and region. As centennials come only once in a hundred years, the people out there 
are doing this occasion up in earnest, as well they may. . . . Connecticut has 
aided in founding many States, and all over the newer part of the country the old 
residents trace back to this State. Her part in the making of Ohio was conspicuous, 
and she prides herself daily on the great central commonwealth which she reckons 
the greatest of her children. 

. lib any . Irgus. — The city of Cleveland rejoices in its Centennial, and the coun- 
try at large rejoices in its growth and prosperity. . . . And why should it not be 
so ? With a population of 340,000, with a record in architectural achievement to be 
proud of, with a long list of substantial and honored citizens, cultured homes, and 
many natural and acquired advantages, proofs are not wanting that its substantial 
success rests in the granite of its character, and the faith, courage, industry and enter- 
prise of its founders. Cleveland was fortunate in being " well born and well reared." 
It is happy in its present conditions; it is hopeful in its prophetic outlook. 

Troy, X. Y., Times. — With a history of a century behind her, Cleveland will be 
justified in putting on airs, especially as her growth has been constant and rapid, and 
she now ranks as one of the biggest cities of the country. Viewed by the standard of 
the little New England towns that have recently been celebrating their two hundred 
and fiftieth anniversaries, one hundred years do not seem a very long period, but ac- 
cording to ideas west of the Alleghenies the age which Cleveland has reached is really 
venerable. 

Rochester Post-Express. — The fine forest plateau suggested itself as a splendid 
site for a city, and here Cleveland was laid out by the surveyors, with Euclid avenue, 
under another name, for its first street. In the Public Square there stands to-day 
faced by the rows of noble buildings a log cabin facsimile of the house which General 
Cleaveland built there onlv a hundred years ago; and in that short space, spanned by 
three generations, the large and beautiful city has arisen ; and the Governor and staff 
of proud little Connecticut to-day ride through the streets of the Forest City which 
their own grandfathers planted in an unbroken wilderness. 



258 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Zanesville Courier. — All Ohio likes Cleveland. All Ohio rejoices in her glorious 
success, and all Ohioans who can should go there and join in the festivities which be- 
gan Monday and which will last for six weeks from that date. To Cleveland: May 
the census taker at the end of her next century enumerate her population at more 
than a million. 

Rochester Times. — There is nothing narrow or bigoted in the Centennial celebra- 
tion which is in progress in Cleveland. They were inaugurated Sunday by exercises 
participated in by representatives of the Protestant, Catholic and Jewish faiths. 

Marion Independent. — Cleveland opened her Centennial Sunday morning at 8 
o'clock by the ringing of the chimes of Trinity Cathedral. Cleveland is a beautiful 
city, well supplied with attractions, and well able to celebrate its anniversary in a 
fitting manner. 

Massillon Independent. — The city of Cleveland is celebrating its centennial anni- 
versary this week by dress parade in one portion of the city and real military opera- 
tions elsewhere. These facts will doubtless point many a moral and adorn several 
tales. It may not be amiss to contribute to this sort of literature the suggestion that 
more plain schooling and individual thinking would obviate many such troubles as 
have been disturbing the Forest City. 

Warren Chronicle. — Cleveland's Centennial celebration is now in full blast, and 
the events will follow along until September. It promises to be one continual round 
of pleasure and a long drawn out holiday. 

London Enterprise.— The. celebration of the Centennial of Cleveland began Sun- 
day with appropriate services in all the churches. . . . The celebration continues 
until September 10, the anniversary of Perry's victory. Each day will be crowded 
with interesting events. 

Berea Advertiser.— The. city of Cleveland is doing itself proud this week in its 
superb Centennial celebration. 'The pageant on Founder's Day was the grandest 
ever witnessed in the North. 

Bellefontaine Republican.— -The city of Cleveland is celebrating its Centennial 
anniversary. . . . Cleveland has made wonderful progress since the war, and will 
be the leading city of the State in population by the end of the century, if she is not 
now. 

Connecticut Quarterly. — Such a commemoration as this of Cleveland leaves a 
lasting impress upon the" community. It serves to educate and stimulate. For a 
series of weeks the past and present status of the city were brought vividly before the 
public. They saw the small beginnings; the slow growth; they looked with pride 
upon the Cleveland of to-day— the churches, the schools, the colleges, the benevolent 
institutions, the varied and magnificent business enterprises— all the growth of patient 
industry and well directed enterprise. Thousands of representatives of varied na- 
tionalities have learned to look with new interest upon the city of their adoption. 
Throughout the whole Reserve patriotic sentiment has been revived and strengthened. 
The review of the past gives inspiration for the future. The old mother State may 
well rejoice that her namesake has borne herself so worthily ; and that she was per- 
mitted to help lay the foundations for such notable achievement. Especially does she 
rejoice in the great men that have gone forth from the Reserve — in those that have won 
a name in literature and those that have held an honorable place in the councils of the 
nation. Whatever changes may have been wrought in old Connecticut, she can still 
rejoice that her Western children carried with them so much of her early character 
and institutions. 

Cleveland Leader (July 20th).— When, one hundred years ago, Moses Cleaveland 
and his little band of surveyors stepped out of their boat upon the banks of the Cuya- 
hoga River, they could not have dreamed that a century later a city of more than a 
third of a million people would rise upon the marshy bottom-lands and surrounding 
bluffs. 

Cleveland is a marvel among cities, and it stands to-day the metropolis of Ohio, 
and a monument to the wisdom, enterprise and thrift of the hardy pioneers who were 
sent out by the Connecticut Land Company to survey its Western Reserve. Few 
cities have had a more marvelous growth, and few have become great in so many 
different ways. The development here has been along all the lines which contribute 
to true municipal greatness. Industry, commerce and education have kept pace with 
each other throughout the century, and the result to-day is a city which offers every 
inducement that could be held out to make it an attractive place in which to live and 



PRESS COMMENT ON THE CENTENNIAL. 259 

seek a livelihood. Cleveland is distinctively a city of homes, and its homes are filled 
with as prosperous, happy and contented people as can be found anywhere in the land. 

It is proper that the citizens of Cleveland should honor the memory of the pioneer 
surveyor whose name the town bears. 

Cleveland Plain Dealer (July 22nd). — Interest will center to-day about the Log 
Cabin in the Square. A hundred years ago the log cabin stood for progress ; to-day 
it is only a reminder of the past. In 1796 the wigwam of the Indian began to disap- 
pear and the log cabin was its successor and was in turn succeeded by more elegant 
and substantial structures, until in 1S96 we have the Log Cabin and the massive So- 
ciety for Savings building standing side by side as a striking display of material prog- 
ress which Cleveland has made in a hundred years. 

A visit to the log cabin should be not merely a reminder of the past, but also an 
inspiration to greater efforts to make the second century grander and better than the 
first. 

In celebrating this natural progress, it may well be asked whether the advance in 
other ways has been as marked. In literature and art it has without question. A 
hundred years ago, hardly half a dozen books were on the shelves of a prosperous 
pioneer and few newspapers found their way from the East to what was then the Far 
West. To-day, books in countless numbers are published at amazingly low cost, and 
newspapers, sold for a trifle, abound. . . . 

Cleveland World ( July 23, 1896). — The celebration of Cleveland's great birthday 
came and went with only the threat of the morning bad weather to detract from the 
success of it. This but diminished a little the brilliancy of the afternoon parade. 
That of the evening was the triumph its projectors had hoped for. 

Cleveland has never enjoyed a finer spectacle than was afforded it during the day 
and evening yesterday. It was a great iesson in local patriotism and should quicken 
the local public spirit which is the only hope for the growth and even the existence of 
a great municipality. 

The literary and intellectual exercises were commensurate with the pageantry. 
The speeches of Senators Hawley and Sherman, of Mr. McKinley, Mr. Hoyt and the 
rest, were thoughtful, eloquent and appropriate. They showed that their authors 
had bestowed upon the subject the care in preparation betokening an appreciation of 
the subject — this one hundredth anniversary of the world's metropolises. 

The ode by Mr. Piatt was a fine outburst of poetical feeling, betraying an insight 
into those hidden things of the spirit which alone can account for cities, states and na- 
tions. Altogether, the occasion was an historical moment which will hardlv be excelled 
in the history of the city the next one hundred years. 

Cleveland Recorder (July 23, 1896). — A century has passed and a century has 
come, and Founder's Day will not be celebrated for another hundred years. Those 
who witnessed the ceremonies attending the hundredth birthday anniversary of the 
Forest City yesterday saw something they will never see again. "Their children's chil- 
dren will see the next celebration commemorative of the city's birth What an occa- 
sion of the kind a century hence will be, one only can conjecture. If it eclipses the 
one yesterday it will be well. Yesterday's celebration was a noble tribute to the good 
old Puritan whose name this city bears. All hail to him and to his memory ! 

Yesterday was an eventful one from start to finish. It was as full as it could hold 
with good things to hear and good things to see. The twenty-four hours of its ex- 
istence was one continuous round of pleasure for the city and the country folk within 
the Forest City. There was no rest for the weary within the city's gates from the 
time the cannon heralded the approach of Founder's Da}- at midnight until the early 
hours were here this morning. 

Cleveland Plain Healer (July 23rd). — Yesterday was a day never to be forgotten 
in the history of Cleveland. It was a fitting celebration of the hundredth anniversary 
of the founding of a town destined to become one of the greatest cities of the Re- 
public. 

After long anticipation and preparation it was not surprising that the people en- 
tered heartily into the spirit of the celebration. Everybody turned out and Cleveland 
has never seen such crowds as collected on the streets. All wanted to see the sights 
and be a part of the celebration, and yet all were in good humor and took their 
chances without seriously discommoding their neighbors. From the report of the first 
gun yesterday morning till the last light was turned out this morning at the ball, the 
celebration went on, and even the unpleasant weather of the morning and early after- 
noon could not check it. 

The meeting at the armory, with Senator Hawley's oration, the addresses by dis- 



260 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



tinguished Ohioans, the ode of Colonel Piatt and the announcement of the splendid 
gift of Mr. Rockefeller, was an appropriate opening of the day's festivities. 

In spite of the rain, which descended steadily for some time after noon, the prep- 
arations for the grand parade of military and uniformed civic organizations were 
continued, and people came by thousands and tens of thousands, thronging the line of 
march. Happily the clouds cleared away and the rest of the day was ideal for march- 
ing. The parade was a splendid display, creditable from beginning to end. The Na- 
tional Guard never marched better, the Grays were never more admired and never 
more worthy of admiration, and the letter carriers, the firemen and all of the rest of 
the organizations contributed their part to the success of the parade. The presence 
of ex-Governor McKinley, not as a presidential candidate, but as a former honorary 
president of the Centennial Commission and an honored son of Ohio, was a feature, 
and Governor Bushnell, looking exceedingly handsome as he rode at the head of the 
procession, shared the honors with the most distinguished guest of the day. For the 
excellent management of the parade too much credit cannot be given Colonel Sullivan 
and his aids. 

The historical pageant, "The Passing of the Century," was a brilliant success, 
winning the plaudits of several hundred thousand delighted spectators. The honor of 

its achievement is due 
largely to Chairman 
Kinney, of the Pageant 
Committee. 

The celebration end- 
ed in a blaze of glory 
at the grand ball, prob- 
ably the most brilliant 
event of its kind ever 
witnessed in Cleveland, 
for which unstinted 
praise is due the ladies 
who had it in charge. 

There is cause for 
universal rejoicing that 
the celebration has been 
so auspiciously opened 
and no effort will be 
spared to carry out all 
the remaining features 
of the period between 
the present and Perry's 
Victory Day in Septem- 
ber. 

National P r in t e r 
Journalist (Chicago, 
August, 1896). — The 
editors rendezvoused at 
the Hollenden, where they were met by a committee from the Artemus Ward Club, 
made up of prominent newspaper people, many of them having justly won national 
reputations. Among these were W. W. Armstrong, who has been known as a promi- 
nent Cleveland newspaper publisher and worker since the memory of man runneth not 
to the contrary. Then there were L. E. Holden, principal owner and publisher of the 
Plain Dealer, who also is reputed to own a valuable silver mine and does own the 
mammoth, well-appointed, complete modern hotel where the editors assembled. 
There were also as active workers in the calling Ralph Williams, Norman C. McLoud, 
M. A. Havens, W. B. Colver, Robert F. Paine; Editor Porter, of the World ; J. J. 
Spurgeon, Miss Birdelle Switzer, A. I. Findley ; E. H. Perdue, president and manager 
of the Cleveland Leader, and many others. The enterprising photographer was on 
hand and gathered a number of the editors in front of the hotel, where he obtained 
an excellent " shadowy reproduction " of the happy group just before their departure 
for an excursion on Lake Erie. Conducted by the committee, with the genial, hand- 
some veteran, L. E. Holden, in the lead, the editorial party, with their entertainers, 
were soon on board the good steamer City of Buffalo, enjoying a refreshing trip over 
the waters of the lake on which Commodore Perry won his great naval victory. From 
the boat an excellent view was obtained of Cleveland, with its shipping and great fac- 
tories, revealing in these the two principal sources of the city's growth and wealth. 




GOVERNOR BUSHNELL AND STAFF. 
(Governor on white horse ) 



PRESS COMMENT ON THE CENTENNIAL. 261 

On the boat there was sociality and a collation followed by speaking. Mayor McKis- 
son cordially greeted the editors, referring to the calling that, by its honorable, serv- 
iceable character, made its worthy members ever-valued guests, and called on Editor 
L. E. Holden to extend the further welcome on behalf of both the city of Cleveland 
and the Centennial Commission. Mr. Holden performed his allotted task in a 16 to 1 
manner that showed he rather enjoyed it, and congratulated the editors with the ac- 
cumulated heartiness of a century, whose triumphs he asked the editors to observe. 

Si. Paul Pioneer Press ( July 26th ).— John D. Rockefeller's gift to the city of 
Cleveland on the occasion of the Centennial celebration of its founding, last Wednes- 
day, marks another triumph of a large, cultivated benevolent instinct over the sordid 
impulses traditionally characteristic of great money-getters. He bestows upon the 
city where he has chiefly lived — and for which he entertains an affection not to be over- 
come by the attractions of New York — a magnificent landed domain, valued at between 
$600,000 and $700,000, for the extension of the city's park and boulevard system. 

Such grand gifts by Mr. Rockefeller to benevolent and educational objects have 
become of more than annual occurrence. But not every one knows that they are not 
the results of transient impulse, or of pleading from others, or even of a feeling on the 
part of the donor that, having now accumulated the largest fortune ever known in 
America, if not in the history of the world, he can afford to bestow some part of his 
means upon the communities where he has achieved his successes. One who knows 
him well informs the Pioneer Press that Mr. Rockefeller's gifts " are bestowed in 
pursuance of a settled plan or principle which he has followed from his youth. He is 
a devout religionist — interpreting literally the promises of the Bible to those who give 
liberally, and with equal literalness its claims upon the purses of Christian believers. 
From the day when he first joined the church he has diligently cultivated the habit of 
giving, and has kept the pledge he then made to give annually, as he was prospered, 
a tenth or more of his yearly earnings to religious and benevolent purposes. When 
he earned only $1,000 a year he gave $100; when he made $10,000, he gave $1,000 or 
more ; and now, when his annual income is counted by millions, we find him persist- 
ently following the same plan, arid annually bestowing millions upon those objects 
which he believes will most lastingly benefit his fellows. 

Cleveland Press (August 21, 1896).— The "Forest City" must also be the " Floral 
City." The splendid show of the local Florists' Club has been attended by thousands 
of people this week. The florists themselves have been dumbfounded by'the interest 
shown, while exhibitors from abroad have been unable to restrain their astonishment, 
as the big Armory building was packed, session after session, by admiring crowds. 
But, after all, there was really nothing surprising about it. Cleveland is a city of 
homes and of people who take pride in their homes. There are miles and miles of 
well-kept lawns and acres on acres of sparkling flower beds, not owned by the very 
rich, mind you, and kept up by hired help, but owned by men who work on salary and 
who find relief from the day's business cares in an hour or two on the lawn or among 
the growing plants. This is a gloriously good thing for the city's morality and intel- 
lectuality. . . . It is well for the morality of Cleveland that her citizens have a 
love of and a taste for flowers. Cultivate taste. It means better men and women. 
It means more contentment, more happiness. It means stronger resolutions to live 
better lives, stronger determination to be more useful. . . . Within two years ten 
thousand garden pulpits have been reared in this city, from which are daily preached 
sermons on faith, hope and charity, until the " Forest City " has become the " Floral 
City." And it is altogether a blessing to humanity. 

Cleveland Press (August 24, 1S96). — Blue, orange and red, which form the tri- 
colored standard of the subordinate Knights of Pythias lodges, predominate 111 the 
region about Camp Perry-Payne. But still more prominent is the flag of scarlet, with 
the white lily emblazoned in its center. This is the flag of the Uniform Rank, 
Knights of Pythias. All day Monday depots and boat landings were crowded with 
incoming members of the order. At the camp all was hustle and bustle from early 
morning until late in the afternoon. Uniformed men marched to inspiring music, 
dashing cavalrymen moved this way and that, jams of vehicles filled the streets, and 
eager masses of people crowded about the city of tents. 

Cleveland World (September n, 1896). — The Centennial exercises closed yester- 
day to, on the whole, the general satisfaction. Considering the times, the difficulty of 
raising money and the like, it was a success. Whatever its shortcomings, it has in- 
creased the public spirit of the city and enhanced its importance and reputation in the 
eves of the world. 



262 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 

Cleveland Leader (September nth). — The Centennial Retrospect. — Cleveland's 
Centennial is ended, but its pageants and great public gatherings, its assemblies and 
encampments, its throng of visitors and all the long and varied succession of events 
appealing to the pride and interest of the people of this city, will not soon fade from 
memory. Neither will the impulse which has been given to the civic spirit of the 
metropolis of Ohio, the consciousness of power, and the willingness to use it for the 
public good, be lost because the gala days of the summer are past. There has been a 
permanent awakening and the birth of new hopes and possibilities for Cleveland. 
That is the greatest and best result of the celebration of the city's birth. 

All things considered, the programme arranged proved to be rich and filled with 
good things. It was carried out with energy and thoroughness. The promises made 
were redeemed. In spite of bad weather, at times, and occasional necessary changes, 
as in the choice of speakers, the Centennial in the main was just what it was planned 
to be. From beginning to end the work of the Centennial Commission went on with 
entire fidelity to the lines laid down in the early days of preparation. There were few 
mistakes to regret, and no failures marred the pleasures of the summer. 

And what a feast the Centennial proved to be ! What variety and what wide inter- 
ests have made its memories the pride of Cleveland to be cherished for many a long 
year to come! From the salute that ushered in Founder's Day to the last burst of 
color in the fireworks display last night; from the first splendid parade to the closing 
display of the resources of Cleveland's industries, there was nothing not worth while, 
nothing without usefulness. The mental horizons of hundreds of thousands have been 
widened. Life has been rendered brighter and better worth while for a multitude of 
busy people whose environment is too seldom colored with gayety and beauty. Famous 
men and women from many distant States have been seen and heard in this fair 
Forest City. The wheelmen had their day of merrymaking and display. Flowers 
were made the charm of a fine exhibition. Yachts painted a rare picture of life and 
beauty on the lake. Banquets at which large and distinguished companies were 
feasted, literally and with wit and wisdom, vied with the Centennial Ball in brilliance 
and interest. Races and athletic exhibitions alternated with intellectual pleasures of 
a very high order. 

The women of Cleveland and the Western Reserve have made history as well as re- 
corded it. The Log Cabin and its curious exhibits have divided interests with the Cen- 
tennial Arch which has added so much to the attractiveness of the Public Square. Both 
the military camp and that of the Knights of Pythias did much to .give life and inter- 
est to the city and make the summer notable for street parades and all the pomp and 
pageantry of showy uniforms, glittering arms, and marching men. The Western Re- 
serve and the founders, the early settlers and New England, all had their turn in the 
public eye. Not one event of the Centennial failed to prove of interest and value. 

Victory Day was a fitting conclusion of the summer's festivities. The fine weather 
and the multitude of visitors in the city combined with the unusual importance of the 
day's events to make it one of the most enjoyable and interesting days of all the sea- 
son. Perhaps it surpassed even Founder's Day, in the estimation of the hundreds of 
thousands who thronged the streets and made the city a happy place of sight-seeing 
and merry-making. The Centennial began well. It ended in a blaze of glory. 

Cleveland has one great lesson to learn from all this ceremony and unwonted life. 
That is the worth to any city of a strong and active local pride and enterprise such as 
must be called into the service of any community that undertakes and carries out such 
a programme as that of our Centennial summer. This metropolis of Ohio must be 
more self-assertive, more ready to fix the attention and interest of all the country 
roundabout. 

We should have more celebrations and more gala days. They make life happier 
to multitudes that have little enough of variety and pleasure at best. They shake up 
the inert and stir the civic pride of those who do not appreciate the greatness, strength, 
and power of the city in which they live. Cleveland can never be again what it was 
before the pageants and festivities that have just closed. There cannot be the old 
self-distrust or the old indifference to public celebrations and displays. There has 
been a new life and spirit born in the community. That is worth more than the whole 
Centennial cost. 

Let us cherish more pride in Cleveland, more faith in its future, more zeal for all 
that makes our fair city gain in whatever is good and worthy of a just and sound am- 
bition. It will be well worth while, now and in all the years to come. 

Cleveland Plain Dealer (September nth). — The Woman's Department of the 
Centennial Commission finds its work closed with a surplus of more than a thousand 



PRESS COMMENT ON THE CENTENNIAL. 263 

dollars on hand. That means good management. As for the work done, it is a mat- 
ter of record, and the whole city knows how interesting and valuable the women made 
their part of the summer's celebrations. They gave much to the intellectual side of 
the Centennial, and their Pioneer History of the Women of the Western Reserve will 
be, perhaps, the most tangible and enduring direct result of the city's jubilee. Other 
fruits, though great, will be more indirect. The women have both made history and 
recorded it. 

It ought to be recognized, now that the Centennial is over and its work is being 
closed up, that for self-sacrifice and devotion to duty the women of Cleveland have 
been pre-eminent. They have given their time, labor, and thought, without stint. 
They have been models of unselfish and broad-minded public spirit. All 6f the active 
members of the Woman's Department have given much in many ways, and they have 
received nothing but the satisfaction of knowing that they have rendered good service 
to the community in which they live, and to the Western Reserve as a whole. They 
have gained, it is true, in experience and facility of organization, and they must feel 
that their services have been recognized and appreciated, but there has been no such 
recompense for any of them as men often demand when heavy drafts are, made on 
their time and energies. 

Now it is fitting to thank them, one and all, in the name and behalf of Cleveland 
and the Western Reserve. Their services have been appreciated. They will not be 
forgotten. 

The following editorial appeared in the Hartford Courant, of Feb- 
ruary 6, 1896, on which date the delegation from Ohio arrived in that 
city with an invitation to the Connecticut officials to attend the Cen- 
tennial celebration : 

His excellency the Governor of Ohio, his honor the Mayor of Cleveland, and our 
other visitors from what was once New Connecticut and is now Greater Connecticut, 
do not bring their welcome with them to-day. It came East several months in ad- 
vance. It has been here ever since last September, awaiting them. 

We would have been glad to have them with us on the anniversary, as originally 
planned, or at Thanksgiving, or at Christmas. We are very glad to have them with 
us now, and wish their stay could be longer. Since it must needs be so brief, we can 
only try all the more to make it enjoyable in the experience and pleasant in the re- 
membrance. They must not be allowed to think of themselves for a moment as 
strangers in Hartford. What a ridiculous notion that would be. They are our own 
folks, and this is home. 

As the filial errand that brings them home at this time is well understood in the 
family, not much need be said about it here. It has to do, as we all know, with a cer- 
tain meeting at a private house in this town a little more than a hundred years ago. 
A very quiet meeting, an adjourned meeting into the bargain, as we learn from this 
modest little advertisement in The Con ran/, of August 17, 1895: 



" All persons concerned in the purchase of the Western Lands are hereby notified 
to meet at Hartford, on Monday, the 31st instant, to secure the purchase money agreea- 
bly to the terms of the sale." 
Hartford, August 17. 

The " purchase money" was secured (good gracious, suppose it hadn't been!) and 
the Connecticut Land Company was formed, with results known to history. We are 
indebted to the securing of that purchase money for the presence of our Ohio kinsmen 
in Hartford to-day. 

If the ghosts of any of the men who went West with Moses Cleaveland to grow up 
with the country have made this journey, too, they will notice some changes in the old 
town. It is a bigger, busier and noisier Hartford than the one they left. It has a new 
State house (the old one was nearly completed m 1795), and several new meeting- 
houses. The Courant, which in their time was printed near the bridge, is now in 
other, more commodious quarters. They will notice a good many new names on the 
signs over the doors of the merchants. But they will also recognize many of the old 
names, and as they hear the familiar grumbling about the condition of the streets and 
the wretched accommodations at the East Hartford ferry, they will probably decide 
that the Hartford of 1896 isn't so very unlike the eighteenth century Hartford, after all. 



264 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE CITY OF CLEVELAND. 



To our flesh-and-blood visitors we can only say again — what they should know 
without being told — that we are all delighted to have them with us, if but for a day. 
We have no Cleveland to show them, but Hartford— such as it is — belongs to them. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CENTENNIAL. 

A number of historical works of great value to those who study the 
city's early history in after years were brought out during the Centen- 
nial or soon thereafter. The " Memorial History of Pioneer Women of 
the Western Reserve " was published in several volumes by the Wom- 
an's Department. Mrs. Gertrude V. R. Wickham, the historian, appointed 
an assistant historian for every township in the Western Reserve and un- 
der her direction they were busy for months searching for facts with 
which to make a record of pioneer women, their family connections, and 
accomplishments. With untiring patience the work was pushed to com- 
pletion, bringing together a mass of data which would otherwise have 
been lost. 

Through the efforts of Mrs. W. G. Rose an extensive collection of 
portraits and views was made and arranged for publication in the ' c Cen- 
tennial Album." The book was made replete with pictures which 
fittingly represented the period of the closing century. The album found 
its way into hundreds of homes throughout the city and formed a sou- 
venir of the Centennial which many persons outside of the city eagerly 
sought. As a contribution to history the album was at once accorded a 
prominent place. 

A neatly bound pamphlet on the " Charities of Cleveland," contain- 
ing a history of the leading charitable organizations of the city written 
by L. F. Mellen, was" also issued and placed in circulation as well as de- 
posited in the libraries for future reference. Added to this were many 
pamphlets containing the separate histories of various institutions and 
churches, and the more formal addresses and odes connected with the 
celebration. 

The one-hundredth anniversary was made the occasion for bringing 
out a handsome book, "The History of the City of Cleveland," by 
James H. Kennedy. This work was issued from The Imperial Press and 
was a royal octavo volume of 600 pages, with a liberal supply of illustra- 
tions. It contained a carefully written history of the city from its found- 
ing to the close of its first century, and a concluding chapter devoted to 
the Centennial Celebration. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Academy, the old, origin of, 190. 
Addison, H. M., picture of, opp. 30. 
Akers, W. J., picture of, opp. 34. 
Alcott, F. L., picture of, opp. 3S. 
Anderson, A. T., picture of, opp. 22. 
Arch, the Centennial, description of. 

27; picture of, opp. 88. 
Arter, Mrs. F. A., remarks of on 

Woman's Day, 107. 
Avery, Mrs. Elroy M., remarks of 

at Woman's banquet, 141 ; picture 

of, 106. 
Axline, Adjt. Gen. H. A., address 

of at Camp Moses Cleaveland, 41 ; 

picture of, 41. 

Ball, the Centennial, description 
of, 89. 

Banquet, the floral, on Perry's Vic- 
tory Day, 239. 

Baptists, the, in Cleveland, early his- 
tory and facts about, 193; list of 
churches and membership, 195. 

Bethel, old church, 177. 

Bicycle Parade, detailed formation 
of, 100. 

Bierce, Mrs. Sarah E., picture of, 
opp. 104; remarks of at Woman's 
banquet, 136. 

Blandin, Mrs. E. J., address of 
on Woman's Day, 109. 

Blair, Miss Elizabeth, picture of, 
opp. 126. 

Blossom, H. S., picture of, opp. 3S. 

Bolton, Mrs. Sarah K., address of 
on Woman's Day, 117. 

Bradford, Mrs. M. S., picture of, 
opp. 104. 

Brush, C. F., picture of, opp. 22. 

Burke, Clarence E., picture of, opp. 
26. 

Burnett, C. C, picture of, opp. 38. 

Bushnell, Asa S., portrait of, opp. 



6; address of at Hartford, 12; ad- 
dress of at Camp Moses Cleave- 
land, 40-41 ; address of on New- 
England Day, 93 ; address of on 
Founder's Day, 74-75; address of 
at Woman's banquet, 137; address 
of at Perry's Victory banquet, 240 ; 
address of on Perry'sVictory Day, 
219. 
Butts, Bolivar, picture of, opp. 34. 

Cady, Geo. W., picture of, opp. 22. 
Campbell, Mrs. Helen, remarks of 

at Woman's Banquet, 140. 
Camp Moses Cleaveland, dedication 

of, 39 ; list of troops encamped at, 

42-43- 
Camp Perry-Payne, description of, 

163-164; dedication of, 164-165. 
Carr, W. F., remarks of at Wom- 
an's banquet, 141. 
Carnahan, Maj. Gen. James R., 

picture of, 163; remarks of at 

Camp Perry-Payne, 166. 
Carmody, J. D., remarks of at flow- 
er show, 160. 
Carter, Lorenzo, facts about, 147. 
Case Library, origin of, 173. 
Casket, the Memorial, ceremonies 

attendant upon dedication of, 248. 
Catholics, the, in Cleveland, early 

history and facts about, 196; 34. 
Central Armory, picture of, 70. 
Centennial, inception of and early 

committees of, 1. 
Centennial Celebration, programme 

of, 15; formal closing of, 246. 
Centennial Commission, the, first 

members of, 2; officers of, 15; 

members of, 16; committees of, 

16-27. 
Chamber of Commerce, Centennial 

resolution adopted by, 1. 



:66 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Chase, C. W., final report of as 
Treasurer of Centennial Commis- 
sion, 254. 

Chase, Mrs. C. W. , picture of, opp. 
126. 

Cheesman, J. E., picture of, opp. 48. 

Childs, J. Kennedy, remarks of on 
New England Day, 94. 

Churches, facts about, in Cleveland, 
193-213. 

Circle of Mercy, facts about, 107. 

Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, picture of, 
52 ; facts about, 57. 

Cleveland, facts about early history 
of, 4, 9, 10, 45-47, 43, 49- 50, 55-65. 
69-72, 74, 75, 76, 92, 93, 105, 125, 
134, 136, 141, 143, 147, 21S, 244, 245. 

Cleveland, President Grover, mes- 
sage from, 54. 

Cleveland Grays' Armory, picture 
of, 74. 

Cleveland W. C. T. U., facts about, 
in. 

Coffin, 0. Vincent, portrait of, opp. 

68 ; address of on Founder's Day, 

69-72 ; arrival of party in Cleve- 

• land, 52 ; address of at Hartford, 

14. 

Colleges, facts regarding graduates 
from, 193. 

Congregationalists, the, in Cleve- 
land, facts about, 197, 198, 199, 
200, 201. 

Covert, J. C, connection with cele- 
bration, 1 ; picture of, opp. 30 ; ad- 
dress of at Early Settlers' meet- 
ing, 147. 

Cowles, address of at mass meeting 
Sept. 10, 1S95, 4; picture of, 32; 
address of on Religious Observ- 
ance Day, 32 ; address of on 
Founder's Day, 72-73 ; address of 
on Woman's Day, 115. 

Croly, Mrs. J. C, remarks of at 
Woman's banquet, 140. 

Day, Wilson M., selection of as Di- 
rector-General, 3 ; address of on 
Religious Observance Day, 37; 
address of on Woman's Day, 104 ; 
final report of as Director-Gen- 
eral, 253. 



Deming, George, picture of, opp. 30. 

Dissette, Mrs. T. K., picture of, 
opp, 114; address of on Woman's 
Day, 137. 

Doan, Nathaniel, facts about, 14s. 

Dodge, address of at Early Settlers' 
Meeting, 150. 

Dorcas Society, the, facts about, tog. 

Dunn, James, picture of, opp. 56. 

Dutton, Dr. C. F., remarks of at 
historical conference, 214. 

Early Settlers' Association, meet- 
ing of in 1893, 1 ; annual meeting 
of in Centennial year, 142. 

Edwards, Col. William, picture of, 
opp. 34. 

El well, J. J., remarks of at opening 
of log cabin, 4S ; address of at 
Early Settlers' Meeting, 149. 

Emerson, F. A., picture of, opp. iS. 

Episcopalians, the, in Cleveland, 
early history and facts about, 201, 
202, 203. 

Exposition, the Centennial, plans 
for, 3 ; committee on, 8 ; meeting 
in interest of, S; abandonment 
of, 11. 

Farmer, Mrs. Lydia Hoyt, remarks 
of on Woman's Day, 124. 

Flag, the Cleveland, picture of, opp. 
248. 

Finances, the, of Centennial, 254; 
the. of Woman's Department, 252. 

Fireworks Display, the, on Perry's 
Victory Day, 238. 

Flower Show, the Centennial, 160. 

Foran, M. A., picture of, opp. 30. 

Founder's Day, Mayor's proclama- 
tion in honor of, 43 ; opening of, 
52; mass meeting on, 52; parade, 
78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85. 

Founding of Cleveland, facts about, 



Garretson, Geo. A., picture of, 
opp. 48. 

Germans, the, in Cleveland, facts 
about, 36-38. 

German Protestants, the, in Cleve- 
land, early history and facts 
about, 204, 205. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Gilbert, Rev. Dr. Levi, address of 
on Religious Observance Day, 33. 

Guilbert, W. D., picture of, opp. 18. 

Gleason, W. J., picture of, opp. 56. 

Graham, Adam, picture of, opp. 56. 

Gries, Rabbi Moses J., address of 
on Religious Observance Day, 35; 
remarks of at Woman's banquet, 
140; remarks of at Perry's Vic- 
tory banquet, 243. 

Griffin, Mrs. H. A., picture of, opp. 
114. 

Guilford, Miss L. T., address of on 
Woman's Day, 112;. address of 
on "Some Early School Teachers 
of Cleveland," 171. 

Hanna, M. A., picture of, opp., 26. 
Hanna, Mrs. M. A., picture of, opp. 

126. 
Handy, T. P., address of at Early 

Settlers' Meeting, 149. 
Hannum, picture of, 153. 
Hartford, account of trip to, with 

members of party, 12. 
Hatch, H. R., picture of, opp. 26. 
Hawley, Joseph R., portrait of, opp. 

60; oration on Founder's Day, 55- 

64 ; remarks on New England Day, 

92. 
Hays, Kaufman, picture of, opp. 34. 
Headquarters, the, of Centennial, 

27. 
Helman, B. E., picture of, opp. 56. 
Herrick, Myron T., picture of, opp. 

38. 
Hickox, F. F., picture of, opp. 38. 
Hinsdale, B. A., address of at His- 
torical Conference, 190. 
Historical Conference, the opening 

of, 171. 
Historical pageant, description of, 

86; formation of, 87. 
Hodge, O. J., picture of, opp. 30. 
Hodge, Mrs. O. J., picture of, opp. 

126. 
Hoyt, James H.. speech of at mass 

meeting December 26, 1895, 10; 

picture of, opp. 22 ; address of on 

Founder's Day, 54-55; address of 

at Perry's Victory banquet, 243- 

244. 



267 

HudsonCollege.date of opening, 176. 
Humphreys, Henry, picture of, 

opp. 38- 
Huntington, Mrs. John, picture of, 

opp. 114. 

Ingham, Mrs. W. A., picture of, 
103 ; address of on Woman's Day, 
104. 

Jews, the, in Cleveland, facts about, 

35- 
Jewish Church, the, in Cleveland, 

early history and facts about, 206. 
Jones, Asa W., picture of, opp. 18. 
Jones, L. H., address of at historical 

conference, 186. 
Johnson, Mrs. A. A. F., address of 

on Woman's Day, 105. 

Kendall, Mrs. F. A., picture of, 
opp. 114. 

Kerruish, W. S. , address of at open- 
ing of log cabin, 46, 47, 48. 

Kindergarten, the early, 1S4. 

Kinney, Geo. W., picture of, opp. 22. 

Knights of Pythias, encampment 
of, 163; Supreme Lodge meeting, 
166; parade of, 167; committees 
of, 169. 

Lawrence, James, remarks of at 
opening of log cabin, 45. 

Lincoln, Mrs. Annette Phelps, ad- 
dress of at Woman's Day ban- 
quet, 139. 

Lippitt, Gov. Charles Warren, ar- 
rival of in Cleveland, 215 ; remarks 
of at decoration of Perry's Statue, 
216; oration of on Perry's Victory 
Day, 220; portrait of, opp. 224; 
remarks of at Perry's Victory 
Banquet, 243. 

Log Cabin, opening of, 44; resolu- 
tions of thanks to committee in 
charge of, 151 ; number of visitors 
to, 247. 

Log Cabins, names of a few occu- 
pants of in Cleveland in 181 8, 148. 

Mack, John T., remarks of on New 
England Day, 95. 



2 68 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Marshall, Geo. F., address of at 
opening of log cabin, 48. 

Mather, Samuel, picture of, opp. 22. 

Marvin, U. L., remarks of on New 
England Day, 95. 

Meckes, John, picture of, opp. 26. 

Medal, the official, of Centennial, 
opp. 248. 

Methodists, the, in Cleveland, early- 
history and facts about, 207. 

Mcintosh, Geo. T., picture of, opp. 
38. 

McKinley, Hon. William, portrait 
of, opp. 2 ; address of at mass 
meeting, Dec. 26, 1895, 9; address 
of on Founder's Day, 75; address 
of on New England Day, 94. 

McKisson, Robert E., portrait of, 
opp. to; address of at Hartford, 
14; address of on Religious Ob- 
servance Day, 36; address of at 
opening of log cabin, 45; address 
of at Camp Moses Cleaveland, 40; 
address of on Founder's Day, 53; 
address of on Woman's Day, 114; 
address of at Woman's banquet, 
136; address of at Flower Show, 
160 ; remarks at Camp Perry- 
Payne, 164; address of on Perry's 
Victory Day, 218; address of at 
Perry's Victory banquet, 245. 

Morrow, James B., picture of, opp. 
26. 

Morris, F. H., picture of, opp. 48. 

Moses Cleaveland Monument, pict- 
ure of, 59 ; decoration of, 103. 

Myers, Daniel, picture of, opp. 34. 

National Council of Jewish Wom- 
en, facts about, 109. 

Neff, Mrs. W. B., picture of, opp. 
114. 

New England Day, observance of, 
91-97. 

New England Dinner, menu of, 91. 

Norton, Miner G., picture of, opp. 
18. 

Ode, the Centennial, 65-69; the, on 
Woman's Day, 1 19-124; the, on 
Perry's Victory Day, 228. 

Oglebay, E. W., picture of, opp. 22. 

Ohio, facts about early history of, 



142, 143; first settlement in, 144; 

first territorial legislature, 144; 

some eminent sons of, 144, 145. 
Ohio Editors, visit of to Cleveland, 

96. 
Ordinance, the, of 1787, 150. 
Ohio National Guard, facts about, 

41-42. 
Opera, the Centennial, account of,96. 

Parsons, Richard C, remarks of at 
opening of log cabin, 44; address 
of at Early Settlers' Meeting, 142; 
portrait of, opp. 136. 

Perkins, Mrs. Sarah M., address of 
on Woman's Day, in. 

Perry, Oliver Hazard, picture of 219 ; 
facts about, 218, 219, 221. 

Perry's Statue, decoration of, 215. 

Perry's Victory, recognition of in 
1895,-3; the, on Lake Erie, facts 
about, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 
225, 228, 229, 230, 231, 240. 

Perry's Victory Day, opening of, 
217; mass meeting on, 217; pa- 
rade, 232. 

Phinney, Mrs. Ellen J., address of 
on Woman's Day, no. 

Pioneers, the, of Cleveland, facts 
about, 33; 44-45. 

Plain Dealer, the Cleveland, origin 
of, 182. 

Poland, Col. J. S., 39. 

Prentice, Mrs. N. B., picture of, 
opp. 104. 

Presbyterians, the, in Cleveland, 
early history and facts about, 
209, 210. 

Presley, Mrs. George, Jr., picture 
of, opp. 104. 

Press Comment on the Centennial, 
257-264. 

Proclamation, by Mayor McKisson, 
in honor of Founder's Day, 43 ; of 
Perry's Victory Day, 216. 

Put-in-Bay Island, movement to 
erect a monument thereon, 227. 

Railroad, the first in Ohio, 144; the 

first in Cleveland, 148. 
Ranney, H. C, address of accepting 

the memorial casket, 252. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



269 



Religious Observances, mass meet- 
ings in honor of, 32. 

Reorganization Act, the, of Cleve- 
land schools, 191. 

Resolutions, in favor of Centennial, 
1; at meeting Sept. 10, 1895, 7. 

Rice, Harvey, names of some pu- 
pils of, 174. 

Richardson, James M., resolution 
by, formally disbanding Centen- 
nial Commission, 255; picture of, 
opp. 30. 

Richie, Walter B., picture of, 168; 
remarks at Camp Perry-Payne, 
165. 

Rockefeller, John D., resolutions 
addressed to in response to gift of 
land for park, 73. 

Rose, Mrs. W. G., remarks of at 
Woman's Day Banquet, 134; pict- 
ure of, opp. 114. 

Russell, Mrs. L. A., address of on 
Woman's Day, 107; picture of, 
opp. 126. 

Sail Vessel, the first on Lake Erie, 

144. 
Sargent, H. Q., picture of, opp. 18. 
School, the first in Cleveland, 172; 

the, taught by Miss Irene Hicox, 

175; the, taught by Miss Frances 

Fuller, 176; the, taught by John 

Angell, 177. 
Schools, the, of Cleveland, early 

history and facts about, 171-186; 

the first superintendents of, 191 ; 

parochial, in Cleveland, 192. 
School Building, the first erected by 

Board of Education, 191. 
School Teachers, the early, in 

Cleveland, 171-186. 
Schwab, Mrs. M. B., picture of, opp. 

126 ; address of on Woman's Day, 

109. 
Sewall, Mrs. May Wright, address 

of on Woman's Day, 124-5; at 

Woman's banquet, 138. 
Sherman, John, remarks of on 

Founder's Day. 77; address of on 

New England Day, 92 ; portrait 

of, opp. 92. 
Sherwin, H. A., picture of, opp. 34. 



Sherwin, N. B., picture of, opp. 
48. 

Sleeper, D. L., picture of, opp. 18. 

Soldiers' Aid Society, facts about, 
144. 

Statistics showing progress of Cen- 
tury in Cleveland, 4, 9, 10. 

Stewart, Mrs. N. Coe, address of at 
Woman's banquet, 138. 

Stevenson, Frederick Boyd, poet of 
Perry's Victory Day, 227. 

Stiles, Seth, facts about, 147. 

Stone, Judge Carlos, picture of, 98. 

Sullivan, Col. J. J., picture of, 77. 

Sunday-school, early attempts to 
organize one, 190. 

Taylor, Mrs. B. F., address of on 

Woman's Day, 118. 
Taylor, S. M., picture of, opp. 18. 
Thorpe, Monsignor T. P., remarks 

of on Religious Observance Day, 

34- 
Trip to Hartford, 12. 
Tuttle, Mrs. Albert H., remarks of 

at Woman's banquet, 141. 
Turney, Mrs. Joseph, picture of, 

opp. 104. 

United Gymnastic Societies, Exhi- 
bition given by, 101. 

United States Regulars, dress pa- 
rade of on Euclid Heights, opp. 
50. 

Upton, Mrs. Harriet Taylor, address 
of on Woman's Day, 125. 

Walton, J. W., picture of, 4.8. 
Webb, Mrs. E. S., picture of, opp. 

104. 
Weber, picture of, opp. 56. 
Weddell, early store of, 148. 
Weed, Mrs. Charles H., picture of, 

opp. 114. 
Western Reserve, early history and 

facts about, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55- 

65, 69-72, 74-76, 93, 95, 125, 134, 

136, 143, 220, 241. 
Western Reserve Day, programme 

as first arranged, 153; parade of, 

I54-I56- 
Western Reserve Pioneer Associa- 



270 



GENERAL INDEX. 



tion, appointment of committee 

on organization, 151. 
Wheelmen's Day, observance of, 

98-102. 
Wickham, Mrs. Gertrude V. R., 

picture of, 107. 
Williams, R. D., picture of, opp. 56. 
Williams, Mrs. A. J., picture of, 

opp. 126. 
Withington, A. L.,' picture of, opp. 

26. 
Women, facts about first settlers, 

104, 105, 106, 114, 115, 117, 118, 

125, 134, 141. 
Woman's Christian Temperance 

Union, the, of Cleveland, facts 

about, no. 
Woman's Day, observance of, 103- 

141 ; banquet in honor of, with list 

of guests, 129. 



• Woman's Department, first meeting 
of, 28; headquarters of, 29; offi- 
cers and committees of, 30. 

Women's organizations, various in 
Cleveland, facts about, 107, 108, 
tog, t 10, 117. 

Wood, Henry W. S., picture of, opp. 

56- 
Worthington, Geo. H., picture of, 

opp. 4S. 
Wright, Darwin E., picture of, opp. 

34- 

Yacht Club, the Cleveland, officers 
and committees of, 159. 

Yacht Regatta, the Centennial, 
facts about, 157; entries and win- 
ners, 158. 

Zehring, Augustus, picture of, opp. 
30- 



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